Biography
Shumba trotsky ndiko kusimudzira kwakatanhamara kwezana ramakore rechi20, iyo yakava munhoroondo somumwe wevanhu vehondo yevagari, mauto matsvuku uye mauto matsvuku. Iye aive munhu wechipiri ari muhurumende yekutanga yeSoviet uye akananga kuCommissiat yemauto echiuto uye marita, kwaakazviratidza anozviratidza murume akaomarara uye asina kusimba nevavengi vekuchinja kwenyika. Mushure mekufa kweVladimir Lenin, akataura nezvepfungwa yaJoseph Stalin, iyo yaive yakanyimwa chizvarwa cheSovieth, yakadzingwa mubatanidzwa uye yakaurayiwa neNKVD mumiririri weNKVAD.
Revhitiko Hadsky akaberekwa (zita chairo paanozvarwa - Laba Davidovich Bronstein) Musi waNovember 7, 1879 muchiUkraine nekudzoka padyo nemusha weYanovka Kherson mumhuri yevaJudha. Vabereki vake vaive vanhu vanozvidza, izvo zvisina kuvadzivirira kubva pakuwana mari capital pane kuomarara kwekubatwa kwevaridzi. Ramangwana rekuchinja rakakura ndega - aisava neshamwari dzezera raigona kupusa uye kutamba, sezvo rakanga rakakomberedzwa nevana vega, paakatarisa kumusoro kusvika pasi. Sekureva kwenhoroondo dzezvakaitika kare, dzakaiswa muTrotsky iyo huru chimiro chehunhu umo pfungwa yekukwakuka kwevamwe vanhu vakakunda.
Muna 1889, vabereki vadiki veTrotsky vakatumira kudzidza muOdessa, sezvo anga atove achifarira dzidzo. Ikoko akasangana neiyo quota yemhuri dzevaJudha muSV.Pavla Chikoro, kwaakava mudzidzi wepamusoro muzvinyorwa zvese. Panguva iyoyo, haana kana kumbofunga nezve zviitiko zvekuchinja, kufarira kudhirowa, ndima nemabhuku.
Asi mumakosi ekupedzisira, Trotsky-ane makore 17 akawira mudenderedzwa remagariro, ayo aitoita zvekuchinja kunoshatiridzira. Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, akatanga kufarira kudzidza mabasa eKarl Marx uye akazova mutero wekufungidzira we marxism. Yakanga iri panguva iyoyo kuti pfungwa dzakapinza dzakatanga kuoneka mariri, tsika yekutungamira, chipo chehunhu.
Akanyudzwa mumabasa ekuchinja, Trotsky anoronga "South-Russian Worthista Union", iyo yakapinda muvashandi veNikolaev Welief. Panguva iyoyo, ivo vaive vashoma kufarira mubairo, sezvo vagamuchira mari yakakwirira yemubhadharo, uye hukama hwakashungurudzika mumutongi wamambo.
Muna 1898, Leo Trotsky kekutanga mune rake rekuchinja basa, akaenda kujeri, kwaaifanira kushandisa makore maviri. Mushure meizvozvo, chinongedzo chake chekutanga kuSiberia chakateverwa kubva kwaakapera makore akati apfuura. Ipapo akakwanisa kuita pasipoti yekunyepa, mune iyo lev Davidvich Nazadach yakakora Surotsky's Surname, semutariri mukuru wejeri reOdessa. Yaive iri surname iyo yakava ramangwana remberi rekuchinja kweiyo rumuko, uyo waaigara naye hupenyu hwake hwese hwasara.
Zvekuchinja zviitiko
Muna 1902, mushure mekupukunyuka kubva kuSiberia kuenda kuLondon kuenda kuLondon kunobatana naLenin, uyo akaisa chikamu chepepanhau reIskra bepanhau, rakavakirwa neVladimir Ilyich. Ramangwana rekuchinja rakava mumwe wevanyori vepepanhau reLendusky.
Brospopriceing nevatungamiriri veRussia Nzvimbo yeRussia, Trotsky zvakanyanya kuwana mukurumbira uye mukurumbira, kutaura nekusagadzikana kusimuka vasati vatama. Akarova iye akapoteredza kwake uye kuomesa, kwakamubvumidza kukunda maitiro akakomba muBolshevik kufamba, kunyangwe hupfupi.
