Biography
Mikhail gorbachev ndiyo nyika uye ruzhinji nhamba yezana reXX, iyo yakapinda munyika yezvematongerwo enyika mune nguva dzezvematongerwo enyika. Iye anokunda mubairo wenyika akava mutungamiri wekutanga uye ega weUSSR, mhedzisiro iyo yakasiya mucherechedzo wakadzika munhoroondo yeRussia, uye yakavawo zvinhu zvakakosha mukuvandudzwa kwevamwe nyika.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich akaberekwa musi waKurume 2, 1931 mune Stavropol Selo akanunurwa. Baba Sergey Antgevich naamai Maria PanteleleEvna - Varimi, saka humwana hwemutungamiriri wenguva yemberi hwakaitwa pasina hupfumi neumbozha. Gare gare mumhuri, mukoma wemurume wechidiki, Alexander, uyo akazvitsaurira kuhupenyu hwechisimba chakaonekwa.
Zvinoenderana nevezvenhau, Sekuru Gorbachev pamitsetse iyi yose yakatanga kudzvanywa, asi ipapo hama dzakadzokera kuhupenyu hwakajairika. Andrei Moiseevichiche kuSiberia for the Oce purazi, uye baba vaAmai panthery Efimovich Gopkalo, Ukralia nekupomerwa Trotskyism muna 1937. Mushure memwedzi 14, murume akasunungurwa, uye munguva pfupi akatanga kuenda kuKolkhoz "Red Gumiguru".
Mumakore gumi, Mikhail aifanira kupona pabasa reGerman re Stavropore, iro raisanganisira kuiswa pamunhu nehunhu hwezvematongerwo enyika mune ramangwana. Kurova kunorema kweGorbachev uye "funeile" nezita reSergei. Asi, nerombo rakanaka, meseji yacho yakanga iri kukanganisa.
Kubva pamakore gumi nematatu Gorbachev vakabatsira vabereki, vachisanganisa chikoro chechikoro nebasa mumapurazi: Kutanga vakashanda pamatare uye chiteshi cheTrector, uye kuzadzikiswa kwemabasa eiwo kwaive kwakaomera zvakanyanya kuyaruka. Mikhail Sergeevich muna 1949 yakapihwa kurongeka kweiyo tsvuku banner yekuzadzikiswa kwehurongwa hwekuchenesa hwechenesa.
Mwaka wakatevera, gorbachev ine menduru yesirivheri yakapedza chikoro chemunharaunda uye yakaramba ichidzidziswa muMoscow State University paMutemo Fittence. Yunivhesiti yaMikhail yakatora tisina bvunzo, nekuda kweHurumende mubayiro wakagamuchirwa muhudiki.
MuUniversity, munharaunda ine tarenda raive rakananga kurasangano reKomsomol revadzidzi, kwaakapomera mweya wekuzvidzora, izvo zvinopesvedzera nyika. Muna 1952, Mikhail Sergeyevich nhengo yeCPS, uye makore matatu mushure mekupedza kwakabudirira kweInstitution Gorbachev yakagamuchira kutumira kwemunyori wekutanga weGorkom Vlksm Stavropol.
Basa uye Zvematongerwo enyika
Basa Mikhail Gorbachev akatanga nekukurumidza. Muna 1962, mukuru anogadzwa kuPost werarning of Starpol Sangano uye maindasitiri ekurima, apo gorbachev panguva yekuchinja kweSoviet yeNikita Khrushchev yakawana mukurumbira sechipiriso chinosimbisa.Mukuru akanaka haana kuve neyakakosha charisma kana isingakanganwiki yekunze data, saka akabaya mugwagwa chete nehunyanzvi uye hunhu hwekushanda. Kupesana nemhedzisiro yekukura kwezvirimwa muStavropopol, Mikhail Sergeevich yakazvimisira senyanzvi yekukurima, iyo yakazotenderwa kuve ideologue yeCpsu pakuvandudzwa kweiyi nzvimbo.
Muna 1974, Gorbachev akasarudzwa kuDare Remusango reUSSR, uko nharaunda yakatungamira komisheni pamatambudziko ehudiki. Muna 1978, mutemo wakachinjirwa kuDare reMoscow reDare repakati, rakatanga kuti raimbova mutungamiri weUSSr Yury Andropov, uyo aiona kuMikhal Sergeevich akanyanya kudzidza uye ane ruzivo nyanzvi.
