Biography
Emperor Alexander Parlovich, dzimwe nguva anonzi Mambo Alexander ini, ndakakwira kuchigaro chechigaro 1801 nemirairo yekota yezana ramakore. Russia iri pasi peAlexander yandakarasikirwa nehondo dzakabudirira neTurkey, Persia neSweden, uye gare gare yakatora mukana wehondo ya 1812, Napoonono akarwisa nyika. Kwenguva yekutonga kwaAlexander i, ndima yacho yakawedzera kuburikidza nekuwanikwa kweEast Georgia, Finland, Bessarabia uye chikamu chePoland. Nekuti shanduko dzese dzinosvitswa naAlexander I, akanzi Alexander akaropafadzwa.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Biography yeAlexander yandaitanga kutanga. Kwete chete kuti aive mwanakomana wedangwe wemhinduro Paul ini naBushi Fedorovna, uye ambuya Catherine II mweya haana hanya muzukuru. Iye ndiye akapa mukomana zita rekukudzwa kwaAlexander na Alexander na Alexander Madedonsky, mutariro kuti Alexander nyaya yacho ichagadzirwa ichitevera muenzaniso weiyo nzira yekuzorora. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti zita racho raiye romanovs raive risinganzwisisike, uye chete tonga raAlexander I, zvakasanganiswa mumitemo yemhuri.
Kuzivikanwa kwaAlexander ndakaumbwa pasi pekutarisirwa kwesimbi yeCatherine Great. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti iyo Empress pakutanga yaikurukura nayo Mwanakomana waPaul ini handitore chigaro uye ndaida kupererwa muzukuru "kuburikidza nemusoro" waBaba. Ambuya vakaedza kuti varege kutaura mukomana nevabereki vake, zvakadaro, Pauro aive nepfungwa paukuru hwake uye akatora rudo rwake musainzi yemauto kubva kwaari.
Muchengeti wegomo wechidiki akamuka zvinyoro-nyoro, akadzidza ruzivo idzva, asi panguva imwe chete, aizvikudza uye kudada, nei Alexander Ndakundikana kudzidza kuisa pfungwa pakurwadza uye kwenguva refu basa. Alexander I grefu akaroora kuti aive nepfungwa dzakanaka kwazvo, nzwisiso inoshamisa uye inofarira zvese zvitsva.
Asi kubva pane zviviri zvakapesana, ambuya zvakawedzera kukurudzira kubva kumakore ekushongedza, mwana akamanikidzwa kudzidza kufarira munhu mukuru weAlexander I. Kunyangwe Napoleon "mupfungwa yakanaka, uye Alexander Sergeevich Plushkin Akanyora nezve Emperor Alexander "kumeso uye nehupenyu hweHarlequin".
Kunwa nezvinhu zvechiuto, ramangwana ramambo Alexander ndakapfuura basa chairo muTwoopy mauto, iye pachezvake akagadzira baba vake. Mhedzisiro yebasa raive kusatuka kwezeve yekuruboshwe, asi izvi hazvina kudzivirira Pavlu ini kuti ndigadzire mwanakomana mumakore ekuchengetera, kana aingova nemakore 19. Kwapera gore, mwanakomana woMutongi akazova murindi wemauto eSt. Alexander ndakadzingana neparamende yemauto muchiuto, mushure mezvo akatanga kugara muSeneti.
Dare Rinodzora
Pachigaro, Emperor Alexander ndakabvunza ndakangoita rufu rwababa vake. Zviverengero zvakati wandei zvinosimbisa kuti aiziva nezve zvirongwa zvevarapirwo kuti zvipindike Pauro ini, kunyange zvingafungidzirwazve nezvebatobosi. Chakanga chiri chitsauko chitsva cheumambo hweRussia chakazivisa kuti "kuponeswa," kwaive kurwa naBaba vake, uye maminetsi mashoma mushure mekufa. MunaSeptember 1801, Alexander ndakachengetedzwa korona.
