Biography
Mukuru weGreat, Muvambi weChinese Communist Party yeMao Zedong anoonekwa seimwe idzo dzidziso yechiCommunism yezana ramakore rechi20, kunyanya, bazi rake reMaosima.
Ramangwana rezvematongerwo enyika vakazvarwa pakupera kwa 1893 mudunhu rekumaodzanyemba kweChina Hunan mutaundi reShoshan. Vabereki vemukomana vaive vaparidzi vasina kuverenga. Mao Sunshen aive mutengesi mudiki, akatenderera muguta remupunga, raikaunganidzwa mumusha. Amai ven Tsimay aive mutendi wechiBuddha. Kubvira kwaari, mukomana akatora chishuvo chechiBuddha, asi nguva pfupi aazivikanwa nemabasa ezvematongerwo enyika ezvematongerwo enyika akazova asingatendi kuti kuna Mwari. Semwana, akashanyira chikoro, kwaakadzidza nheyo dzemutauro weChinese, pamwe neConfucianism.
Pazera ramakore gumi nematatu, mukomana akakanda chikoro chake ndokudzokera kumba kwababa. Asi kugara kwake nevabereki hakuna kugara kwenguva refu. Mushure memakore matatu, maererano nekusawirirana naBaba vari pamuchato isingadiwe, jaya rinobuda mumba. Kufamba kwekuchinja kwa1911, panguva iyo qing dzimba dzimba dzakakundwa, dzakagadzirisazve kuupenyu hwejaya racho. Akapedza mwedzi mitanhatu ari muchiuto mune sevhisi sekubatana.
Mushure mekugadzwa kwenyika, mao zedong akaenderera mberi nekudzidziswa kwake kutanga muchikoro chakazvimirira, uyezve pachikoro che pedegoogical. Mumakore ano, anodzidza mabasa evazivi veEuropean uye vezvematongerwo enyika vakuru. Zivo nyowani yakakurudzira zvikuru shanduko yeiyo nyika yejaya iri. Iye anogadzira nzanga yekuvandudza hupenyu hwevanhu, izvo zvakavakirwa pairi kune pfungwa dzeConfucianism neCantianism.
Muna 1918, pakukoka kwemudzidzisi wake, jaya rine tarenda rinofamba kuenda kuBeijing kushanda muraibhurari yemetropolitan uye enderera dzidzo yayo. Ikoko anosangana nemuvambi weiyo Chinese Communist Bato reLee DacZhao uye anova muteveri wemazano eCommunism uye Marxism. Pamusoro pebasa rekirasi pane pfungwa dzezvaunga, jaya racho rinosanganawo nemabasa akawandisa aP. A. Kropotkin, umo mushumo wemazambiringa unoratidzwa.
Shanduko muhupenyu hwake dziri kutorawo nzvimbo: Mudiki Mao anosangana nemusikana anonzi Jan Kayhui, uyo anozova mumwe wake wekutanga.
ROPOLUTIY KUTONZWA
Makore mashoma anotevera Mao anofamba achitenderera nyika. Kwese kwaanotarisana nekirasi kusarongeka, asi pakupedzisira akabvumidza pfungwa dzechiKomonisiti chete pakupera kwa1920. Mao anouya kumhedziso yekuti kushandura mamiriro ari munyika anozoda shanduko mune rudzi rweRussia Coup.
Mushure mekukunda kweBolsheviks muRussia, Mao anova muteveri wepfungwa dzekurima. Iyo inogadzira masero ekuramba mumaguta mazhinji eChina uye anova munyori weChinese Communist Party. Panguva ino, maCommunist anoshingairira pedyo nebato reGomindan, iro rinobata nekuparidza kwenyika. Asi mushure memakore mashoma gare gare, CCP uye khomintanovs dzinova vavengi vasingafungi.
