Biography
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky akaberekwa musi waMay 7, 1840 mumusha weVHotkinsk, iri mundima yeMazuvano Udmurtia. Baba vake vakava Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky, mainjiniya, anobva kuCossack choj, anozivikanwa muUkraine. Amai vemanyorero anozivikanwa mune ramangwana vakava Alexander Andreevna anobatsira, akadzidziswa muchikoro chenherera zvevakadzi zvishoma pamberi pababa vake vasati vafa nababa vake. Alexandra Andreevna yakadzidziswa mumabhuku, geography, arithmetic, mitauro yemitambo uye yekune dzimwe nyika.
MuUral, mhuri iyi yaive nekuda kwekuti ILya petrovich yakapihwa chinzvimbo cheKamsko-Votkinsky Simbi chirimwa, iyo panguva yaive iri hombe hombe hombe. MuVOTKINSK, TCHAIKIVSKY-SR. Yakagamuchira imba hombe nemuranda uye kunyange neuto rake, raive nemakungwa zana. Mumba iri, vakuru vairinda vaigara vachitangwa mumba muno, pwere kubva kuguta guru, mainjiniya eChirungu uye mamwe hunhu hunokudzwa.
Mumhuri yake, Petro akazova mwana wechipiri. Aivawo nemumwe mukuru Mukoma Nicholas, munun'una wembudzi wembudzi neyechidiki Alexander. Muimba hombe yeTchaikvsky, kwete mhuri imwe chete nevana vavo yakararama, asi zvakare hama dzakawanda dzeIlya petrovich. Kudzidzisa vana kubva St. Petersburg, hutongi-French-Fannaster Fanny Durbach akakonzerwa, izvo zvakazova nhengo yeTchikovsky mhuri.
Mumhanzi wagara uri muenzi wofigirwa muvabereki imba yaPeter Ilyich. Baba vake vaiziva nzira yekutamba nyere, amai, nepiyano nembira, uye vakaitawo rerudo zvine hunyanzvi. Dare redzidzo yemimhanzi rakanyimwa, asiwo vakachaita shungu dzemimhanzi. Imba yeTchaikvsky pakanga paine orchestrion (mechanical nhengo) uye piyano. Muimbi wechidiki akatora izvo zvidzidzo zvemutambo piyano mune nhare Marya Falchikova, uyo aive nemumhanzi wekunyora.
Imwe chido chechidiki TCHAIKIVSKY, mukuwedzera pakudzidza izvo zvekutanga zvemutambo piyano, nhetembo dzakazoitika. Peter aine chishandiso chakanyorwa muteperterts dzeFrance akawanda. Uyezve, akaedza kudzidza zvese izvo zvinogoneka chete, kubva kuBiography yeLouis XVII. Kuremekedza kwemunhu wenhoroondo uyu kwaakatakura kuburikidza nehupenyu hwake hwese.
Muna 1848, TCHAIKIVSky akatamira kuMoscow, sezvo ILya petrovich akamira pamudyandigere uye akafunga kuwana sevhisi yakavanzika. Mwedzi yakati wandei, mhuri yakatamira zvakare, ino nguva - kusvika St. Petersburg. Ikoko, vanakomana vakura vakaonekwa mune pension yekupenya.
Mu St. Petersburg, Peter Ilyich akaramba achidzidza mimhanzi, uyezve akajairana ne ballet, opera uye symphony orchestra. Nenzira imwe cheteyo, jaya rakanga ratanga, nekuti raakazobereka nguva nenguva nguva nenguva.
Muna 1849, Nikolai Tchikovsky, Senior Hama Peter, vakatsunga kuita zvezvitunha zvemakungu ejinjimi, uye vamwe vana pamwe chete nevabereki vavo vakadzokera kumuromo, kuguta reAlabaevsk. Ikoko, musoro wemhuri wakatora chinzvimbo chomusoro weiyo silit of the video yeYakovlev. Fanny Durbach panguva iyoyo akasiya Tchaikovsky mhuri, uye hondo - Anastasia Petrova akagadzirira kugadzirira kuyaruka Peter Ilyich kuti agamuchire imwezve dzidzo.
Mugore rimwe chetero, muimbi wechidiki uyu aive nevanun'una vaviri vadiki: Gemini mwero uye ainatoly.
