Biography
Xenophon ishe yekare munyori wechiGiriki uye munyori wenhoroondo yake ndeayo yemabasa emabasa akati wandei. Mazviri, akaunganidza pfungwa dzake uye akatsanangura maonero ake pane zvehupfumi, zvezvematongerwo enyika uye nehunyanzvi nyaya. Nhamba yemanyorero yakaonekwawo segwaro uye mutungamiriri.Fate
Xenophon akaberekerwa kweanenge 430 BC. Ns. muAtene. Nyanzvi dzinoratidza kuti akauya achibva kumhuri yakapfuma yakakwezva vatasvi vaitasva. Makore uye vehudiki vemakore emunyori vakatanga kurwisa kudzoka kwePeloponess Hondo. Izvi zvinokonzera dzidzo yemauto yaakagamuchira jaya. Kubva mucheche, Xenophon aive muteveri weSocrates, ayo akapesvedzera nyika iripo yemunyori.
Atene yakarasika muhondo, uye anti-democratic mood iyo yakatora kumusoro mundima yeMambo, yakasundidzira Xenophon kubuda. Akabatana nekubuda kweKira. Pashure pacho, mukuru wemauto akatungamira zvamadheya panguva yekuiswa kwevaGiriki. Pamwe chete pamwe nevabatidziri, murume uyu akaitwa Bhabhironi, akatora chikamu muhondo yeKunakia, akashanyira Armenia neByzantium, Frazia naPergam. MuMesopotamia, gamba rakakwira pamusoro wemauto eGreek uye muHishi aive mukuru-mukuru.
MuAtene, murume akatongerwa nyika kuti imhose sekanzuru yeSpartan. Xenophon yakabatana nemutongi weSaparta azhecilam, anoshanda pasi pepaimba yake. Kwenguva yakati, boka renzvimbo dzinoshandiswa munzvimbo yamunowiswa pedyo neguta reunyanzvi, kwaakange achiita zviitiko zvekuverenga nguva isati yasvika neiyo fivans. Hondo yasununguka yakamuratidza kuti atize uye kumanikidzwa kutamira kuKorinde. Panguva iyoyo, mutsara wacho paakabviswa munharaunda yokumusha kwake, aigona kudzokera kuAtene, asi Biography yeXenophon yaive pfupi pfupi munguva pfupi.
Chikonzero chekufa kwemutungamiriri aive kuchembera. Iko hakuna ruzivo nezve hupenyu hwega hwemutungamiriri.
Zvisikwa
Mabasa emunyori akapona mumamiriro akanaka uye akasvitsa mazuva edu. Vanyori venhoroondo vanogoverana manyorerwo emunyori munhambiringa - "Tsigiro Inoshanda", kuti "pier" uye "Mutambo wezvematongerwo enyika" Kropydia "uye manyoro" uye "Nhoroondo yechiGiriki". Zvakare, mabasa e "Agecilai", "nyika yeLaccedyan", "Gieron", "akatasva bhiza" uye mamwe mabasa anoonekwa zvakasiyana.Uzivi hwakakosha uye hwenyika hwemunyori zvinonyatsooneka muzvinyorwa. Kuve mudziviriri wevanhu veAtene, akapikisa democracy. Xenophon admised anoyemurika dzidzo nekumuisa semuenzaniso wevaAtene. Iye munyori aigara achidzinga pfungwa dzake kubva mubato rechitatu, achinyora mukukurukurirana kwepasirese, mutambi weiyo Socrates akapokana.
Mhando dzakakosha dzeXenophon dzakataridzwa kurimwa uye kudzidza zvachose. Akaparidza kukosha kwekugona kuchengetedza hupfumi uye kuvapo kwehurumende. Iyo yekunyora mavara yakaona basa rekusakosha rinokudzirisa kutsungirira mumuviri. Mumabasa emunyori, vhura tsitsi kune vanhu veavhareji estate, inova hwaro hwenyika. Kune avo vasina kunyarara uye vanokwanisa kushandira kuti vabatsirwe amai.