Muna 1927, mumunda weChangsha Mao, Mao anoronga kosi yekutanga uye anogadzira iyo comport Republic. Mutungamiriri wenyika yekutanga yemahara yakavakirwa kunyanya pane iyo asanti. Anoitisa shanduko yenzvimbo, achiparadza zvakavanzika, uye anopa zvakare vakadzi kodzero yekuvhota uye kushanda. Mao Zedong anova masimba makuru pakati pevaCommunist uye, achishandisa chinzvimbo chake, anoronga kuchenesa kwekutanga mumakore matatu.
Kudzoreredza kunoiswa pasi pevanoshamwaridzana navo vari kuita kushoropodza zviitiko zvebato, pamwe nebhodhi remutungamiri weSoviet raJoseph Stalin. Yaive yakagadzirwa nyaya yemusangano wepasi pevhu sangano uye yakawanda yekufungidzira vatori vechikamu vakapfurwa. Mushure meizvozvo, mao zedong anova musoro weiyo yekutanga Chinese Soviet Republic. Chinangwa cheudzvanyiriri ikozvino chave kuiswa kweiyo Soviet Order muChina.
Shanduko huru
Hondo yechokwadi yehurumende yakaisvikirwa mune yese mamiriro uye yakagara makore anopfuura gumi vasati vakunda kuzere kweCommunist. Vapikisi mayo vakaita vatsigiri vechiratidziro, avo venhema vaiita bato reGomintandan rakatungamirwa naChanka Kaisi, uye vateveri veCommunism, vachivimba nemitsara mikuru yevarombo.
Clashes dzinoverengeka dzakaitika pakati pechiitiko chemauto evapikisi vehukama muJingan. Asi muna 1934, mushure mekukundwa kweMao Zedun, zvaive zvakafanira kuti usiye nzvimbo iyi pamwe chete nemazana emakurukota eCommunist.
Vakaita shanduko isati yamboitika, iyo yaisvika kune anopfuura zviuru gumi makiromita. Munguva yerwendo kuburikidza nemakomo, vanopfuura 90% yehuwandu hwese hwesimbi akafa. Ainge akamira mudunhu reShanxi, Mao aine department nyowani yeCCP akasara muvararamani shamwari.
Kuumbwa kwePRC
Achipona mushandirapamwe wemauto eJapan neChina, muhondo kuti uto reCCP neHomintang aifanira kubatana nezvavakaita, vakaenderera mberi nehondo pakati pavo. Nekufamba kwenguva, kugadzirisa uto revatungamiriri kwakunda bato reKanisha uye rakavasundidzira mundima yeTaiwan.
Zvakaitika pakupera kwamaguta, uye kare muna 1949, iyo Chinese People's Republic of China, kumusoro kweiyo Mao Zedong akamira. Panguva ino, kune convertonce yevatungamiriri vaviri veCommunist: Mao Zedong naJoseph Stalin. Musoro weUSSR unopa kutsigiro kwese kune yayo Chinese comrades, kutumira mainjiniya akanakisa, vavaki mune iyo prc, pamwe nemidziyo yemauto.
Mao enforms
Nguva yokubata kwake ushe paMao Zedong yakatanga neiyo hurukuro yeiyo pfungwa dzechiuru cheMaosism, muvambi waari. Pane zvaakanyora, mutungamiri wenyika anorondedzera muenzaniso weChinese weCommunism sehurongwa hwakanyanya kune varimi uye nepfungwa dzekurongeka kwehurumende yerudzi.Mumakore ekutanga ePRC, majlog anonyanya kuzivikanwa aive "makore matatu ebasa uye zviuru gumi zvemakore ebudiriro", "mumakore gumi nemashanu ekubata ashland." Nguva iyi yainzi "boka remavara".
Mubumbiro rake, Mao akaomerera kune yakazara nyika yezvinhu zvese zvakavanzika. Akadana kuti arongedze izvo zvinhu zvese zvaizivikanwa, kubva pamachira, kupera chikafu. Kupa basa rekukurumidza kwenyika, kuChina, gadzira ma blades emba kune simbi yekunyudza. Asi zviitiko zvakadaro zvakazozotadza: Hupfumi hwekurima hwakatanga kutsungirira kurasikirwa, uko kwakatungamira nzara yakazara munyika. Simbi isina kunaka, iyo yaiitwa mudzimba dzemumba, dzinowanzo kuve dzakakonzera kuputsa kukuru. Yakatendeuka kufa kwehuwandu hukuru hwevanhu.
