Biography
"Muunganidzi weNyika yeRussia" neIvan, vakuru vakadana zvizvarwa zvevatongi vavo Ivan Iii Vasilyevich. Nikolai Kamazin akasimudza uyu mukuru kupfuura Peter I. Iye, Grand Cuke yeMoscow kubva ku1462 kusvika ku1405, kudzvara kuwedzera zviuru makumi maviri emakiromita kufanana kusvika zviuru makumi maviri nematatu. Asi chinhu chikuru - akazokwanisa kuchengetedza rus kubva pabasa rega rega kubhadhara kutya kukuru kwegoridhe horde.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Ivan akazvarwa wechitatu muna Ndira 1440. Iye mukomana akava mukuru wedangwe weMuchinda weGreat Moscow Vasiyly II Vasilevach naMary Yarosolavna, muzukuru wemuchinda Vladimir vakashinga. Ivan paakanga aine makore mashanu, baba vake vakabatwa mumatangi. Muchicheya chikuru cheMocow, pakarepo amutswa pachigaro chevakuru kubva kune rudzi rwevazukuru veIan Kalita - Prince Dmitry Yyervich Shemyak. Nekuda kwekusunungurwa kwake, vasiri vechipiri vakamanikidzwa kuvimbisa tatars rudzikinuro, shure kwaizvozvo muchinda akasunungurwa. Vanosvika kuMoscow, baba vaIvan, vakagara zvakare chigaro, uye Shemyaki akaenda kuUglich.
Vazhinji vakararama panguva yavakawanda havana kugadzikana nezviitiko zveMuchinda, vaingoita chinzvimbo chevanhu, vachiwedzera mutero weHorde. Yyrry Yryevich yakava mubatanidzwa wekurangana kuzorangana nemuchinda mukuru, pamwe chete nevatinoshanda navo vakatora zvisingaite II vakatorwa uye vakapofumadza. Zvichida Vasiyly II uye vana vake vakakwanisa kutiza muMurom. Asi munguva pfupi muchinda anodzingwa, panguva iyoyo akagamuchira zita rekuti zita rerima nekuda kwehupofu, akaenda kunhandare. Ikoko akanyorera rutsigiro rwechikuru chemuchinda Boris Tver, akavaputira Ild-makore ane makore matanhatu nemwanasikana wake Maria Borisovna.
Nenguva isipi vakakwanisa kudzosera simba muMoscow, uye mushure mekufa kweShemyaks, vagari vemo vakazomira. Paakaroora muna 1452 neMwenga, Ivan akazova shamwari yababa vake. Mukuzviisa kwake, pereslavl-zailky yaive guta, uye pamakore gumi nemashanu ivan yakatoita rwendo rwekutanga kurwisa tatar. Pamakore makumi maviri, muchinda wechidiki akatungamira uto remukuru wepamusoro.
Pa22, Ivan aifanira kutora bhodhi akazvimirira: Vasiyly II yakamanikidzwa.
Dare Rinodzora
Mushure mekufa kwaBaba Ivan, vechitatu vakagara nhaka huru uye yakanyanya kukosha, iyo yaisanganisira chikamu cheMoscow uye maguta makuru. Vanun'una vaIvan Andrei Bolshiya, Andrei, mudiki neBoris, vakawira muhofisi yeUglich, vologda uye volokolamsk.Ivan iii, baba vacho pavakaremerwa, vakaenderera mberi nemitemo yake yekuunganidza. Akasunungura nyika yeRussia nenzira dzose dzinogoneka: Iko kunyengera uye kunyengetedza, uye kupi uye simba. Muna 1463, Ivan III akakwanisa kubatanidza hunyanzvi hweYaroslavl, mune 1474th State yakawedzera neNyika yeRostov.
Asi kwaingova kutanga chete. RAM yakaramba ichisimuka, nekukurumidza kupfuura iyo hombe dzeNovgirod nyika. Ipapo, Tver akadaidzira kunzwira tsitsi kwemuhwuno, uye zvishoma nezvishoma akatamira kuna Ivan the Great vyatka uye Pskov.
