Biography
Vashoma madzishe vakapiwa munhoroondo yeiyo epitheet "liberator". Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov akafanirwa nerukudzo urwu. Uye Alexander II anodaidzwa kuti Mambo wezveformer anodzosera, nekuti akakwanisa kubva panguva dzakafa, matambudziko ekare ehurumende, akatyisidzirwa nekupanduka uye mhirizhonga.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Ramangwana ramangwana rakazvarwa muna Kubvumbi 1818 muMoscow. Iye mukomana akazvarwa pazuva remhemberero, muchiedza chechiedza muKremlin, mumabhishopi echishamiso cheMonasterter. Pano, iyo yakazara yechokwadi surname, ichisvika kumusangano weIsita, yakaunganidzwa pamangwanani iwayo yezororo. Mukuremekedza kuberekwa kwemukomana, kunyarara kweMoscow kwakabvisa cannon kukwazisa muna 201 volley.
Archbishop Moscow Augustine akabhapatidzwa mucheche Alexander Romanova musi waMay 5 muChechi yeMonastery yemamongi emamongi emamongi emamongi emamongi emamongi emamongi emamongi emamongi emamongi. Vabereki vake panguva yekuzvarwa kwemwanakomana vaive machinda makuru. Asi apo mugari wenhaka akapedza kudzidza makore manomwe, amai vake Alexander Fedorovna naBaba Nikolai ndakava mupi wechokwadi.
Ramangwana Emperor Alexander II akagamuchira dzidzo yepamusoro pamba. Mukuru wake mazano, ane mhosva kwete chete nekuda kwekutenga chete, asiwo kurerwa kwakarerwa, kwaive kusiana zhuhuvsky. Nhoroondo Tsvene uye Mutemo waMwari Wakadzidzisa Archpent Arest Gerasim Pavsky pachake. Collemian collins akadzidzisa mukomana kuuchenjeri hweAritmetic, uye Karl Merda akapa hwaro hwezvemauto.
Hakuna mashoma vadzidzisi vanozivikanwa vaive kuAlexander Nikolayevich uye pasi pemutemo, manhamba, mari uye mutemo wekunze. Mukomana akanyanya nehungwaru uye akakurumidza kutora vadzidzisi vesainzi. Asi panguva imwe chete mukura kwehudiki, sevazhinji vezera rake, vaive murudo uye rudo. Semuenzaniso, panguva yerwendo kuenda kuLondon, akadanana neyechidiki mambokadzi Victoria.
Sezvineiwo, mumakore gumi nemaviri, ave ari emamambo weRussia Alexander II mumutongi asina kukodzera eEuropean asina kukodzera.
Bhodhi uye Reform Alexander II
Alexander NikolAvich Romanov Romanov akasvika kuwanda, baba vake vakamuzivisa kumasangano makuru ehurumende. Muna 1834, Kesarevich yakapinda muSeneti, kuumbwa kweVatsvene Synod, uye muna 1841 uye 1842 Romav akava nhengo yeHurumende Council neDare reVashumiri.
Pakati pegumi nematanhatu, mugari wenhaka wakaita rwendo rwakanyanya kujairika kutenderera nyika uye akashanyira maprovince 29. Mukupera kwamakore makumi matatu nemashanu paakashanyira Europe. Uye zvakare aive nebasa rakabudirira kwazvo uye muna 1844 akave mukuru. Akapihwa nevarindi vacheche.
Cesarevich inotungamirwa nemauto ehondo-dzidzo uye inotungamira mumatare echakavanzika mune imwe nyaya ye 1846 uye 1848. Iye akanaka nemaune mumatambudziko evarimi uye anonzwisisa ayo shanduko uye shanduko dzakareba kudaidza.
Hondo yakauraiwa yereveri ye 1853-56 inova bvunzo dzakakomba dzeramangwana raChangamire pakukura kwake uye neushingi. Mushure mekuziviswa mune St. Petersburg Province yemamiriro emauto, Alexander Nikolavich Chirevo chinotora murairo wemauto ese eguta guru.
Alexander II, akabatana muna 1855 kuchigaro cheushe, akagamuchira hake. Baba vake kwemakore makumi matatu ehurumende vakatadza kugadzirisa chero yeiyo yakawanda yakapinza uye yakareba-mamiriro ezvinhu nyaya. Mukuwedzera, chinzvimbo chakakomba chenyika chakakudzwa nekukunda muhondo yetsotsi. Chivigiro chaive chisina chinhu.