Dzidzo uye State Services
Kunyangwe hazvo Peter Tchikovsky asati awedzera kufarira mumhanzi, akafara neyekuzivikanwa opera uye akafarira kuenda kuBallet, vabereki vake havana kufunga mimhanzi zvachose sebasa rakanaka kuMwanakomana wake. Pakutanga, aida kumutumira kune iyo Institute of Corps of Commenti enyiniya, pamwe nemwanakomana wedangwe, asi aifarira chikoro cheMutemo, icho chaive muSt. Peter Ilyich akapinda nayo muna 1850.
Muchikoro, muimbi akadzidza kusvika 1859. Makore ekutanga ekudzidza aive eTchaikvsky pachake, akange akaoma kupona pakuparadzaniswa nehama dzaisakwanisa kumushanyira. Uye muchengeti weshamwari yemhuri yefashoni zvakanyatso kuwanda nenyaya yekuti nguva gumi yeTchaivivksky yakaunzwa zvigukui mumba make, nekuda kweizvo izvo Mwanakomana mudiki akafa kamwe kamwe.
Muna 1852, apo Ilya Petrovich Service, mhuri yese yakatamira kuSt. Mumakore awa, Peter ilyich anoshingairira kujairana neRussia opera uye zvakare vakaita shamwari nemumwe waanodzidza naye Arexei Apukitin, uyo ane pesvedzero huru pamaonero avo uye zvavanotenda.
Muna 1854, amai vaTchaikovsky vakafa mushure mekurwa kwenguva refu nekara. ILya petrovich ichava vadzidzi vakuru kumisangano yemhando yakavharwa, uye nemapatya ane makore mana akagara kwenguva pfupi kuhama yake.
Munguva kubva muna 1855 kusvika 1858, Peter Ilyich akatora zvidzidzo piyano pakati pePianist Ridolf Kündangager. Vacheche Tchikovsky vakarovera baba vake, asi muchirimo zvacho zvavaifanira kumira: Nekuda kwekubudirira kusingabudirire, ILya petrovich yakarasikirwa neyese mari yake yese, uye pakanga pasina chekubhadhara muridzi wemimhanzi. Neraki, munguva pfupi iyo Tchikovsky-Senior akazopihwa kutungamira hutungamiriri hwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye akapa imba huru yehurumende kwaakatanga kuvana.
Chikoro chake muchikoro chemutemo, Peter ilyich akapedza muna 1859. Sezvineiwo, ainakidzwa nekunzwira tsitsi zvikuru kubva kune vese vadzidzisi uye vamwe vadzidzi vechikoro. Kusiyana nevamwe vazhinji vane tarenda manhamba, vakasiyana mukushaikwa uye kushaya simba kushamwaridzana, Peter Tchaikovsky akanzwa zvakanaka munharaunda uye anokodzera zvakakwana mune chero kambani.
Kana wapedza kudzidza, murume wechidiki akawana basa muhushumiro yeruramisiro. Ikoko aibatwa, kazhinji, kazhinji, kuitisa zviitiko zvevarongerwa varombo. Munguva yake yemahara, akaramba achienda kuOpera theatre uye aite mimhanzi. Muna 1861, Peter Ilyich akashanyira muganho, achishanyira Hambourg, Berlin, Antwerp, Brussels, Paris, osendend uye kunyange London. Pakazosvika nguva iyoyo, akawana zvakakwana Italian neFrench, uye saka akakwanisa kuenda kuinjiniya Pisareva v.Va (shamwari yaBaba vake) semushanduri.
Zvisikwa
Pasinei nekuti zvinoshamisa sei, kunyangwe pazera 21, Peter Ilyich, uyo akadzidziswa uye ndiani akatora basa revoruzhinji, haana kana kumbofunga nezve basa remimhanzi. Iye, fananowo vabereki, haana kuziva zvakakomba. Asi, nerombo rakanaka, baba venguva yemberi yemunguva yemberi ILya Petrovich vakaramba vachiona sekuti mwanakomana wavo akatongerwa kuti ave muimbi mukuru.