Mitemo yekutanga yeAlexander ndakaratidza kuti anofunga kupedza kushandurwa kwedare mudunhu uye kusuma zvakanyanyisa. Nhasi zvinoita sezvisingawanikwe, asi mitemo yakasarudzika muRussia panguva iyoyo yave isina. Pamwe chete nevanoshamwaridzana vepedyo, mambo akaumba komiti yeMutemo isiri pamutemo, uyo waaikurukura zvese zvirongwa zvechishanduro zvehurumende. Iyi nharaunda yakanzi komiti yekununurwa kweveruzhinji, uye inozivikanwa zvakare sekufamba kweruzhinji rweAlexander I.
Nokukurumidza mushure mekuuya kune simba, Alexander I, shanduko yaionekwa neziso rakashama. Kutonga kwake kunoendeswa kugovera muzvikamu zviviri: kutanga, ini naAlexander ndinodzora nguva yake yose, asi mushure megumi nemasodzi, ndiko kunotanga kufamba-famba, ndiko kuti, pane zvinopesana nevanhu muzvipikisi.
Imwe yeanonyanya kugadziridzwa yaive kusikwa kwe "kanzuru yakakosha", iyo yakazoendeswa kuCommart Council ine madhipatimendi akati wandei. Nhanho inotevera ndiko kusikwa kwehushumiro. Kana zvisarudzo zvekutanga pane chero mibvunzo zvakatorwa nendudzi zhinji, zvino mushumiri akaparadzaniswa ndiye aichengetedza indasitiri imwe neimwe, yaigara ichitaura kuMusoro weNyika.
Shanduro dzeAlexander ndakabata mubvunzo wezvemitemo, zvirinani papepa. Humambo hunoshamisika nezve kubviswa kweSerffordom, asi aida kuzviita zvishoma nezvishoma, uye ini ndakanga ndisingakwanise kuona nhanho dzekusunungurwa kwakadaro. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvirevo zveAlexander i pa "Mahara emahara" uye kurambidzwa kutengeswa kwevarimi pasina nyika, kwavanogara, vakadonha mugungwa.
Asi kukosha kwakanyanya kwaive kushandurwa kwaAlexander mumunda wedzidzo. Pakurasa kwayo, gradation yakajeka yemisangano yedzidzo mudanho rechirongwa chedzidzo yakagadzirwa: Zvikoro zveParishiya uye Zvikoro zveDymnasiums, maNystems. Kutenda zviitwa zveAlexander I muStrersburg, iyo Chikoro cheMasainzi yakadzoreredzwa, yakagadzira iyo TSarskoye yakakurumbira Lycen uye yakatanga mayunivhesiti mashanu matsva.
Asi izvo zvisina mwero zvenyika pane kukurumidza kushandurwa kwenyika zvakatarisana nekukasaniswa kwevakuru. Akasakwanisa kuita nekukurumidza shanduko dzake nekuda kwekutya kweanopamha kwezanga, pamwe vakataura nezve Alexander 1 yehondo. Naizvozvo, kunyangwe paine vavariro dzakanaka uye chishuwo chekuchinja, mambo aisakwanisa kuwedzera zvishuwo zvake.
Muchokwadi, kuwedzera kune yekudzidzira uye nyika shanduko, chete Bumbiro rePoland, iyo shamwari dzemutongi dzakurukura semuenzaniso wechiitiko chebumbiro reramangwana reMusangano weRussia. Asi kutendeuka kweiyo yemukati mutemo weAlexander ini kune maitiro akavigwa kwese tariro yerusununguko rusununguko.
Hondo
Pfungwa yekutanga yekuchinja kwemafungiro nezve kudiwa kwekushandurwa kwaive kurwa neNapoleon. Emperor akaziva kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu aya aida kugadzira, kukurumidza kuunganidzwa kweuto hakugoneki. Naizvozvo, Emperor Alexander 1 Zvematongerwo enyika anofamba kubva pane zvakasununguka mazano ezvibodzwa zvekuchengetedza nyika. Shanduko nyowani iri kuvandudzwa, izvo zvakazobvumidzwa zvakanyanya: Shanduko dzehondo.
