Biography
Ivan Grozny - mambo wekutanga weEse Russia, akakurumbira nekuda kwenzira dzake dzekusarongeka uye dzakashata dzehurumende. Pasinei neizvozvo, kutonga kwake kunoonekwa kwakakosha kune iyo nyika, iyo, nekutenda kumitemo yekunze uye yemhuka ye grozny, yave yakapetwa kaviri pane ndima yayo. Mutongi wekutanga wechiRussia aive mambo ane simba uye akakwanisa kuita zvakawanda muzvinyorwa zvematongerwo enyikaHudu uye Vechidiki
Ivan Grozny (Ivan IV Vasilevyvich) akaberekerwa (Ivan Iv valeduvich) Musi waAugust 25, 1530 mumusha weLithuani Iye aive mwanakomana wedangwe kubva kuvabereki vake, saka akava chigaro chekutanga chaBaba, avo vaifanira kuchinja kuti vabatsirwei. Asi aifanira kuzova mambo wezita reRussia ese aine makore matatu, sezvo vaisimba III zvakanyatso kurwara uye vakafa kamwe kamwe. Pashure pemakore mashanu, amai vakafa pane ramangwana ramambo, nekuda kwekuti panguva yeiyo makore masere akasara.
Hudiki hweMambo wechidiki akapfuura mumamiriro ezvinhu epamhepo, kurwa kwakakomba kwesimba, kushushikana uye chisimba, icho chakaumbwa muIvan hunhu hunotyisa. Wobva wafunga nezve chigaro cheushe chechigaro chezvinhu chero chinhu chipi zvacho chipi zvacho chisingamunzwisisike mwana, vasina mhosva vakauraya shamwari dzake uye vakauraya shamwari dzake uye vakachengeta mambo wenguva yemberi muhurombo uye nekupfeka zvekudya nezvipfeko. Izvo zvakamutsa utsinye uye hutsinye mariri, izvo zvakatoita mumakore akawanda zvakaratidzwa mukuda kwekutambisa mhuka, uye mune ramangwana uye vanhu veRussia vese.
Panguva iyoyo, nyika yakatongwa nemachinda ekutenda uye Shui, murandakadzi Mikhail Volsov uye nehama dzemutongi weramangwana paMalnsky Maternal. Kutonga kwavo kwakaiswa chiratidzo kune vese kuderera nedambudziko rakanaka nenzvimbo yeNyika, iyo Ivan Grozny yakanyatsonzwisisa.
Muna 1543, akatanga kuratidza vanovharidzira vevachengeti veNolov rake, akaraira kuuraya Andrei Shuisky. Ipapo mambo akatanga kutya mambo, iro simba pamusoro penyika rakanga rakanyanyo pakatarisana kwazvo mumaoko embinsky, iro rakava simba rose renzvimbo yekutanga, kusimudza mhuka mazviri.
Panguva imwecheteyo, mambo wenguva yemberi akazvipira nguva yakawanda yekuzvidzidzira, verenga mabhuku mazhinji, ayo akaita kuti mutongi anonyanya kushanda ye idzodzo nguva. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuve hutsinye husina simba revatongi venguva pfupi, akavenga nyika yese, uye pfungwa yake huru yakawanikwa neiyo yakazara uye isina muganho simba pamusoro pevanhu, yaakaisa chero mitemo yetsika.
Bhodhi uye Shanduko
Muna 1545, Ivan Grozny asvika pazera revanhu vazhinji, akava mambo akazara. Chisarudzo chake chekutanga zvezvematongerwo enyika chaive chishuwo chekuwana kuroorwa neHumambo, izvo zvakamupa kodzero yeimwe nhaka yeiyo tsika dzekutenda kweOrthodox. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyi zita rehumambo rave richishanda kune imwe nyika yedzimwe nyika, sezvazvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kutora imwe nzvimbo muhukama hweWestern neWestern Europe uye vanokodzera Russia munzvimbo yekutanga pakati peEurope nyika.
Kubva pamazuva ekutanga ekutonga kweIvan zvinotyisa mudunhu, vanoverengeka vanochinja uye shanduko dzaakagadzira neRada rakasarudzwa, uye muRussia nguva yerima yakatanga, panguva iyo simba rese rakawa mumaoko ake kune mumwe monarch.