TCHAIKIVSKY-SR. Kunyangwe akaenda kuRudolf Kündangager kuti azive mafungiro ake pane tarenda reMwanakomana wake. Pianist pianist yakadzvanywa yakanyorwa kuti hapana hunyanzvi hwekugona neTchaikovsky-mudiki, uye ane makore makumi maviri nemasere - kwete zera rekutanga basa rekugadzira. Uye Peter Illich oga funga nezvechikumbiro chababa kusanganisa basa nekugamuchira dzidzo yemimhanzi pakutanga inoonekwa sejoko.
Asi paakaziva kuti chidzidzo chitsva chakavhurwa muSt. Petersburg, iyo ichatungamira Anton ane mukurumbira Rubhinstein, zvese zvakachinja zvakanyanya. TCHAIKIVSky yakafunga nezvenzira yese yekuenda kuSt. Petersburg Conservatory, iyo yaakaita, achiva mumwe wevadzidzi vekutanga veiyi institution in the classition. Uye nekukurumidza izvi shure kwekunge, akakanda jurisidence, achisarudza, kunyangwe nematambudziko nemari, kuzvipira zvachose kumimhanzi.
Sezvo diplomman yake, Peter Ilyich akanyora cantatio "kuva nemufaro." Iyo yakagadzirwa kududziro inotaura chiRussia yeODI Friedrich Schiller ine musoro mumwe chete. Vaimbi veSt. Petersburg Cantata akaita zvakaipa zvakaipa. Kutsoropodza Kaesari kuchinyatsoratidzwa kwazvo, achiti aive asina kusimba semanyoro tchikovsky, pamwe nekumupomera kuti anochengetedza. Uye izvi kunyangwe zvakadaro kuna Peter Ilyich raive rusununguko, uye zvifananidzo zvake zvaive borodin, Mussorgsky, Balakirev - nyanzvi dzaisabvuma zviremera nemirairo.
Asi maitiro akadaro haana kunetsa mugadziri wechidiki zvachose. Sezvo anga agamuchira menduru yake yesirivha nezve kupedzisa kwakabudirira kweiyo St. Petersburg Conservatory, panguva iyoyo aive achingova mubairo wepamusoro, aive achiri kushingairira uye Azart kubasa. Muna 1866, mutambi akatamira kuMoscow pakukoka hama yake yeMentor. Nikolay rubinstein akamupa basa reProfesa paMoscow Conservatory.
Basa Rakawedzera
MuMoscow Conservatory, Tchaikovsky akazviratidza semudzidzisi akanaka kwazvo. Mukuwedzera, iye akashandisa kuedza kwakawanda kwesangano rakakodzera rekudzidzira maitiro. Sezvo zvinyorwa zvakakodzera kuti vadzidzi vake panguva iyoyo vaivapo zvishoma, mutambi wacho wanga uchiita shanduro dzemabhuku ekunze uye kunyange kusikwa kwezvinhu zvayo zvehunyanzvi.
Nekudaro, muna 1878 Peter Ilyich, wakaneta nekupwanya pakati pekudzidzisa uye kugona kwake, kwakasiya chinzvimbo chake. Nzvimbo yake yakatorwa neSergey Taneyev, uyo akazova iye wandinofarira mudzidzi weTchaikovsky. Gadzira magumo nemicheto yeTchaikovsky yakabatsira iyo yakapfuma patariro yeThe Tariro von mecc. Kuchengetedzwa nechirikadzi, akachengetedza mutungamiriri uye gore rimwe nerimwe aimupa subsdies muhuwandu hwemazana matanhatu emazana.
Yakanga iri mushure mekutama kuMoscow kuti kusimuka chaiko kwebasa rekugadzira raPeter Ilyich Tchaikovsky vakatanga kuMoscow uye pakave nekuwedzera kwakakosha maari semunyori. Panguva ino, akasangana nevanyori vari kutora chikamu mu "ruoko rwechinguvana". Maererano nezano reMilia Balakirev, musoro weCommonwealth, Tchaikovsky muna 1869 akagadzira fungidziro yekufungidzira zvichibva pabasa reShakespeare "Romeo naJuliet".