Muna 1980, gorbachev yakapinda muPolitburo yeDops Copter Committee. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwake hwakawirwa nekuchinja kwakawanda mumunda wemusika hupfumi uye mune zvematongerwo enyika. Muna 1984, Mikhail Sergeevich pamusangano weKomiti yeCPS CENTE yakaverenga chirevo "R Rarama Revanhu", izvo zvakava zvinonzi "zvakaratidza" zvevakagadziriswa nyika. Chirevo chine tariro chakaonekwa nevatinoshanda navo uye vanhu vanosungwa.
Secretary weCPSU Centrae Dare
WOKERE WOX Tsigiro uye Kugadzira Mufananidzo weGlobal Reformer, Mikhail Sergevich Inosangana neDare reCPS CENTE, mushure meizvozvo maitiro epasi rose weUSSR akazotumidza kuti kudzokorora.
Kuva Mutungamiriri, pamwe nesimba rakasimba kwazvo munyika, Mikhail gorbachev akatanga kudhonza nyika yakawira mukuzadzika. Pasina zano rakaumbwa rakajeka, nhamba yekuchinja mune yekunze uye yepamba mutemo weSoviet Union, iyo nekufamba kwenguva yakatungamira kuderera kweHurumende yeHurumende.
Nhoroondo yeBhodi reGorbachev "mutemo weGorbachev", kuchinjana kwemari, kusuma kweHosrat, kusunungurwa kwehondo muAfghanistan, kupedzisa kwenguva refu kwehondo neWest uye kushaya simba kwekutyisidzira kwenyukireya . Zvakare nemaoko emunyori mukuru weDare repakati reCPSU, uyo akabva apedza simba pamusoro penyika, muUSSR, kusunungurwa kwekambani uye kushaya simba kwekutora kwakaitwa, uko kunotenderwa gorbachev panguva iyoyo wana mukurumbira pakati pehuwandu.
Mutungamiri wekutanga
Masayendisiti ezvematongerwo enyika anotenda kuti chikanganiso chikuru cheGorbachev hazvienderane nekugadzirisa zvehupfumi muUSR, iyo yakatungamira kudzikisira kwenhamo munyika, uye nekuderedza mwero wekurarama kwevagari vemo. Munguva iyoyo, maBaltiti Reblithi akatora kosi yekuenda kure kubva kumubatanidzwa, iyo isina kudzivirira mutungamiri weSoviet kuti ave mutungamiri wekutanga uye ega eiyo mutungamiri wenyika yakadonha. Akasarudzwa pachinzvimbo chake muna 1990 zvichienderana nekuchinja kwemutemo.Kubva panguva dzinofadza, nyanzvi dzinozivisa kugadzwa kwehukama hwehunyanzvi uye kuchinjanisa emumiriri neVictoria. Mushure mekusangana naPapa John Paul Paul Paul, Mikhail Sergeevich yakachinja maitiro kune hunhu hwechiKristu. MunaJanuary 1991, Kisimusi yeOrthodox yakazivisa zuva rapfuura.
Zvakare, kekutanga muhafu yezana, musoro weUSSR hwakatanga hukama hunodziya nemutungamiri weAmerica, uyo panguva iyoyo aive George Bush-mukuru. Mushure mekupedzisa kwechibvumirano chekutengeserana pamasherufu ezvitoro zveSoviet, chando chando chakaonekwa, chinoitwa nemakumbo egwenzi ". Izvi zvisati zvaitika, Gorbachev akaedza kutanga kusangana naRonald Reagan.
Panguva imwecheteyo, zvematongerwo enyika zvemukati zvinyoro-nyoro. Nekudaro, kushaya simba kwekutonga kwenharaunda kwakatungamira kunzvimbo yeSoviet Union, nyika yakafukidza mafungu, uye dambudziko rezvehupfumi rakatungamira kusimba kwakazara uye kurwiswa zvisina chinhu muzvitoro. Panguva iyoyo, chikamu chegumi cheboka renyika yegoridhe "chakadyiwa", mamiriro acho ari muUSSR akaenda kune pfungwa yakaoma. Mikhail Sergeevich aisakwanisa kudzivirira kudonha kweMubatanidzwa uye kusiya basa kwake kubva pachiteshi cheMutungamiriri.
MunaAugust 1991, iyo yaimbova shamwari yeGorbachev, iyo yaisanganisira akati wandei vashumiri veSoviet, vakazivisa kusikwa kweDare reGCC (reNyika pane emergency emergency) uye vakabvunza chiremera kubva kuMikhal Sergeevich.