Munguva iyoyo, shumba trotsky zvakanyanya inotsigira Lenin mutemo, iyo yaakapendwa neLenin Dubyon. Asi inogara kwenguva refu - chaiyo muna 1903 iyo shanduko yakatamira kune iyo mensievic uye yakatanga kupomera Lenin muudzvanyiriri. Asi nevatungamiriri vevatungamiriri "havana kufamba", sezvaaida kuedza uye kubatanidza zvidimbu zvebollhevek uye mensievi, izvo zvakakonzera kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Nekuda kweizvozvo, akazvizivisa "nhengo ye" yakaburitswa yeSocial Stormokrat, ichiisa chinangwa chekugadzira yake yazvino, iyo yaizove yakakwirira kupfuura bolsheviks uye mensieviks.
Muna 1905, Leo Trotsky anodzokera kumusha kwake, ari mumanzwiro okumusoro weSt ASTersburg, uye akabva apwanya mukobvu dzezviitiko. Anokurumidza kurongedza Dare reSt. Petersburg revashandi vemutevedzeri uye vanoita nekutaura kwemoto pamberi peboka revanhu vakatove vakasarudzika emagetsi ekuchinja. Zvekuita kwavo zviitiko, shanduko yacho yaive mutorongo zvakare, sezvaaitsigira kuenderera kwekuchinja kwekuchinja kunyangwe mushure mekunge mifananidzo yehumambo ichionekwa, izvo zvakaitwa nevanhu vezvematongerwo enyika. Panguva imwecheteyo, akanyimwawo kodzero dzese dzehurumende uye gadziriro yekusingaperi yakaendeswa kuSiberia.
Vari munzira kuenda ku "Polar Tundrira", LEru Trotsky akakwanisa kutiza kubva kumapendemani uye kusvika kuFinland, kubva kwaanobva kuEurope. Kubva muna 1908, Shanduko yakagara muVienna, kwaakatanga kushambadzira pepanhau "ichokwadi". Asi makore mana gare gare, bolshevion pasi pehutungamiriri hwaRenin akadzivirira bhuku iri, semhedzisiro yerudzi rwakatsaurwa kuParis, kwaakaburitswa nepepanhau "Izwi redu".
Mushure mekunge February Revolution muna 1917, Trotsky akafunga kudzokera kuRussia. Kubva pachiteshi cheFinnish, akaenda kuPethosovet, kwaakapiwa nhengo neiyo kodzero yezwi rekuita. Chaizvoizvo mumwedzi mishoma yekugara muSt. Kadersburg, Lev Davidovich akava mutungamiri asina kurongeka ezvipindiridzo, avo vakatsigira kusikwa kwemutambo weRussia Unike Studio.
Muna Gumiguru 1917, shanduko yacho inogadzira komiti yemauto omumi mauto, uye muna Gumiguru 25 (Mbudzi 7, chimiro chitsva) chinoita kupfumiswa kwehurumende yenguva pfupi, iyo yakapinda iyo nyaya seNyaya yacho muna October Revolution. Semhedzisiro yekuchinja, bolsheveks akauya kune simba pasi pehutungamiriri hweLenin.
Pasi pehurumende itsva, Revhsky akagamuchira chinzvimbo chevaranda zvevanhu zvevanhu, uye muna 1918 vakave makomisheni emauto emauto emauto uye emaritimendi. Kubva panguva iyoyo, akatora kuumbwa kwehondo tsvuku, akapinda mumatirongo, akapfura vese vanotyora kurangwa, vairasa nevapikisi vake, kwete kupa tsitsi kuna ani naani zvake, kunyange boolsheps, iyo yakadzika Munhoroondo pasi penyaya ye "kutyisa kwetsvuku".
Kuwedzera kune zvechiuto, akashanda padhuze naLenin pane zvemukati nenyaya dzemitemo. Saka, pakupera kwehondo yevagari, kuzivikanwa kweshumba trotsky kwasvika paApogee, asi kufa kwe "Mutungamiriri weBolshevi. .