Zvaifanira kuita kuti uite nesimba uye nekukurumidza. Iyo yekune dzimwe nyika yeAlexander II yaive iyo nerubatsiro rwekudzvinyirira kupwanya kuburikidza nedendedza renje renzvimbo yekuvhara, yakavharwa kutenderera Russia. Nhanho yekutanga yaive mhedziso yenyika yeParis iri muchirimo cha 1856. Mamiriro ezvinhu anogamuchirwa neRussia haakwanise kudanwa zvakanyanya, asi nyika isina kusimba haina kukwanisa kuraira kuda kwake. Chinhu chikuru, chakakwanisa kumira England, uyo aida kuenderera mberi nehondo kune yakakwana kukundwa uye dismemberment yeRussia.
Alexander II akashanyira Berlin mune imwe chete tsime ndokusangana namambo Friedrich wilhelm iv. Friedrich aifanira kukudza amai vake sekuru. Naye akakwanisa kugumisa chakavanzika "Dual Mubatanidzwa". Nezvekunze mutemo kuvhara kweRussia, zvakapera.
Iyo yemukati mutemo weAlexander II yakanga isina kunyatsobudirira. Muhupenyu hwenyika, iyo yakamirirwa kwenguva refu "thaw" yakauya. Pakupera kwezhizha ra 1856, pachiitiko cheConation, mambo akaumbwa nomuzvipikishe, petrashevtsev, vatori vechikamu mumhirizhonga yePoland. Uye kune mamwe makore matatu, akamisa matanho ekutora uye akabvisa nzvimbo dzechiuto.
Pane dzimwe nguva nguva uye sarudzo yemubvunzo wevarombo. Emperor Alexander II akafunga kubvisa SEFFOMI, iri kure iri kure, iyo yakamira munzira yekufambira mberi. Changamire akasarudza "Ostsee" chekusunungurwa kwevarimi. Muna 1858, mambo akabvuma chirongwa chekuchinja chivakwa chakagadzirwa nevarwi uye veruzhinji. Zvinoenderana neshanduko, varimi vakagamuchira kodzero yekudzikunura nyika yakapihwa navo.
Shanduro huru dzeAlexander II dzaive shanduko chaiyo panguva iyoyo. Akatsigira iyo 1864 Zemstvo uye mamiriro eguta a 1870. Vatongi veteni va1864 vakaiswa uye nekuchinja kwemauto kwe1860-70s vakagamuchirwa. Shanduko mudzidzo yechivanhu yakaitika. Pakupedzisira, kurangwa kwakarongeka kwenyika kusimukira kwakadzimwa.
Alexander II aenderera nechivimbo chetsiva chetsika yematongerwo enyika. Mumakore ekutanga ehutongi, akakunda hondo yeCaucasian. Akabudirira kufambira mberi muCentral Asia, achinamatira kazhinji turkestan kuenda kunzvimbo yeiyo nyika. Muna 1877-78, mambo akafunga kurwa neTurkey. Uye akakwanisa zvakare kuzadza pfuma, akakurudzira mari yegumi nenomwe ne267 ne3%. Izvi zvakaitwa nekutengesa Alaska kuUnited States.
Asi mumakore ekupedzisira ekutonga kwaAlexander II anochinja "Zabuxov". Kuenderera kwavo kwaive kusimbirira uye kusapindirana. Vese vanogadzirisa mambo vanogadzirisa vakadzingwa. Pakapera bhodhi, mambo akatanga chibvumirano cheveruzhinji muRussia muRussia pasi pekodhi reHurumende.
Vamwe vanyori venhoroondo vanotenda kuti Bhodhi reAlexander II, nezvose zvake zvakanaka, vaive neyekuuya kukuru: Mambo akaitisa "Germophone mutemo", izvo zvisina kuzadzikiswa nezvinodiwa zveHurumende. Monarch akazivisa Mambo wePrussian - babamunini vake, uye munzira dzose akasimudzira kusikwa kweimwe mauto echiMilitarist.
Contemporary chevaux, sachigaro of Komiti Vashumiri Peter Valuev, mune diaries ake akanyora pamusoro simba huta kukanganisika wamambo okupedzisira oupenyu hwake. Romanov aive padanho rekuparadzwa kwekutya, aive nechitarisiko chakaneta uye chakatsamwiswa. "Cruerated Lalapdated" - Akadai Pawy Epithet, uyu Emperor, akatsanangura zvakajeka mamiriro ake.
