Biography
Ekaterina II - Mrisress huru yeRussia, kutonga kweiyo kwakava nguva yakakosha munhoroondo yeRussia. Iyo Epoch yeCatherine Great inoratidzirwa ne "Golden Age" yeHurumende yeRussia, tsika nehunhu zvezvematongerwo enyika zvadzo mambokadzi.
Iyo biography yeCatherine II yakazadzwa nemitsetse yechiedza uye yakasviba, zvirongwa zvakawanda uye zvakabudirira, pamwe nehupenyu hwenyoka, iyo kusvika nhasi mafirimu ekupfura uye kunyora mabhuku.
Hudu uye Vechidiki
Catherine II akaberekwa muna Chivabvu 2 (Kubvumbi 21 (April 21, pane yekare chimiro) ye 1729 muPrussia mumhuri yeGavhuna Shotrbst uye Duchess of Hollytein-Gottorpskaya. Pasinei nezvakawanda zvekupfuma, mhuri yemuchinda yakanga isina hukama, asi izvi hazvina kudzivirira vabereki kuti vape imba kudzidza kwemwanasikana wavo. Panguva imwecheteyo, ramangwana reRussia Russian rakadzidziswa neChirungu, Italian uye French, vakatamba uye vachiimba, uye zvakare vakagamuchira ruzivo nezvezvinyorwa zveBhaibheri, geography nedzidziso.
Semwana, mwanasikana wechidiki aive mwana anonakidza uye anoda kuziva "anonzi mukomana". Haana kuratidza kugona kwepfungwa uye haana kuratidza matarenda avo, asi akabatsira amai vake muku kurerwa kweanun'una wechidiki Augustus, iyo yaigutswa nevabereki vese. Mumakore evechidiki, amai vacho vanonzi Catherine II FIE, zvinoreva kuti Little Fedica.
Mumakore gumi nemashanu, zvakazivikanwa kuti Pressccbbst akasarudzwa naErizabheti Ini ndiri mwenga were mugari wenhaka kuna Peter Fedorovich Fedorovich Fedorovich Princess naamai vake vakakumbirwa kuRussia muchivande, kwavakaenda pasi pezita reConcil yeReinbeki.
Musikana akabva angotanga kudzidza nhoroondo yeRussia, rurimi neOrthodoxy, kuti vadzidze zvizere nezvenhamba yake itsva. Nenguva isipi akadzima neOrthodoxy uye akaonekwa neCatherine Alekseevna, uye zuva rakatevera rairembera naPeter Fedoirovich, uyo aive naye hama yechipiri.
Palace Coup uye kukwira chigaro
Mushure memuchato naPeter III muhupenyu Russian yeRussia, hadzipire - akaramba achizvidzidzira, kuunganidza uye zvinyorwa zvevanyori vepasirese, sezvisina kufarirwa naye Mumaari uye akavarayirwa pachena nevamwe vakadzi mumaziso ake. Pashure pemakore 9 okuroora, kana hukama pakati petherine chakavigwa, mambokadzi akazvara mugari wenhaka wechigaro chaPauro, waakabva wabva kwaari.
Ipapo, mumusoro weCatherine, chirongwa chaibva pakuparadzwa kwemumwe wake nechigaro cheushe. Akaringana, zvakajeka uye zvakajeka uye prolocably kuronga kanava, iyo amebassador Williams neChancellor yeMumambo hweRussia - Verenga Alexey Besuzih akamubatsira.
Nenguva isipi zvakazoitika kuti vanhu vaivimba nezveramangwana reRussia vaRussia vakatengeswa. Asi Catherine haana kusiya chirongwa ichi uye akawana vabati vatsva mukuurayiwa kwake. Vakava hama dzeOllov, adjutant fyedor khitrov uye wahmistr grigory potmkin. Kutora chikamu musangano remuzambiringa uye vatorwa vaigoverwa kutsigirwa kuti vape mhosva vanhu vanodiwa.