Trotsky haana kuzombokwanisa kuve "mutsivi" "Lenin nenzvimbo yake pakukomba kwenyika yaigarwa Joseph Stalin, uye akakurumidza kuita" uye nekumhanyisa '. Muna May 1924, shanduko yacho yakaiswa mukukuvara chaiko kubva kuvapikisi pasi pehutungamiriri hweStalin Muna 1926, Trotsky akaedza kudzosera chimiro chake uye akaronga chiratidzo chehurumende chekurwisa, nekuda kwezvaakadzingwa kuAlmaty kuenda kuAlmaty, uyezve kuTurkey nekunyimwa kweSovietgari vaSoviethip.
Muhutapwa kubva kuUSSR, Leo Trotsky haana kumisa kurwira kwake naStalin - akatanga kushambadzira "bulletin" uye akagadzira autobiography "hupenyu hwangu", hwakawana zviitiko zvake. Akanyora chinyorwa che "nhoroondo yekuchinja kweRussia", maari airatidza kupera simba kwaTsarist Russia uye kudiwa kweSangano reOctober.
Muna 1935, Revhitikovich Dollovich akaenda kuNorway, kwaakange awira mukumanikidzwa kwevakuru vasingade kushatisa hukama neSoviet Union. Shanduko yacho yakatora mabasa ese uye yakasimwa pasi peimba. Izvi zvakatungamira kuchokwadi kuti Trotsky akafunga kuenda kuMexico, kubva kwa "zvakachengeteka" kutevedzera zviitiko zveUSR.
Muna 1936, Leo Trotsky akapedza bhuku rake kuti "shanduko yakazvipira", umo hutongi hweStalinist hwaive hwekupokana-hwekuchinja. Makore maviri gare gare, iyo shanduko yacho yakazivisa kusikwa kweimwe "Stalinism" yechina yenyika yose, ayo ane vagari venhaka zvakare nhasi.
Hupenyu Hwako
Hupenyu hwomunhu oga hweshumba trotsky hwaisanganisira zvakabatana nemabasa ake ekuchinja. Mukadzi wake wekutanga akava Alexander Soplovskaya, uyo waakasangana naye aine makore gumi nematanhatu, paasina kana kumbofunga nezveramangwana rake remangwana. Sekureva kwevanyori venhoroondo, aive mukadzi wekutanga weTrotsky, aive aine vakuru vake kwemakore matanhatu, akava mutungamiriri wejaya riri muMarxism.
Mukadzi wepamutemo weTrotsky Sokolovskaya akava muna 1898. Achangobva mushure memuchato, vachangobva kuchata vakatumirwa kuSiberia link, maive nevanasikana vaviri - Zinaida naNina. Mwanasikana wechipiri paaingova nemwedzi mina chete, Trotsky akatiza kubva kuSiberia, achisiya murume wake aine vana vadiki mumaoko ake. Mubhuku rake, "hupenyu hwangu" rakatsanangura iyi nhanho yehupenyu hwake, airatidza kuti kupukunyuka kwake kwakaitwa nesungano yakazara naAlexandra, uyo akamubatsira kuti apinde kunze kwenyika.
Kuve muParis, Revhslsky vakasangana nemukadzi wake wechipiri Sedlia, vaitora basa repepanhau reIskra pasi pehutungamiri hweLenin. Nekuda kwekuziva uku kwemazuva ano, kuroora kwekutanga kwekuchinja kwakaderera, asi akachengeta hukama hweSokolovsky hushamwari.
Muwanano yechipiri, vanakomana vaviri vakazvarwa kubva pashumba midzi, shumba ne sergey. Muna 1937, nhevedzano yenharo dzakaenda kumhuri yeichengeti. Mwanakomana wake mudiki Sergey nezvebasa rake rezvematongerwo enyika akapfurwa, uye gore rakatevera, mwanakomana wedangwe, aivewo aishingairira trotskyist, akafa mumamiriro ekufungidzira panguva yekuvhiya kuti abvise chirevo muParis.
Vanasikana vaLeo trotsky vakatamburawo fariro inosiririsa. Muna 1928, mwanasikana wake mudiki Nina akafa kubva kuna Chatheka, uye mwanasikana wokutanga waZinaida, pamwe chete naBaba vake vagari veSovidha, muna 1933 vakazviuraya muna 1933, vari mumamiriro ekuderera kwakadzama.