Mukuru waivapo panguva iyoyo aive muhutongi hwemuroora haana kugamuchira izvi zvinodikanwa, achitsamwisa Gosperary ane zvombo munyika, uyo wainzi Nyamavhuvhu App. Ipapo maRsfsR akatsigirwa nevatungamiriri veRsfsr, kusanganisira boris yeltsin, Alexander Rutsk, Ruslan Khassbulatov naIvan Silay.
MunaNovember, neruremekedzo kuna Mikhal Sergeevich, nyaya yemhosva yakazarukwa nekuda kwekunyepedzera. Saka mubatsiri mukuru kune muchuchisi mukuru aiona kuzivikanwa nehutungamiri hwe rusununguko rwenyika rwemabonde ealtic. Asi iyo muchuchisi mukuru Nikolay Trubin pachake akapedza mhedzisiro nekuda kwekuti sarudzo yakatora dare reHurumende, uye kwete gorbachev iwe pachako.
MunaDecember 1991, 11 Allies Republic yakasaina chibvumirano cheBelevezhskaya paCis, icho chaive chiratidzo chekusaziva kwekuvapo kweUSSR, kunyangwe vanopokana naGorbachev. Mushure meizvozvo, mutungamiri wenyika akarega kusatenda nekubva pane zvematongerwo enyika kwenguva.
Mushure mekusiya basa
Kuongorora kwenzvimbo yesangano reGorbachev mugumo wenyika kunofadza vanhu kupfuura kukuvadzwa, vamwewo vachichiviswa kuti mutungamiriri, akaparadza USSR uye akakonzera zviso zvese zve Russia yazvino. Asi mikhail sergeyevich munhu asina hanya haasiyi munhu. Chete chibereki chekuzvarwa pamusoro weiyo reformer rudzi rwechiratidzo chemhando.
Zvisinei, muhupenyu - kushandiswa kweupenyu hwese kwekunge aimbova mutungamiri wenyika - iyo mamiriro ezvinhu evashandi mune yakavharwa yakaoma pane rulvo-fungidziro huru uye mota. Kuwedzera kune imba yeMoscow, murume anogara mufurati reimba yemoscow. Dziviriro ye4 fso maofficial anodzvanya kuenda kuGorbachev.
Maererano nePortal "Pedar", muna 2018, pension yejensi yakadarika mazana manomwe ezviuru. Vladimir Putin haana kukanganwa kumunetsa pazuva rake rekuzvarwa, achiona kuti mukuru wekuzvarwa "anoshanda mukurumbira, anobatsira mukurumbira kune hurukuro pane zvinetso zvakakosha zvezvino."
Mikhail gorbachev's mafungiro anonakidza kune vakararama, zvematongerwo enyika akakumbira maTV TV soVladimir Pozner. Panguva imwe chete, iye akazivisa zvimwe zviso zvemunhu. Semuenzaniso, akagamuchira mubairo weGrammy ekuridza mhere yemimhanzi Fale "Peter nemhumhi".
Dzokera munaKurume 2014, Mikhail Sergeevich anotenderwa akaita remucherere uye nekuwanika kweeninsula kuRusinsua, kushora masance eUnited States uye European Union. Mushure memakore maviri, basa rekuchengetedza reUkraine rakarambidza gorbachev kupinda mudunhu, asi iye akaramba kuti haana kuronga kushanyira nyika munguva pfupi iri kuuya.
Muna 2015, zvakazozivikanwa kuti hutano hwehutano hwakaenda kuderera. Mikhail Sergeevich yakatanga kutambudzika nechimiro chakasimba cheshuga, izvo zvisingagone kunzi kuunganidzwa, sezvo murwere kazhinji aipokana. Panguva imwe chete, akaramba achiita zviitiko zvekugadzira, kuburitsa basa idzva resainzi uye kubuditsa memoirs. Saka, muna 2014, Chiedza chakaona bhuku racho "Hupenyu mushure meKremlin", uye kuti nharaunda dzisati dzaburitsa ndangariro dze "ndega pamwe naye".
Pairatidzwa zhizha ra 2019, gorbachev aive muchipatara, meseji yakaonekwa pamapeji ellow zvakare, sekunge Mikhail Sergevich akafa. Nhau dzenhema pamusoro pemariro anouya unotangisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehutano hwemutungamiriri wenyika hwakapeterwa.