Mutungamiriri akakwanisa kuhwina muhondo mbiri neLithuania, achifunga nezve chikamu chakakura cheSmolensky neCherniv machinda. Tribute ivan iii akabhadhara livonia odha.
Chiitiko chakakosha panguva yekutonga kweIvan iii yaive yekujoinha yeNovgorodhi. Mukuru weGreat Moscow aive achiedza kubatanidza Novgorodhi kubvira panguva yeIvan Kalita, asi zvaigoneka kungoisa guta reTan. Novgorod akatsvaga kuchengetedza rusununguko kubva kuMoscow uye akatotsigira rutsigiro kubva kuLithuanian Prinationan. Kubva padanho rekupedzisira, ivo vaivanyorera chete kuti Orthodoxy mune iyi kesi yakaiswa mungozi.
Nekudaro, nemvura yeLithuanian Island, muchinda Mikhail oleolkovich, muna 1470, Novgorod yakasaina chibvumirano naMambo Casemir. Akadzidza nezve izvi, Ivan III akatumira nhume kuguta rekuchamhembe, uye mushure mekusatyisa mugore rakatangisa hondo. Pakati pehondo yeshoni, vapfupi vakaputsika, asi vasina rubatsiro rwakateverwa kubva kuLithuania. Semhedzisiro yenhaurwa, Novgorodhi yakaziviswa kuti munun'una weMoscow.
Makore matanhatu gare gare, Ivan III akatora rumwe rwendo kuenda kuNovgorodhi, mushure mekunge mukomana mukomana akaramba kuziva Changamire. Makore maviri, iyo Grand Duke yakatungamira clweist yeLovgorodhi, kukomberedzwa kwekupedzisira pakupedzisira kuri kuzviisa pasi pake. Muna 1480, kugariswa kwevagari veNovggor kwakatanga munyika yeuchenjeri hweMoscow, uye vakomana veMoscow nevatengesi - kuna Novgorodhi.
Asi chinhu chikuru - kubva 1480 iyo Grand Duke Moscow akamira kubhadhara mutero kuna vanonzi Oridans. Rus, pakupedzisira, kugomera kubva pamakore mazana mashanu ejoko. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti zvaigoneka kuzadzisa kusunungurwa pasina kudeurwa kweropa. Muzhizha rose remauto aIvan, uye Khan Akhmat akamira achipesana. Vakaparadzaniswa chete neRwizi rweUgrome (yakakurumbira kumira mumbavha). Asi kurwa hakuna kuitika - vanamati vakaenda nechinhu chero chipi zvacho. Mumutambo wemutambo wakunda uto remuchinda weRussia.
Uye panguva yekutonga kweIvan iii, iyo yazvino moscow kremlin yakaonekwa, yakaiswa kubva kune zvidhina pane iyo nzvimbo yechivakwa chekare chivakwa chehuni. Dare redare remitemo yakanyorwa uye yakatorwa, kutongwa, kusarudzwa kwesimba resimba. Isu takaratidzikawo primators of Diplomicy uye iyo yepamhepo yepasi system yenguva yavo. Tanga kuumbwa serfom. Varimi vaimbove vanobva kune mumwe muridzi kuenda kune mumwe akasununguka, vaive zvino vava kushoma kune iyo nguva yezuva reYurian. Nekushandurwa kwevarimi, imwe nguva yegore yakaratidzwa - vhiki isati yasvika uye mushure mekutevera zororo raGeorge vakundi.
Kutenda Ivan, mukuru wechitatu mukuru weMoscow akashanduka kuita nyika yakasimba, iyo yakadzidziswa muEurope. Uye Ivan ndiye akatungamira mutongi wekutanga weRussia, anonzi "duch duch yekare yeRussia." Vanyori vezvakaitika munyori wenhoroondo vanopotsa kuti Russia yazvino yakavakirwa paTovan Iii Vasilvilevich akaiswa pamwe nezviitiko zvacho. Kunyangwe gondo rakapetwa kaviri - uye akaseka jasi remaoko mushure mekutonga kweGrand Duke Moskovsky. Chimwezve chakakweretwa neChiratidzo cheSangano cheMidhiyumu yaive mufananidzo waGeorge Vakunda, vachirova Zmia Spre.