Kusimbiswa kwekuona kweiyo Xenophon pane iyo nyaya yebhizinesi chishandiso, muridzi wenyu, hukama pakati pemitezo yemhuri yaive kuumbwa kwemugodhi. Iyi ndiyo quintesssence yeuzivi yezviratidziro zvine hunyanzvi munharaunda. Hurumende yebasa rebasa riri pamusoro pehurongwa hwemunyori rinofunga kuti vateveri vake vachatarisa pane izvi kurudziro mune dzidzo yehunhu uye chishandiso chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Chirongwa cheHurumende uye maonero ezvematongerwo enyika zveXenophon akatsanangurwa muzvinyorwa zvekuzvidzikisira. Iko hakuna kurumbidzwa kwevaPersia uye vaparidzi, asi munyori anomiririrawo maonero ake, kuvaparadzira pasi pezita reSocrates. Iri basa huwandu hwekukurukurirana uko chinzvimbo chebumbiro chakafukidzwa.
Mu "Kropeia", munyori anozivisa mazano ekutonga, achiziva pesvedzero yezvinhu zvehupfumi nekuda kwehupenyu hwenyika. Chigadzirwa icho chine rondedzero nanhongwe muenzaniso wenhema, analogue iyo isiri mumazuva iwayo. Nekukanganisa uzivi uye tsika, munyori anotaurwa nezveushingi, kuvimbika, kusanganisa kukurukurirana nekuziva nezve kuverenga kwemauto, marudzi emidziyo uye kudzidziswa kwakawanda kwevashandi.
Mabasa enhoroondo ye "Anabasis" uye "nhoroondo yechiGreek" inoonekwa sevakavimbika zvinyorwa uye kukosha kwekuverenga. "Anabasis" yaisanganisira mabhuku manomwe. Iyo inofungidzirwa kuti kubudiswa kwebasa kwakaitika, sezvo mu "nhoroondo yechiGreek" munyori akazivikanwa: Haatariri kutaura nezve mushandirapamwe waKoreshi.
Pamusoro pemabasa enzvimbo mikuru, munyori akataura maonero ake mune zvidiki zvinyorwa zvezvematongerwo enyika nezvemauto. Izvi zvinosanganisira "Agecilai", "Gieron" uye "nyika yeLac Sedamyan". Izvi zvisikwa zvinosimbisa nzvimbo yekurwisa-democratic yemunyori, rumbidzai kongiri mavara, inowedzera hunhu hwavo uye chokwadi chakasimba. Kutaura muChicleweights Assaila, mufananidzo weGieron zvinoshanda kuti uve usina kunaka. Pamutemo uyu, Xenophon anotsanangura iwo maitiro akanaka uye asina kunaka wemutongi.
"Lake Denderedzwa State" kutaurirana nezvemitemo nezvisarudzo zviri kusangana nemunhu akavakumbira. Inoti zvakawanda nezve spartan system. Iko kukanganisa kwezvakanyorwa yaive yakatetepa yezvematongerwo enyika uye nhoroondo yeboka reXenophon. Aive asiri kukanganisa, achifunga kuti chero nyika, zvisinei nehuremu, rakakwanisa kushanda zvinoenderana nemuenzaniso weshiri.
Vanyori venhoroondo yakaoma kufunga zuva rekusikwa kwemabasa nemunyori, asi zvinofungidzirwa kuti aive nesimba, pane iyo munyori akanyora zvaakanyora. Zvinyorwa zvakadaro zvinosanganisira ndangariro dzekuvaraidza.
Mabasa ezvinyorwa zvekuverenga anosiyana mukufunga uye kutendeka. Rurimi rwevanyori rwakareruka uye runonzwisisika, kutaura kwake kunoita kunge unesthetic. Rhetorical maitiro ne fananidzo, antithesis uye kuenzanisa hunhu hweumwe neumwe wemabasa aXenphon.
BHAIBHERI
- "Anabasis"
- "Nhoroondo yeGreek"
- "Kiropotilia"
- "Agecilai"
- "Socates 'Ndangariro dzeSocrate"
- "Dziviriro yeSocrates On Court"
- "Mutambo"
- "DoundRoy"
- "Gieron"
- "Lake Chikamu Chemunhu Politia"
- "Mari dzeAtene"
- "Nezve kubatana"
- "Kuvhima"
- "Hipparch"