Pamberi pechipatara tisati tapindura mumhedzisiro yemabasa enzvimbo yeCable NBO - nhevedzano ", iyo neyakakurumbira kutevedzera" mutambo wechigaro cheushe ". Movie gorbachev haina kuona, asi anoziva nyaya yacho inogona kuva. Sekureva kwaimbova secretary-general uyo akatungamira nyika panguva yetsaona yeChernobyl, haasi zvese zvinoenderana chaizvo.
Hupenyu Hwako
Hupenyu hweMikhail gorbachev's wega hupenyu hwakafanana "rimwe chete-kamuri", pamwe nezvematongerwo enyika biography. Nemukadzi wekutanga, uyo akazova mumwe chete, Raisa Titarorenko, akasangana mumakore ake emudzidzi ari mumba yetsika pakutamba. Musikana akanakidzwa neramangwana remutungamiri weSoviet zvine mwero uye kukwezva kwemukati, saka akafunga kuzvishingisa pane vakasarudzwa.Gorbachev akararama hupenyu hwakareba uye hunofadza, uye akavatsaura chete rufu. Muna 1999, Mikhail Sergeevich Oveel - Mukadzi waRaisa Maksimovna akafa kubva kuLeukemia, iyo yakava kurova kukuru kweaimbove mutungamiri weUSSR. Mukadzi wekutanga weiyo mubatanidzwa wakapa murume wake mwanasikana Irina, uyo ari kutungamirwa neyeGorbache-nheyo uye anofara muroora ane mubereki ane bhizinesi Andrei Tucachev.
Kusvika muna 1993, mukadzi aive aine hukama hwepamutemo neViriya Virginian Anatoly Olegovich. Mubatanidzwa wakaratidza Irina Vana, uye Gorbachev - vazukuru - vazukuru Ksenia naAnastasia. Ose akapedza kudzidza kubva kuChinyorwa cheMGimo Jernalism uye anogara nemhuri kuGermany.
Mikhail gorbachev ikozvino
Pasinei nematambudziko uye nehutano, mumakore achangopfuura, Mikhail Sergeevich mumakore achangopfuura anoonekwa mune nhau yekudyira nekuda kwechinzvimbo chinobvumidzwa. Gorbachev yakatsanangurwa uye nezveCoronavirus dengic, uye mukudzivirira kweRussia Vaccine "satellite v".
Mifananidzo uye zvinyorwa zvinovandudzwa pane webhusaiti yepamutemo yeGorbachev-Fund. Mikhail gorbachev zvakare nemwoyo unoda kubvunzurudzwa. MunaFebruary 2021, mukutaurirana pamwe nemunyori we "Komsomoleskaya Pravda", akagovana kuti zvinhu zvese zvaive zvese zvaaida kutsigira uye kushamwaridzana pamakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu.
Mubairo
- 1988 - Mubairo weInternational Sangano "Nyika Husina Hondo"
- 1988 - Gandhi Indira World Prize
- 1989 - Hupenyu hweMenduru "yeGore" reInternational Jury "hunhu hwegore"
- 1989 - Goridhe Njiva Chipano cherunyararo rweMupiro weRunyararo uye Disarmitamende
- 1990 - Nobel mubairo wenyika sechiratidzo chekuzivikanwa kweinotungamira basa rerunyararo, iro rinoratidza chinhu chakakosha chehupenyu hwenyika dzese
- 1990 - Albert Einstein nyika mubairo wepamutemo wekurwira rugare uye kunzwisisa pakati pemarudzi
- 1990 - Honorary zita rinoti "Honorary Century" uye menduru yemenduru yainzi Albert Switzer
- 1990 - Mubairo wepasi rese "Fiugji" somunhu akaitwa nezviitiko zvezvematongerwo enyika uye veruzhinji anogona kushanda semuenzaniso wakasarudzika wekurwira kwekodzero dzevanhu
- 1991 - International Martin Luther Luther Luther Luther Luther Luther Luther Luther Lorth World Award "nezvenyika pasina chikamu chakakosha mukurwira rugare pasi rose uye kodzero dzevanhu
- 1992 - Benjamin Mubairo M. Cardoso "yeDemocracy"
- 1993 - Mubairo Sir Wirston Churchill sechiratidzo chekucherechedzwa kweMupiro kune Nyika muMiddle East
- 1997 - Tsar David premium
- 1998 - Rusununguko Rusununguko Rusununguko
- 2005 - Award Tateguru weAtenagora mumunda wekodzero dzevanhu
- 2010 - Dresden Mubairo weNyuza Qulear Firform