Makore gumi anotevera, tsar yeRussia yose yakatsaurira kugadziridza kwepasi rose - Ivan Grozny akagadzira shanduko yeZEMkoy munyika, yakatora mutongi mutsva, uyo akange asimbisa kodzero dzevarapi vevarapi uye holsters, yakaunzwa Shanduko yekusimudza, ichizivisa masimba emagazini negavhuna mukuda kuziva kusaziva.
Muna 1550, Mutongi akagovera "zviuru zvezviuru zvemusoro zveMosquil yemusoro mukati memazana manomwe kubva kuguta reRussia uye akaumbwa nehondo yetaundi, iro rakapfeka pfuti. Iyo nguva imwe chete iyi yakanyorwa nezvikonzero zvevaridzi uye kurambidzwa kupinda muRussia vatengesi vechiJudha.
Sangano rekunze reIvan rinotyisa pakutanga padanho rekutanga rebhodhi raizorodzwa nehondo dzakawanda, dzakabudirira kwazvo. Iye pachezvake akaita mumushandirapamwe uye kare muna 1552 Akatora kutonga Kazan naShrakakhan, uye mushure mekunge Siberia nyika dzakabatana neRussia. Muna 1553, monarch rakatanga kuronga kutengeswa hukama neEngland, uye mushure memakore mashanu akapinda muhondo yeLithumian yeLithuania, maakawana kukundwa kukuru uye kurasikirwa nedzimwe nyika dzeRussia.
Mushure mekurasikirwa nehondo, Ivan Grozny akatanga kutsvaga avo vane mhosva mukukunda, akabvarura muridzi wemutemo uye akasarudza reta uye akasimuka munzira yekuzvibata, Opala uye kuurayiwa kwevose vasina kutsigira zvematongerwo enyika.
Oprichnina
Bhodhi reIvan rinotyisa pane imwe yechipiri nhanho yaive kunyange yakakomba uye yeropa. Muna 1565, akasvitsa chimiro chakakosha chehurumende, semhedzisiro iyo iyo russia yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri - Oprichnin uye nyika. Ochichniki, akawira pasi pekuvimbika kuna mambo, akawira pasi pesimba rake rizere uye akatadza kutaura nevanhu vepasi vakabhadhara mugove weshumba wemari yavo nemamongi.
Mumapoka aOndrichnina, uto rakawanda rakawanda rakaungana nenzira iyi, iyo Ivan Grozny kubva pamutoro. Vakatenderwa kuronga kupamba uye posar yemukomana nemanotyo, uye pane kupokana nekudzivirira ivo vakatenderwa kuuraya uye kuuraya munhu wese kusabvumirana nehuremu hwehurumende.
Muna 1571, pakaitika Chilge-garyra Unganidza chete regiment rimwe chete, uyo aisakwanisa kuramba mauto eVarime Khan. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Ivan Grozny akabvisa Oprichnin, akamira kuuraya vanhu uye akaraira kuraira zvinyorwa zveChirangaridzo zvekuuraya vanhu kuti mweya yavo ive mumamongi.
Mhedzisiro yeIvan inotyisa yakava kudonha kwehupfumi hwenyika uye kukunda kukuru muhondo yerivoni, iyo, maererano nezvakaitika kare, yaive nyaya yehupenyu hwake. Monarch akaziva kuti nekutyaira nyika, akaita zvikanganiso zvakawanda kwete mumukati chete, asiwo mune yekune dzimwe nyika, iyo panopera bhodhi rebhodhi rakagadzira Ivan inotyisa.
Pakati peino nguva, akaita imwe mhosva yeropa uye panguva dzeropa dzakatsamwa netsaona nzwisisai uye chete chigaro chomubati chaihwo chigaro cheIvan Ivan Ivan Ivan Ivanvich. Pashure paizvozvo, mambo aipesvedzera zvizere uye akatoda kuenda kumamongi.
Hupenyu Hwako
Hupenyu hweIvan hwunotyisa hunogarawo, pamwe nebhodhi rake. Maererano nevanyori venhoroondo, mambo wekutanga weRussia akaroora kanomwe. Mukadzi wekutanga wemamongi aive Anastasia Zaharin-Yyerev, uyo waakaroora muna 1547. Anopfuura makore gumi ekuroora, mambokadzi akazvara vana vatanhatu, kubva kwaIvan naPedor vakapona.
