Biography
Alfred Marshall kubvira paucheche chirwere chesainzi yaakafunga kusanganisa hupenyu. Akaita mupiro unokosha kwazvo kune hupfumi, hwakamubvumidza kusiya chiitiko munhoroondo uye sarudza kutungamira kwekusimudzira kwechirango kwemakore ari mberi.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Alfred Marshall akaoneka musi waChikunguru 26, 1842 muLondon. Akarerwa mumhuri yemushandi webhangi aive echitendero uye akasiyana-siyana, anenge ainenge akagwinya. Naizvozvo, mwana weAlfred akaitwa mumudzidzi wake kusvika husiku, nekuda kwezvainge zvisina kusimba uye zvakatambura nekuda kwekunyanyisa. Akapedza nguva shoma nevezera uye aifarira kugadzirisa zvesimbi mabasa.
Pakusimbirira kwaBaba, jaya rakapedza kudzidza kubva kuchikoro cheTaylors. Kutanga, Marshall akakandira kumasvomhu, asi nekuda kwedambudziko repfungwa ane ruzivo, rakamanikidzwa kuchinjisa kuchizivi, uyezve pamisangano, iyo yakatungamira kuchishuwa chehupfumi hwehupfumi.
Akagamuchira kudzidza muSt John College, muna 1868 akatanga kudzidzisa. Pakati peino nguva, jaya rakanyora zvinyorwa pakutengeserana kwenyika dzese uye kutsvaga kuwedzera kwehupfumi.
Hupenyu Hwako
Muna 1877, murume akaroora Mary palei, aive mudzidzi wake muCambridge. Ivo vaigara pamwe chete kusvikira pakufa kweMarshall, asi havana kuwana vana. Iko hakuna ruzivo rwesainzi pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu zvehupenyu hwomunhu.Basa Resainzi
Alfred yaive pakati pevakawanikwa veMachecoconomics. Mabasa ayo anovakirwa pamisimboti yedzidziso dzepfungwa uye marginalism, ivo vakapa mukuvandudzwa uye kuwedzera kwehupfumi maonero pamwe nemabasa eAmerican akabereka Clark. Mukuwedzera, musayendisiti akamira pamavambo eiyo neoclassial dzidziso uye aive mumiriri weChikoro chakakurumbira Cambridge.
Mukutsvagisa kwesainzi, alfred akatsvaga kusimudza mararamiro ekurarama kweboka rekushanda, akafunga nezve pesvedzve yedzidzo pakukosha kwemabhero. Izvi zvakamutungamira mukutsoropodza kwemabasa aKarl Marx, uyo akapokana kuti chikamu chemakwikwi chakakosha pane kukodzera.
Iri bhuku rekutanga raive "indasitiri yehupfumi", iyo Marshall yakagadzirwa pamwe chete nemukadzi wake. Akaedza kunyora mumutauro wakapfava, unonzwisisika kune vanhu vazhinji, uye kugovera kuverenga kwemasvomhu mune zvikumbiro zvevanyengeri.
Nguva pfupi izvi zvisati zvaitika, murume akasiya chinzvimbo chemudzidzisi kuSt. Ionna College uye akatamira kuyunivhesiti College of Bristol, kwaakaverenga hurukuro dzehupfumi uye nehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Pakati peino nguva, aivandudza "hupfumi hwenyama", iro rakazotaurwa muchimiro che curriculum.
Ipapo Marshall akatanga kushandira pa "nheyo dzesainzi yehupfumi", yaakapa makore angangoita gumi ezvinyorwa zvake. Pakati peino nguva, musayendisiti akakwanisa kuve mudzidzisi muOxford, wobva wadzokera kuCambridge kunotora postori yehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika.
Basa racho rakaburitswa muna 1890 rine pfungwa huru dze alfred uye dzaiita kuti unongoenderana neEngland chete, asiwo munyika. "Nheyo dzenhau dzezvehupfumi" dzakadudzirwa mumitauro yakati wandei uye dzakadzokororwa, mujaho wekuwedzera.
Pfungwa inokosha yedzidziso yemasayendisiti ndiyo nzira yekusaenzana kuenzana. Kuti uone zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvinodiwa uye mazano, murume anopa kuongorora musika weimwe zvakanaka, achiisa hanya nemutengo wekugadzira zviwanikwa, mutengo wekutsiva, ukuru hwenzvimbo yevatengi uye zvavanoda .
Kumwe kuita kweMarshall kwakava muenzaniso, uyo zvakare unonziwo muchinjikwa, kana zviyero. Ichi chifananidzo chinoputika pane icho chinodiwa curves uye mitsara zvinopesana pane imwe nzvimbo yemutengo wemusika wekuenzana.
Nezera, hutano hwevasayeri hwakatanga kuwedzera, uye akamanikidzwa kubva kuyunivhesiti uye kugara pamba. Asi Alfred akaramba achiita mukuvandudzwa kwehupfumi, akaburitsa mabhuku "ekare uye indasitiri", pamwe ne "mari, kiredhiti", asi havana kukurumbira semabasa epamberi.
Rufu
Iyo yakakurumbira neoclassic akafa musi waChikunguru 13, 1924 ari muImba muCambridge, chikonzero chehutano hwakamoneswa. Guva rake riripo pamakuva emaparidzi pasi pechechi yekukwira. Kunyangwe mushure mekufa, murume akaramba aine hupfumi muhupfumi uye akasiya ndangariro yake mumabasa mashoma uye mafoto akasviba uye chena.BHAIBHERI
- 1879 - "Indasitiri Yehupfumi"
- 1879 - "Dzidziso Yakachena Yekutengeserana Kunze uye Dzidziso yeNet yetsika dzemukati"
- 1890 - "Nheyo dzenhau dzehupfumi"
- 1919 - "Indasitiri uye Kutengeserana"
- 1922 - "Mari, Chikwereti uye Kutengeserana"