Muna 1873, Peter Ilyich rakanyora rimwe basa rake rakakurumbira - iyo symphico yekufungidzira kweiyo "dutu" yeiyo pfungwa yaakakurudzira neyechiremera mutsoropodzi vladimir stasov mumazuva iwayo. Panenge panguva imwe chete iyoyo, Tchaikovsky akatanga kufamba zvakare, kuwana kufuridzirwa kunze kwenyika uye kushandisa mifananidzo yakabatwa mundangariro yekuumba chigadziko chezvisikwa zvavo zvinotevera.
Muma 1870s, muumbi akanyora mabasa akadai seBallet "Swan Lake", Okrichnik ", konsati yeiyo orchestra, iyo yekufungidzira" Francesca da Rimsi ", opera" eugene imwe ", "Nguva dzePiano" uye dzimwe makore "uye vamwe vazhinji. Muma 1880-1890s, Peter Tchaikovsky kunyange kakawanda kupfuura zvisati zvaitika, akaenda kunze kwenyika, uye mune yakawandisa yezviitiko - sechikamu checompert nzendo.
Munguva yerwendo rwakadaro, muimbi akasangana uye akashanda shamwari nevazhinji vechiimbi kubva kuWestern Europe: Gustav Maller, Artur Nikishe, Edward Grieg, Edward Grieg, Antonwin Noborik nevamwe. Iye anofananidza airidzwa semateki panguva yemakonzo. Pakutanga kwe 1890s, Tchaikovsky kunyange akakwanisa kushanyira United States. Pakange paine budiriro inoshamisa panguva yemakonati, uko Petro ilyich akafamba zvake. Yakanyorwa panguva yekusimba kwekusika, ivo havana kumwe kusahadzika mutarenda remunyori.
Makore ekupedzisira, asati afa, Tchaikovsky akabata munharaunda yeguta reWedge pedyo neMoscow. Nenzvimbo imwechete, akabvuma kuvhura chikoro, asingafadze hupenyu hwehuwandu hwevaridzi vemuno, uye akabayira mari kuti zvimukati zvaari. Muna 1885, akabatsira michero kurwisa moto, nekuda kwekuti dzimba dzine dzakawanda dzinopiswa muguta.
Munguva ino yehupenyu hwake, iyo comoser yakanyora ballet "nutcracker", opera "Mukadzi", "Hamlet" Yakanyatsoziva, Iolanta Opera, Iolanta Opera, yeChishanu Symphony. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuzivikanwa kwenyika dzese tarenda rePeter Ilyich: Muna 1892 akasarudzwa nhengo inoenderana neyakaenderana neParis, uye muna 1893 - Honorary Dr. University muCambridge.
Tchaikovsky akafa munaNovember 6, 1893 kubva cholera. Aive fang muKazan Cathedral, uye akavigwa muNecroperi weArt Masters.
Hupenyu Hwako
Mifananidzo yakawanda yakaramba iri, uko Petro Tchikovsky anobatwawo mukati mazviri, neshamwari dzevarume vake. Muenzaniso wemugadziri muhupenyu hwake akava nyaya yeiyo Odiden: Vamwe vapomeri muimbi kuti aive ungochani. Yakatangwa kuti varume vake (varume vaakawana kubatanidzwa paPlinticment) ndiJosefa Kick, vladimir Davydov uye kunyange hama Alexey naMikhail safronov.
Zvakaoma kutonga kana paine humwe humbowo hwekuti vanoyera vaida varume. Hukama hwake nezvakataurwa pamusoro apa hunhu hunogona kunge hune hushamwari. Iva izvo sezvazvingaite, vakadzi vari mumhedzisiro yeTchaikovsky vaivawo, kunyange vamwe vaongorori vakapindura kuti mugadziri akaedza kuvanza kuti aive ngochani.
Saka, iyo yechidiki French Primaudon Arto Chido Chekupedzisira mukadzi waPeter Ilyich, akasarudza Spakiard yeMarian Padilla. Uye muna 1877, mukadzi wake mukuru akava Antonina Milykova, aive mudiki wewawakaroora kana kuroorwa kwemakore masere. Nekudaro, muchato uyu wakatora mavhiki mashoma, kunyangwe Antonina naAntonina naPetro havana kurambana.
Zvakakosha kuyeuka kubatana kwake netariro yemashure eMecca, akagwinhira tarenda remuumbi uye kwemakore mazhinji akatsigira mune zvekunyama.