Muna 1762, kusimbisa kwemasimba. Akaenda kuSt. Passersburg, uko nzvimbo dzevarindi dzakapiswa, dzaive nenguva iyoyo dzaive dzakatogutsikana nehurongwa hwemauto aMutongi Peter III. Mushure meizvozvo, akarasa chigaro, akavharirwa muchisimba uye nekukurumidza akafa mumamiriro azive asingazivikanwe. Mushure memwedzi miviri, Nyamavhuvhu 22, 1762, Sofia Frederick Augustus August-Crebstskaya yakave korona muMoscow uye yakava muManress Catherine II.
Bhodhi uye kugona kweCatherine II
Kubva pazuva rekutanga chairo rekukwira chigaro, mambokadzi akajekesawo mabasa aro emamambo uye akatanga kuzvigadzira. Akakurumidza kugadzirwa uye kuitisa shanduko muHumambo hweRussia, iyo yakabata hupenyu hwese hwehuwandu. Catherine Great akatungamira Zvematongerwo enyika, achifunga nezvezvakakoshesa zvese makirasi, pane kukunda zvidzidzo zvevanotsigira.
Kutambanudza humambo hweRussia kubva kune bog yemari, mambokadzi akabata chinyoreso uye akatora nyika yemakereke, achivashandura kuita pfuma yenyika. Izvi zvakaita kuti tikwanise kubhadhara mauto uye kuzadza iyo pfuti yeumambo nemweya mumwe yemweya yevarimi. Panguva imwecheteyo, akakwanisa kuendesa kuStent kutengeserana muRussia, akawedzera 2 times kuwanda kwemabhizimusi maindasitiri munyika. Nekuda kweizvi, huwandu hwemari yehurumende hwakawedzera ka4, humambo hwakakwanisa kuve neuto rakawanda uye tanga kukura kwevhu.
Kana iri mutemo wemukati weCatherine, nhasi anonzi "akavhenekerwa kusimbisa," nekuti kusimbisa kusimbisa "kuzivikanwa" kune nzanga uye nyika. Catherutism Catherine II yakanyorwa neyekubvumirwa kwemutemo mutsva, izvo zvakagamuchirwa pahwaro hwe "Emprring of the Empress Catherine" zvine zvinyorwa zvhanu makumi mashanu nezvishanu.
Ivo vakati nezve nheyo dzaizotungamirwa nevateveri - vane mwero, kunyanya nezve mazano aDeni Deni Deni, Charles De Montcape, Jean Lerona d'AemBert uye vamwe vaivenesa. Mutemo wekunyorwa wakagadzirwa chaizvo wakaunganidzwa muna 1766 neKomisheni yakatumirwa.
Nekuda kwekuti zviitiko zvezvematongerwo enyika zveTsaritsa zvakave ne "Prodvlyansky" hunhu, kubva muna 1773 kusvika 1775 kusvika 1775 kusvika 1775 akasangana nekumuka kwevarimi pasi pehutungamiriri hweEmelyan pugachem. Hondo yerunyararo yakafukidza humwe humambo hwese, asi hondo yeUnited States yakamanikidza bongozozo uye rakasungwa pugachev, rakazogurwa musoro musoro. Chaive chisungo chega pachirango cherufu, icho chakabudiswa nehunhu pamakore ekutonga kwake.
Muna 1775, Ekaterina mukuru akaitisa chikamu cheHurumende uye akawedzera Russia kunzvimbo gumi nematanhatu. Munguva yekutonga kwake, Russia awana aziv, crimea, kuban, pamwe nechikamu cheBelarus, Poland, Lithuania neWestern chikamu cheVolyn. Shanduko yezveprovince yeCatherine, maererano nevatsvagiri, yaive nenhamba yakakosha yekukanganisa.
Mukuumbwa kwedunhu, kuumbwa kwenyika hakuna kukohwa, kunze kweizvozvo, zvaidikanwa kuti uwedzere mari yebhajeti. Panguva imwe chete, matare akasarudzwa akaziviswa munyika, ayo aiverengera marondedzero ematsotsi uye hwehurumende.
