Biography
John Meinard Keynes chiitiko chakatanhamara chezana ramakore rechi20, mupiro wake kuhupfumi hunosimbiswa nenyaya yekuti kutungamira kwese kwakaonekwa musainzi, kunonzi nekoraynism. Kupfupisa kwezana ramakore rapfuura muna1999, magazini yeTime yaisanganisira hupfumi pakati pevanhu vakakosha kwazvo vezana remakore. Pasi pesimba remazano ekutanga eBritish, masangano akadai semari yenyika yekune imwe nyika uye bhanga rekuvakazve uye nekuvandudza kwakaoneka.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Iyo biography yehupfumi yakabatana chaizvo neCambridge, kwaakazvarwa muna June 5, 1883 uye akararama kusvika pakufa kwake. Baba John Nevil Kevie yakakurudzirwa nesarudzo yezororo remangwana, uyo akadzidziswa muUniversity of Cambridge uye akanzwa nyanzvi mumunda wehupfumi, pfungwa uye pfungwa. Amai Florence yegehena raive risiri pakati pevanewero vechisimba: Mukadzi akanyora bhuku, akaita zvinetso zveveruzhinji uye akazopedzisira ave muya weguta. Basa harina kukanganisa kurera vana vatatu - kunze kwaJohn, Hama Jeffrey neSista Margaret vakakurira mumhuri.
Yakarererwa munzvimbo inodzidzisa uye yakagashira dzidzo yepuraimari mune yakakurumbira Iton koreji, keynes yakatoratidza pfungwa dzakapinza uye kugona nesainzi. Kudzidza kuchikoro, jaya rakashandawo muraibhurari, kupi, kuwedzera pakuverenga mabhuku, kwaifarira kugadzirira kweanogona. Kuwana ruzivo rwakadzama mumunda wemasvomhu, chiLatin nechiGiriki, akazova mudzidzi wehumambo koreji muCambridge.
Ndezvichava wehunyanzvi hwekuzvarwa nekuzvarwa, Johane akazvikomberedza nzanga ine simba, uko vaziviriri vechidiki, masayendisiti, vanyori nevanyori vafambi vakatenderera. Jaya racho rakanga riri rutivi rweboka revaapositori veboka, kwaigoverwa nemapepa ekutanga vesainzi. "Vadzidzi" vazhinji vakagadzira bloomsbury - Nharaunda yeVakuru vevanyori vechidiki, kusanganisira Bertrand Russell, Virginia Wolfe, Bell Bell, vamiriri veGeorge uye vamwe vamiririri vane mukurumbira veMeora.
MuRoyal Koreji yeCambridge, Keynes akadzidza pane yakasarudzika Chirungu sainzi Alfred Marshall, muvambi weiyo neoclassical kutungamira musainzi yehupfumi. Muna 1908, John akapedza kudzidza, achidzivirira nyaya yake yemasvomhu nzira dzekunyepedzera uye dzidziso. Panguva iyoyo, akange atotanga kushanda kuCommissil Finance Commission uye Mari yeIndia.
Hupenyu Hwako
Kuve mumiriri weiyo yemahara uye slut-off nguva, keynes haina kuramba mafaro akarambidzwa. Hukama hwake hwekutanga hwakatangira mukati memakore ehudiki hwevadzidzi, uye chinhu chayo chaive chechiitiko cheScotist Duncan Grant. Vechidiki havana kuvanza hukama uye vaisatya zvavanotenda, asi bhuku ravo rakapera muna 1909, mushure maro hupenyu hwaJohani hwaJohani hwakapinda munzira yechinyakare.Muna 1918, muLondon, Sergey Dyagilev's Tyaer muLondon, iyo Economist yakave yekuziva neRussian Ballet Lady Lopukhova. Iye aive mwanasikana wemba yemba yemari yemariinskyyky, uye mhuri yese yemusikana akasungira hupenyu nekutamba. Hushamwari hwavo hwakatanga muna 1921, uye mushure memakore mana, vaviri vacho vakaroora. Pakasvika nguva, mukadzi akakwanisa kutendeuka nekuvhura Europe, gara muVaCalav Nizinsky uye aroora maneja weDyagilev - Italian Randolfo Baroque.
Lopukhava zvakabatana nedenderedzwa shamwari dzaKekoni, kunyangwe iye asina kuve asina chokwadi uye snobbery anowanikwa mune vechirungu vakadzidza. Ainakidzwa nevanhu akasununguka, kuvhurika uye kusaziva uye kwakava mukadzi akanaka kwaJohani. Iyo yakabatana mufananidzo weaviri yakachengetedzwa. Kuroora kwavo kwakazofara kufara, kunyangwe vakaroora vasina kuva nevana: iyo chete kuedza kwakaitwa muna 1927 yakapera nekukanganisa.