Vanopokana kuti dzidziso ye "Moscow - Roma yechitatu" yakatanga panguva yeKutonga kwaIvan Vasilevich. Sezvo zvisingashamisi, nekuti pamwe nazvo, manhuruwa ehurumende yakawedzera kanenge katatu.
Hupenyu Hwako Ivan III
Mukadzi wekutanga weIvan Mukuru aive mwanasikana wemibindu emamaki emaria. Asi iye akafa, achizvara murume wake womwanakomana wake oga waIvan mudiki.
Hupenyu Hwako Ivan III zvachinja makore matatu mushure mekufa kwemukadzi wake. Kuroora pambiro yekuvhenekera kwechiGiriki, muzukuru weGreek of the Old Emperor byzantium Zoe Pleologist, akazova anofara pamusoro paChangamire iye uye neyese Russia. Sofia Pleologist yakabhabhatidzirwa muOrthodoxy yakaunza mitsva yakawanda uye inobatsira muhupenyu hwechisimba.
Itsika yakaonekwa paruvanze. Sophia Fominichna Paleologist akasimbirira pakugadziridzwa kweguta guru, "kupururudza" kubva kuEurope kweiyo yakakurumbira yeRoma vaivakwa. Asi chinhu chikuru ndechekuti iye aive iye akarerutsa murume wake kuti asarudze kuramba kubhadhara mutero kune iyo Golden Horde, nekuti Vakomana vakatya zvakanyanya nhanho yakadaro. Vakatsigirwa nemuroora wakavimbika, Changamire akapwanya zita rekare, iro nhume dzeTatari dzakamuunzira.
Pamwe, Ivan naSophia vaidanana chaizvo. Murume akateerera zano rekuchenjera remukadzi wake akajekeswa, kunyangwe hake asingade mukomana wake, uyo akange ambove nekunyudzwa kwacho pamusoro pomuchinda. Muwanano iyi, iyo yave iri yekutanga dynastic, vana vemuviri vazhinji vakaoneka - vashanu nevanasikana vana. Kune mumwe wevanakomana, valily III, Simba reNyika.
Rufu rweIvan III
Ivan Iiai akapukunyuka mukadzi wake waanoda anodikanwa chete kwemakore maviri. Yakanga isiri Gumiguru 27, 1505. Mutungamiriri wekutanga akavigwa muArabhnelk kathedhi.Gare gare, muna 1929, zvimisikidzwa zvevakadzi vese veIvan Mukuru - Mary Borisovna uye Sofia Pleologist yakaendeswa kuimba iyi yetembere iyi.
Ndangariro
Ndangariro dzeIvan iii isingazivikanwe mune dzinoverengeka dzezvivakwa zvevanowanikwa muKaluga, Naryan mare, muMoscow, muVelky novgorod pamireniyumu yeRussia Mirau yeRussia. Mota dzezvikwirisoesera zvemudyadzo zvakazvipira kune zvinyorwa zvinoverengeka, kusanganisira kubva kuRuka vatongi vevatongi. Nyaya yorudo rweIvan Vanilevelevich uye Sofia Pleologist yaive yakavakirwa pachiitiko cheRussia Alexey Andrianova "Sofia", apo mabasa makuru akaitwa neEvgeny Tsyganov uye Maria Andre the Trireva.
Iyo nhevedzano "grozny", yakabudiswa muna 2020s, yakava kuenderera mberi kwechirongwa ichi chenhoroondo. Basa reIvan III vakaenda kuTsygnoov, mufananidzo weIvan The anotyisa akamhanya Alexander Yatsenko uye Sergey Makovotsky. Zvakare mumufananidzo, Yuri Kolokolnikov, Victor Sukhororkov, Tatyana Lyulina.