Nerubatsiro rwemutumwa wemauto, chirongwa chehupenyu hutsva hwehupenyu hwakasikwa - kugadziriswa kwemauto, iyo yaive tsika itsva. Pasina mutoro wakawanda webhajeti wenyika, yakafungidzirwa kuti iine uye inoshandura huwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehondo. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwematunhu ehondo mauto akaenderera mberi kwemakore ese ekutonga kwaAlexander I. Uyezve, ivo vakapona pasi pehunhu hweNicolae ini uye vakabviswa chete naAlexander II.
Kutaura zvazviri, mutemo wekunze weAlexander ndakaderedzwa kusvika kune dzakateedzana dzehondo dzisingaperi, nekuda iyo ndima yenyika yakawedzera zvakanyanya. Mushure mekupera kwehondo nePezhiya, Russia, Alexander ndakagamuchira kutonga kwechiuto mugungwa reCaspian, uye rakawedzerawo mhosva nekuda kwekuwanikwa kweGeorgia.
Pashure pehondo yeTurkey-yeRussia, mubairo weumambo hweHumambo hwakazadziswa Bessarabia uye ese manhamba eTranscasus, uye mushure mekupokana neSweden - Finland. Uyezve, Alexander ndarwa neEngland, Austria ndokutanga hondo yeKuucassian, iyo yakanga isati yamboedza neupenyu.
Mudzivisi mukuru wemauto eRussia ari pasi pembamha Alexandra ini ndaive France. Kupokana kwavo kwekutanga zvombo kwakaitika muna 1805, uko, kwaiita, kunyangwe nguva nenguva zvibvumirano zverunyararo, zvaigara zvakarwa zvakare.
Pakupedzisira, kufuridzirwa nekukunda kwake kwakanaka, Napoleon Bonaparte yakaunza mauto kunharaunda yeRussia. Hondo yeNyika 1812 yakatanga. Mushure mekukunda, Alexander ndakagumisa mubatanidzwa neEngland, Austria ndokunyevera nzendo dzekunze, panguva yaakakunda uto reNapoleon ndokumumanikidza kuti aregedze kubva pachigaro cheushe. Pashure paizvozvo, Humambo hwePoland akawazve kuRussia.
Pakazosvika murume wechiFrench muNyika yeUnyanzvi hweRussia, Alexander ndakazivisa mukuru-mukuru-mukuru wake uye nekurambidza nhaurirano dzepasirese kusvikira mumwe murwi wevavengi akaramba munyika yeRussia. Asi mauto ehuwandu hwehondo yeNapoleon aive akanaka kwazvo zvekuti mauto eRussia anogara achidzokera mukati menyika.
Munguva pfupi iri kutevera, mambo anobvuma kuti kuvapo kwake kunodzivirira vatungamiriri vemauto, uye vanosiya St. Petersburg. Mukuru weMutungamiriri anova Mikhail kutuzov, uyo airemekedzwa kwazvo nevarwi nevatariri, asi chinhu chikuru - murume uyu akazviratidza iye ane zano rakanaka.
Uye muhondo yeNyika 1812, Kutuzovanyatsoratidza pfungwa dzake dzakapinza dzechiuto. Akataura kuti kurwa kusingaonekwe pedyo nemusha weBorodino uye akaisa mauto kuti azununguswe nemapuranga maviri, uye pakati, mukuru-mukuru akaisa artillery. Hondo iyi yaive yamboshaya uye ropa, nekurasikirwa kukuru pamativi ese. Hondo yeBorodino inoonekwa seyakaitika nhoroondo yerudzi: Hondo mbiri idzi dzakazivisa kukunda kwavo muhondo.
Kuchengeta mauto ako mukurwisa kugadzirira, Mikhail kutuzov anosarudza kusiya Moscow. Mhedzisiro yacho yakanga iri kupisa kweiyo capital yekare uye yekurovedza muviri neFrench, asi kukunda kwaNapoleon mune izvi kwaive piroba. Kupa uto rako, akamanikidzwa kuenda kuKaluga, kwaakange atove kutariswa pamasimba aKutuzov uye haana kurega muvengi achienderera mberi.