Muna 1785, musimbiso akaronga kuzvibata kwenzvimbo mumaguta. Chirevo cheCatherine II chakaunza arch yakajeka yezvirevo zvakanaka - akasunungura machinda kubva mukubhadhara kwemafirita, iyo inosungirwa basa muuto uye rakapa kodzero kune nyika uye varimi. Kutenda kumakwikwi muRussia, nzira yechipiri yedzidzo yakaunzwa, kuti zvikoro zvipi zvakakosha zvakavakwa, masangano evasikana, dzimba dzedzidzo. Uye zvakare, Catherine akavenga iyo yeRussia Chikoro, iyo yaive pakati peGurumende inotungamira yeEuropean sainzi zvigadziko.
Kutarisisa kwakakosha panguva yebhodhi reCatherine kwakabhadhara kukura kwekurima. Yaifungidzirwa kuti yeRussia indasitiri yakakosha yeindasitiri, iyo yakakurudzira kukura kwehupfumi kwehurumende. Kuwedzera kwenyika inobatsira kwakatungamira mukuwedzera kwezviyo zvinotakura zviyo.
Iye, kekutanga kuRussia, chingwa chakatanga kutengesa, icho huwandu hwacho hwakatengwa nemapepa, hwakatangira mari, zvakare vakapinda mukushandiswa nehumpro. Zvakare, iyo protusen yeMonarchin inosanganisira kusuma kweRussia muRussia, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kudzivirira kufa kwedenderedzwa munyika, nekudaro kuchengetedza huwandu hwevagari vemo.
Munguva yekutonga kweCatherine, yechipiri yakapona 6 hondo dzakatorwa nadzo mitezo yaunoda muchimiro chenyika. Mutemo wayo wokumwe, vanhu vazhinji vanofunga unzenza uye hunyengeri nhasi. Asi mukadzi uyu akakwanisa kupinda munhoroondo yeRussia senhau ine simba, iyo yakava muenzaniso wenyika yezvizvarwa zvemazera anotevera enyika, kunyangwe kushayikwa kwemadonhwe eRussia reropa mariri.
Hupenyu Hwako
Hupenyu hwepachena hweCatherine II rine chimiro chakajeka uye mazuva emazuva ano anofarira. Watova muhuduku, humambo hwakazvipira ku "rudo rusununguko", rwakasvika pakuguma kwewanano isina kubudirira naPetro.
VaStaterina vaRedils vanozivikanwa nenhevedzano yenyaya dzekunyora, uye rondedzero yayo yavaifarira ine mazana maviri emasuroni, sezvinoonekwa nekutsvagurudza kwechokwadi "Ekaterinovdov". Iyo favoteism institute yakakanganisa zvisina kunaka nguva yenguva iyoyo. Akabatsira kuora, mhinduro dzisina kunaka dzevashandi uye kudonha kwetsika.
Grigory orlov, Alexander Lanskaya, Grigory Potemkin uye Platon yemeno, akave anozivikanwa anoda kuzivikanwa eMonarchyn Vaongorori havabvi kuti madhodhi ehunhu hwaive zvombo zvaiva zvombo zvainge zvaitika, nerubatsiro rwezvaakaita zviitiko zvaro pamambo wechigaro cheushe cheushe.
Zvinozivikanwa kuti Catherine aive akanaka kuvana vatatu - Mwanakomana achibva kumurume wake wepamutemo wePetita III - Patroey Bobrinch, Alexey Bogrinsky, Alexey Bollv, uye mwanasikana Anna Petrovna, akafa aine zera regore kubva pakurwara.