Kutevera vanasikana nevanakomana, muna 1938 Trotsky yakarasika uye mumwe wekutanga Alexander Soplovskaya, akasara mukadzi wake oga mupenyu kusvika parufu. Akapfurwa muMoscow sokutsigira kwakasimba kwekupikiswa kwekuruboshwe.
Mukadzi wechipiri waSion Trotsky, Natalia Sideov, zvisinei nekuti akarasikirwa nevanakomana vaviri, haana kufarirwa nemweya wake kusvika pamazuva ekupedzisira. Muna 1937, akatamira kuMexico muna 1937 muna 1937 uye mushure mekufa kwake akagara ikoko kwemamwe makore makumi maviri. Muna 1960, akatamira kuParis, iyo yaive "guta risingaperi" kwaakasangana neTrotsky. Nellov akafira muna 1962, akavigwa muMexico padivi pemurume wake, uyo akagovera mwero waakatoja ongororo yake.
Kuponda
Nyamavhuvhu 21, 1940 na7: 5 ndiri shumba trotsky yafa. Akaurayiwa neNKVAD RAMONER MERDEDER mumba yekutandarira muguta reMexico reKiioacan. Kuuraya kweTrotsky kwakava mhedzisiro yekurwa kwake kunorwiswa neStalin, iyo panguva iyoyo yaive musoro weUSSR.
Kushanda pane kuderedzwa kweTrotsky yakatanga muna 1938. Ipapo Merzader pabasa revaSoviet zviremera dzakakwanisa kuita nharaunda yekuchinja kweParis. Akazviratidza muhupenyu hweLeo Davidvich seBelgian snap Jacques Mornar.
Pasinei nenyaya yekuti imba yake kuMexico Trotsky yakashanduka kuita nhare chaiyo, MerkaaDera akakwanisa kumupindira uye kuita kuraira kweStalinist. Kwemwedzi miviri iyi, ichipfuura nemhondi, Ramonu akakwanisa kuvimba nekuchinja kweiyo shanduko neshamwari dzake, vakamutendera kuti aoneke muKioacan.
Mazuva gumi nemaviri asati aonda, mercider akasvika kumba kwaTrotsky uye akamuratidza nechinyorwa chakanyorwa pamusoro peAmerican trotskyists. VaRevhitovivi akamukoka kuhofisi yake, kwavakatanga kugara vega. Pazuva iro, shanduko yakavhura maitiro eRamon nejasi rake - mukupisa kwakasimba kwaakaonekwa mumvura uye ngowani, uye kuverenga nyaya yacho yakatanga kuseri kwechigaro chake.
Musi waAugust 20, 1940, Merkaster akasvika zvakare kuTrotsky nechinyorwa, icho, sezvainge zvaitika, chaive chekufungidzira, ichibvumira kuti tirambe tichichinja. Akapfeka zvakare kunaya uye ngowani, asi Lev Davidovich akamukoka kuhofisi yake, pasina kusarangarira chero nzira dzekudzivirira.
Paakagara kumashure chaiko Trotsky, kuverenga nokungwarira chinyorwa, Ramon akafunga kuita kuti azadzise zviremera zveSoviet. Akaburitsa ice cream kubva muhomwe yake uye akakunda kurova kwakasimba kumusoro wekuchinja. Revhitikovivi yakadanidzirwa kwazvo mhere, iyo yakapukunyuka pakuchengetedza. Merjadder akabata uye akatanga kurova, mushure mekunge vaisa mumaoko emapurisa nyanzvi.
Trotsky akaendeswa pakarepo kuchipatara, uko kwamaawa maviri akawira mumwe munhu. Kurova kwemusoro kwakasimba zvekuti nzvimbo dzakakosha dzakakuvadzwa. Vanachiremba vakarwa nemwoyo wose hupenyu hwekuchinja, asi akafa mushure maawa makumi maviri nemasere.
Nekuti kuuraya kweTrotsky Ramon Mercder akagamuchira makore makumi maviri mutorongo, yaive yekurangwa kwakanyanya kwemitemo yeMexico. Muna 1960, mhondi yeiyo shanduko yakaburitswa uye yakatamira kune iyo USSR, kwaakapihwa zita remusoro weSoviet Union. Sekureva kwenhoroondo, kugadzirira uye kuitwa kwekuvhiyiwa kwekuuraya kwaRevhitiko neNKVV yemamirioni mashanu emadhora.