Mushure mekunge Anastasia akafa muna 1560, Ivan Grozny akaroora mwanasikana waKabardian muchinda Maria Chria Cherkasy. Mugore rekutanga rehupenyu hwevakaroora nemamambo, mukadzi wechipiri akamuberekera mwanakomana, akafa pamwedzi. Pashure paizvozvo, kufarira kweIvan kutyisa kumukadzi wake kwakanyangarika, uye mushure memakore masere, Maria iye akafa.
Mukadzi wechitatu weIvan ndiye anotyisa marfu imbwa yaive mwanasikana waKolomna anokudzwa. Muchato wavo zvakaitika muna 1571. Imba yechitatu yamambo yaingogara mazuva gumi nemashanu chete - Maria akafira zvikonzero zvisingazivikanwe. Mushure memwedzi mitanhatu, mambo akaroora Ana kolovskaya. Muchato uyu waivawo asina mwana, uye mugore rehupenyu hwemhuri mukadzi wake wechina, mambo akagumisa mukadzi wemumwe murume, kwaakafira muna 1626.
Mukadzi wechishanu wemutongi akave Maria Dollgoruk, aakanyura mudziva mushure mewanano wekutanga husiku, sezvaakaziva kuti mukadzi wake mutsva akange asiri mhandara. Muna 1975, akaroora Anna Vasilchikova, aisazombomira naMambokadzi - iyewo, pamwe nevatangirwazve, akange atarurana nekuvandudzwa kwemwedzi, anonzi anotengesa mambo.
Wokupedzisira, mukadzi wechinomwe Ivani anotyisa aive Maria Nagaaya, uyo akamuroora muna 1580. Makore maviri gare gare, Tsarevich Dmit vakabereka tsati yeTsarevich, akafa pazera rechi9. Mary mushure mekufa kwemurume wake, mambo mutsva akaendeswa kuendeswa kuUgich, uye mushure mokunge vaburitswa nechisimba muNuni. Akava mufananidzo unorema munhoroondo yeRussia saamai vaFallmitria, bhodhi radzo pfupi raifanira kunge riri panguva yekutambudzika.
Rufu
Rufu rwaMambo wekutanga weRussia Ise Ivan Grozny akauya musi waKurume 28, 1584 muMoscow. Mutongi akafa kuseri kwemutambo we chess kubva mukuwedzera kwesteophytes, ayo mumakore achangopfuura akaita kuti irege kugadziriswa. Kutya kusatya, mararamiro asina kunaka uye nechenjedzo zvakakomba izvi akaita kuti Ivan Grozny mumakore ake makumi mashanu nemashanu nemurume mukuru, ayo akatungamira pakufa kwakadaro kwekutanga.Ivan Grozny akavigwa padivi paMwanakomana wake Ivan muArkhangelsk katsi, iri muMoscow Kremlin. Mushure mekuvigwa, monarch yakatanga kuoneka maruva anoshingairira zvekuti mambo akafa nechisimba, kwete kufa kwechisikigo. VaMabinoni vanopokana kuti Ivan Grozny akaisa muchetura wehupfumi Mwari, uyo akamutevera akazova mubati weRussia.
Iyo vhezheni yehupfu yemamambo yekutanga yakaongororwa muna 1963 pakuvhurwa kwemakuva, vaongorori havana kuwana mune zvasara zveArsenic, saka kuuraya kweIvan Grozny hakuna kusimbiswa. Pane mudzinza rino, Rurikovich akanyatso kumira, uye munyika yacho akatanga nguva isina kujairika.
Ndangariro
Saka nyaya yakajeka hupfumi harigone asi inokonzera kufarira kwemazera akatevera. About the nguva yaMambo Ivan Grozny, mabhuku mazhinji akanyorwa kuti, mafirimu efirimu uye tv zvinoratidza, zviri zviviri zvinyorwa uye hunyanzvi.
Imwe yeiyo yakanyanya kurovedzera firimu camp of the Great Tsar yaive mufananidzo muProjekiti Yomaic "Grozny", yakaburitswa muna 2020. Alexander Yatsenko akaridza basa reIvando muhuduku hwake, Sergey Makutsky akaridza mambo muhukuru, Tatyana Lyulina akaita semuroora weGrozny of Romanvna. Aruva Ivano Kryokov, Lydmila Polyakava uye vamwe vatambi vakanga vakamanikidzwa mune dzakateerana.