Uyezve, kubaya kunobudirira kunoiswa kune vapambi veSipisan Detach meter. Chikafu chakakwana uye kusaziva kuRussia chando iyo French yakatanga kudzoka. Boka rekupedzisira padyo neRwizi Bherezina akaisa pfungwa yekukunda, uye Alexander ndakapa marondi madhimoni pamusoro pekupera kwekukunda kwehondo yehondo.
Hupenyu Hwako
Muhudiki hwake, Alexander aive neushamwari nehanzvadzi yake Catherine Pavlovna. Mamwe masosi akatonyatsoenderana neukama pane kungova nehanya uye nekuyamwisa. Asi izvi zvifeve hachiitike zvikuru, sezvo Catherine aive pasi pehafu yezera, uye aine makore gumi nematanhatu, Alexander Ndakanga ndine hupenyu hwega nemukadzi wake.
Akaroora Nomme Louise Mary Augustus, uyo mushure mekutorwa kweOrthodoxy yakava Erizabheti Alkseevna. Vakanga vane vanasikana vaviri, Maria naErizabheti, asi vaviri vakafa muchigaro chegore, saka mugari wechigaro chaive asiri vana Alexander I, nemunin'ina wake Nicholas I.
Nekuda kwekuti mukadzi wacho aisakwanisa kumupa mwanakomana, hukama hwemambo nemukadzi wake hwaitonhorera. Iye zvaanga asina kuvanza hukama hwake hwerudo padivi. Pakutanga, Alexander Ini ndanga ndiri pamberi pemakore gumi nemashanu naMaria Naryshkina, mukadzi weOber-yegensuser dmyshiner dmyshiner, uyo mumaziso evose neruremekedzo "ruremekedzo".
Maria akabereka vana vatanhatu, uye kutongwa kwevashanu vavo kunogamuchirwa kuna Alexander. Nekudaro, vazhinji vevana ava vakafa mukucheya. Zvakare, Alexander ndakave nemuchina nemwanasikana wevakamanidzirwa sofie velo uye ne sofia vsevolozhskaya, iye akabereka mwanakomana, Nikolai lukasha, General negamba rehondo.
Muna 1812, Alexander Ndakatanga kufarira kuverenga Bhaibheri, kunyangwe icho chinamato chisati chave musimboti. Asi yake, seshamwari yepamoyo alexander Golitsyn, haina kukodzera iyo simpt yega yeiyo orthodoxy. Emperor aive mumanyorerwo nevaparidzi vePurotesitendi, vakadzidza kusanzwisisika uye kuyerera kwakasiyana siyana kwekutenda kwechiKristu uye vakatsvaga kubatanidza kureurura zvese muzita rezvokwadi yenyika.
Russia iri pasi peAlexandra ndakava kupfuura zvachose kusati kwaterera. Chechi yepamutemo yakatsamwiswa neyakafanana uye yakatanga kudzoka pakavanzika kurwisa mambo ane pfungwa dzakafanana, kusanganisira Golitsn. Kukunda kwakaramba kwakaramba kuchechi kwaisada kurasikirwa nesimba pamusoro pevanhu.
Rufu
Emperor Alexander ndakafa mukutanga kwaDecember 1825 muTaganrog, panguva yerwendo runotevera rwunoda zvikuru. Mukuru chikonzero chekufa kwaAlexander ndakadanwa nekupisa uye kuzvimba kwehuropi. Kupera kwakangoerekana kwaitika kwakaita svina yerumuko, kwakanunurwa nenyaya yekuti nguva pfupi Alexander yaive manifes, umo iyo Plovesley yayo yakapfuura mukoma mudiki Nikolai Pavlovich.
Vanhu vakatanga kutaura kuti Emperor vakawedzera kufa kwake uye vakava mushambadzi weFedor Kuzmich. Ngano dzakadaro dzaive dzakakurumbira kwazvo muhupenyu hwevakuru vairarama zvechokwadi, uye muXix Century yakawana imwe nharo nharo. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti ndakakwanisa kuenzanisa ruzha rweAlexander I uye Fyodor Kuzmich, uyo akazova akafanana. Uyezve, nhasi, masayendisiti ane chirongwa chaicho achienzaniswa neDNA ivers, asi zvakadaro hunyanzvi uhu hwaitiswa.