Makore ekusikwa kwezuva reMashakarakadzi akazvitsaurira pakuchengeta kwevazukuru vake nevadyi venhaka, sezvo yaive muukama hwakatambanudzwa nemwanakomana wake Paul. Aida kupfuudza simba nekorona kumubironi mukuru Alexander, akazvipira pachikoro chavo cheushe wechigaro. Asi zvirongwa zvacho hazvina kufanira kuitika, sezvo mugari wenhaka wake wakadzidziswa nezvechirongwa chamai uye nekunyatsogadzirira kurwira chigaro cheushe. Mune ramangwana, muzukuru wai waunofarira weMisimbiso mushure mekunge zvese zvakabatanidzwa chigaro, kuva Emperor Alexander I.
Catherine Great muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva akaedza kuramba asina hanya, aisakoshesa zvipfeko zvemafashoni, asi aifarira basa retsono, richiveza huni uye pfupa. Mazuva ese, akabhadhara basa rake raanofarira masikati. Misangano pachayo yakarongedzwa, bundu, kamwechete pacho chakaita chipfeko chejira rezukuru hweAlexander. Mambokadzi aive nechipo chekuverenga, icho chakashandisa kutamba kwekutamba kwedare redare mukunyora.
Pasinei nenyaya yekuti muhuduku hwehudukumusharo chakatora erthodoxy, aifarira pfungwa dzeBuddhism. Catherine akatanga chinzvimbo chemusoro weChechi yeLamisian yeEastern Siberia uye transbalia. Hurumende yakazivikanwa zviri pamutemo seyemhando yekuvezwa yekuvhenekerwa kwechitendero cheEast - White Tara.
Rufu
Kufa kwaCatherine II kwakauya pane itsva chimiro munaNovember 17, 1796. Emerness akafa kubva mukurohwa kwakasimba kwakasimba, akamhanya achitambudzika kwemaawa gumi nemaviri uye, pasina kukonzera kuziva, kusiya hupenyu muupfu muupfu. Akavigwa muPetro naPaul Cathedral mu St. Petersburg. Pamusana pane epitaph zvakanyorwa ari oga.
Mushure mekujoinha chigaro cheushe, Pauro ndakaparadza nhaka yamai vake. Uyezve, chikwereti chekune imwe nyika chakawanikwa, chakarara pasi pevatongi vakatevera uye vakadzoreredzwa pakupera kwezana reXix.
Ndangariro
Mukuremekedza Emashress, vanopfuura gumi nembiri muSt. Gare gare, vazhinji vevanozvikudza vakarasika. Sezvo Catherine akaburitsa kupararira kwemari yemapepa, gare gare mufananidzo wake wakashongedza zana-rubannotes yenguva dzeNicholas II.
Ndangariro dzeMashambadzi Hombe dzakadzokororwa mumabasa emanyorero evanyori veRussia uye vekunze - Nikoxander Pushkin, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw, Bernard Shaw.
Mufananidzo weCatherine unowanzoshandiswa muWorld Cinema. Yayo yakajeka uye yakapfuma biograph inotorwa sehwaro hwezviitiko, sezvo iyo Great Russian Ekaterina II yakazadzwa nenhamo, kurangana, kurwira chigaro cheushe, asi panguva imwe chete iyoyo kwakava hurumende yakanaka.
Mufananidzo weCatherine's Great pachiratidziro chakavezwa mari yekudya, Alla Luya
Muna 2015, kuratidzwa kwenhevedzano inonakidza "yakakura" yakatanga muRussia. Nezve mamiriro ake, chokwadi chinobva kuDhiari dzavaMambokadzi dzakatorwa, izvo zvaive muchimiro che "munhu-murume", kwete amai vechikadzi nemukadzi wake. Mumufananidzo weMashress, Julia Snigir akaoneka.
Mafirimu
- 1934 - "Slutty Emerness"
- 1953 - "Admoral UShakov"
- 1986 - Mikhail Lomonosov
- 1990 - "Tsarist Hunt"
- 1992 - "Zviroto zveRussia"
- 2002 - "Manheru papurazi pedyo neDikanka"
- 2015 - "Great"
- 2018 - Ropa Baryna