"Munguva dzeNguva, apo simba rinodiwa mariri," akanyora zvemutungamiriri wezvematongerwo enyika, "zviri pachena kuti hazvigoneke kuzviverengera."Zvakangodaro, mumakore ekutanga ehutongi, Alexander II akakwanisa kuita zvakawanda kune nyika. Uye Epitheets "anoderedza" uye "shandura" ainyatsoda.
Hupenyu Hwako
Emperor aive murume anoda murume. Akatsanangura nhoroondo yake. Mujaya hwake, aive nedambudziko raFreilinzina, iro vabereki vanokurumidza kuroora. Uyezve imwe bhuku, uye zvakare naFillan Maria Trubetskoy. Uye naFreilan Olga Kalinovsky, kubatana kwakasimba zvekuti maKrevhich akatombofunga kuitira roorano naye kuti asaye chigaro. Asi vabereki vakasimbirira pamakanikirwo ehukama uhwu uye kuroora kuWemanyoria Hessian Hessian.
Zvakangodaro, wanano naMaria Alexandrovna, muchinda weMambokadzi weMambokadzi-wilhelmina-tomb-tomb-sophi-maria hesen-darmstadt, akafara. 8 Vana vakaberekerwa mukati maro, 6 vari vana.
Emperor Alexander II nekuda kweArebhilos Isirati, mukadzi wake akaisa pekugara kwake, Livadia, Livadia, akatenga nyika neminda yemizambiringa yegraph leo leo pototsky.
Maria AlexandRovna akafa muna Chivabvu 1880. Akasiya chinyorwa umo maive nemazwi ekuonga kune mumwe wako ehupenyu hunofadza.
Asi mambo aisava murume akatendeka. Hupenyu hwega hweAlexander II raive chikonzero chevanodzwiswa chivharo nguva dzose. Vamwe vanofarira vakabereka kubva kuna Changamire wevana vekunze vekunze.
Iyo ine makore gumi nemasere erillina Ekaterina Dolgorukova yakakwanisa kusimba kuti iite moyo wamambo. Changamire akawana mudiwa-anomira kwenguva refu mugore rimwe chetero paakange akafa. Raive muchato wehondo, ndiko kuti, musungwa ane chiso chekumusoro. Vana kubva mubatanidzwa uyu, uye maiva nevana vavo, vaisakwanisa kuva vagari venhaka yechigaro cheushe. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti vana vese vakazvarwa panguva iyo Alexander II achiramba achiripo pamusana wekutanga.
Mushure mekunge mambo akaroora kwenguva refu, vana vakagamuchira chimiro chepamutemo uye zita romuchinda.
Rufu
Munguva yekutonga kuAlexander II, vakapinda kakawanda. Kuedza kwekutanga kwakaitika mushure mekudzvinyirira kwePolish kumuka muna 1866. Izvo zvakaitwa muRussia Dmitry Karakozov. Chechipiri - gore rinouya. Ino nguva muParis. Polish Agigant Anton Berezvivsky aive achiedza kuuraya mambo.
Kuedza kutsva kwakaitwa kutanga kwaApril 1879 mu St. Petersburg. MunaAugust wegore rimwe chetero, komiti yemutungamiriri wevanhu ichatonga Alexander II kusvika kurufu. Mushure meizvozvo, vanhu vakafunga kupururudza chitima chehumambo, asi vakadzikisira chimwe chinhu.
Kuedza kutsva kwaive kwakanyanya ropa: vanhu vakati wandei vakafa mumuzinda waWando mushure mekuputika. Nerombo rakanaka, mambo akapinda mukamuri yacho gare gare.
Kuti udzivirire Changamire, iyo hurukuro yepamusoro yekutonga yakasikwa. Asi iye haana kuponesa hupenyu hwaRombov. Muna Kurume 1881 pasi pemakumbo aAlexander II, bhomba rakaraswa naIgnatiy Grinevitsky. Kubva mumaoko akagamuchira, mambo akafa.
Zvinokosha kuti kuedza kwakaitika pazuva apo mambo akasarudza kupa ruoko rwechiratidzo cheConstitutional Project M. T. Loris-Melirova, mushure mekunge Russia yaifanirwa kuenda nenzira yebumbiro.