Kuroora Lydia, iyo Economist yakaramba ichishanyira Soviet Russia. Asi Ballerina haana kuzombodzokera kumusha kwake, kunyangwe hupenyu hwake hwese hwaiitwa mukunyepedzera kweRussia Art uye mabhuku kunze kwenyika, achitaura nezvirongwa zvekare redhiyo uye kugovana ndangariro dzeMakomputa makuru. Lopukhova akapukunyuka murume wake kwemakore 35 uye akafa muna 1981 kuEast Sussex.
Basa Resainzi
Kusvika 1915, Keynes vakashanda kuHoly Commission pane mari yeIndia nemari uye kudzidziswa kuRoyal Koreji. Pakati peino nguva, akaburitsa zvinyorwa zvekutanga nemabhuku uye akatanga kugadzirisa magazini yezvehupfumi, kwaaishanda pedyo nekufa. Ipapo murume wacho akakokwa kuhushumiro hwezvemari, apo iyo British inokwanisa kuburitsa tarenda resainzi uye tsika.
Kupa chirongwa chekudzorera Europe mushure mehondo yekutanga yenyika, John akapokana nemipiro yekuwedzera kuGermany, achifanotaura kuwira kwehupfumi hwayo uye, hondo yenyika itsva. Keynes akataura pfungwa dzake pauri pabasa re "mhedzisiro yehupfumi hwenyika", yakaburitswa muna1919.
Muma1920s, murume uyu aive achifungidzira maitiro ehupfumi hwenyika, huwandu hwemari uye chiyero chegoridhe, kupfuudza mataurire mu "kurapa nezvemari". Kudzvinyirira kukuru, uko kwakafukidza United States mushure mekunge dambudziko racho rive iro dambudziko resainzi vakatsigira kuiswa kweiyo sumo yeFaccal uye kuderedza mhedzisiro yakaipa yechikuru chehupfumi.
Mhedzisiro yemakore mazhinji ekukura ndiyo yaive basa guru reKukana "Dzidziso Dzakawanda dzebasa, muzana uye mari", rakaburitswa muma1936 uye rakauya nazvo Milton Friedman. Quotes kubva mubhuku rakapinda mumabhuku ehupfumi, uye munyori waro akazova muvambi wemacroeconomics sesainzi yakazvimirira.
Iye weChirungu haana kungogadzirisa padanho remari yenyika, asi zvakare vakaitawo mukuwedzera kwaro kutonga kwayo kuburikidza nekudyara. Achiwana nenzira iyi, Johane haana kuramba zvese panguva yekudonha kwemusika wemasheya muna 1929, asi akapunyuka kubhuroka, uye nekupera kwehupenyu hwake, pfuma yake yakafungidzirwa kunge pamazana mashanu ezviuru.
Rufu
Keynes yakashanda hupenyu hwakawanda uye zvine simba. Kunyangwe kusangana nematambudziko ehutano, murume haana kuramba nzendo dzekunze, kwaakagadzirisa matambudziko ehupfumi pasi rose akadai semibvunzo iri paAnglo-American chikwereti, chaive chakaita muna 1946. Munguva yekukurukurirana kwechibvumirano muSavannah, Georgia, kurwiswa kwemoyo wekutanga kwakaitika kuna Johane. Kudzokera kuEngland, iyo yezvehupfumi zvakare vakanzwa matambudziko nemoyo.Musi waApril 21, 1946, muimba yekurima iri pasi peFiri, East Sussex, keynes haina. Kukonzera rufu kwakava kurwisa kwemoyo. Chirungu chine makore 62 akapona haangopukunyuka mukadzi, asiwo vaviri vabereki vanoburitsa guruva rake pamusoro peimba yemhuri.
Quotes
- "Ini ndinoshandira nyika inozvidza. Kuzvidza mutemo wandinofunga kuti kutonga. "
- "Kufunga kwenguva refu" izano rakaipa mune zvazvino. Kumhanya kwenguva refu, isu takafa vese. "
- "Kuda kugovera."
- "Ah, kana vanhu vehupfumi vakakwanisa kuzviita kuti vawona vanhu vane mwero, vanokudzwa mavari, havana kushata kupfuura zvizarisi, - sezvingave zvakanaka!"
- "Hapana chakaipa pane izvozvo dzimwe nguva zvakaipa, chinhu chikuru ndechokuzvinzwisisa panguva."
BHAIBHERI
- 1913 - "Cash kutenderera uye mari muIndia"
- 1919 - "Migumisiro Yezvehupfumi Yenyika"
- 1921 - "Kurapa pane mukana"
- 1923 - "Kubata Kwemari Reform"
- 1926 - "Kupera Kwematauro Asiri Kupindira"
- 1930 - "CONEY CECRIise"
- 1930 - "Kupera kweGoridhe Chiyero"
- 1936 - "Dzidziso Dzakasiyana dzebasa, muzana nemari"