Asi mamiriro chaiwo mamiriro ari munyika yakanyatsovanzika kubva kumutungamiriri weChinese.
Hondo inotonhora
Hurumende inotanga mumhando yepamusoro yesimba, iyo inowedzera nerufu rwaJoseph Stalin uye kutonhora muhukama pakati peChina neSoviet Union. Mao Zedong anotaura nekutsoropodzwa kwakapinza kwehurumende yehurumende yeNikita Krushchev, achipomera iyo yekupedzisira mukuratidzwa kweCauvinism uye kudzoka kubva mukufamba kweCommunist. Uye mutungamiri weSoviet, anoyeuka miti yese yesainzi kubva kuChina uye inogumisa rutsigiro rwemari rweCCP.
Mukati memakore imwe chete, China inobatanidzwa mukukonana kweKorea kuitira kuti vatsigire mutungamiri weNorth Korea Commen Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comm Comment Kim Il Rwiyo, ipapo nokudaro vachitsausa kuzvishingisa kweUS shungu dzake.
"Kusvetuka kukuru"
Mushure mekupera kwechirongwa "maruva emuti", ayo akatungamira pakurwa kwekurima uye kufa kubva kune vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni makumi maviri, Mao Zedong anotanga kuchenesa kukuru mumapoka asina kugutsikana nenhamba dzezvematongerwo enyika. Mukati makumi mashanu, imwe tru tsaona yakafamba munzira dzeChina. Chikamu chechipiri chekugadziridzwa kweNyika chakatanga, icho chinonzi "kusvetuka kukuru". Yakanga iri mukusimudza inobereka nemhando dzose dzekushandisa.Vanhu vakadana kuti vaparadze mando, zvipembenene uye shiri diki dzaive nemhedzisiro yakaipa pakuchengetedza zviyo zvezviyo. Asi kuparadzwa kukuru kweshiri kwakatungamira kune zvakatarisana: chirimwa chinotevera chakaendeswa kumisungo, iyo yakatungamira pakurasikirwa kwakanyanya kwekudya.
Nyukireya superpower
Muna 1959, pasi pesimba remafuma isingagutsikane, Mao Zedong akaderera panzvimbo yake yemutungamiriri wenyika liu shai, achiramba ari musoro weCCP. Nyika yacho yakatanga rollback kune yakazvimiririra, kuti iparadze zvinhu zvevatungamiri zvapfuura. Mao akatsungirira izvi zvese pasina kupindira mune maitiro. Iye akange achiri kuzivikanwa pakati pevagari vakajairwa nenyika.
Munguva yehondo inotonhora, kusawirirana pakati peChina uye USSR inowedzera, kunyangwe kuvapo kweanopikisa anozivikanwa - United States. Muna 1964, PRC inozivisa nyika nezvekugadzira bhomba reatomu. Uye akawanda eChinese zvikamu, achiumba pamiganhu kubva kuUSSR, anokonzeresa alarm yakasimba kubva kuSoviet Union.
Kunyangwe mushure mekunge USSR yakaunza iyo Chinese Republic of Port Arthur uye imwe nhamba yendima, pakupera kwe60s mao inopa mushandirapamwe wechiuto kuchitsuwa cheDamansky. Kushushikana pamuganho wakawedzera kubva pamativi ese maviri, uko kwakatungamira hondo kwete kuFarenda chete, asiwo pamuganho nedunhu reSemipaipalacinsk mudunhu.
Kukakavara kwakakurumidza kupera simba, kunorambidzwa nemazana emazana evatambudzi pamativi ese. Asi iyi mamiriro ezvinhu azive chikonzero chekugadzira zvikamu zvehondo dzakasimbiswa muUSSR Muganhure neChina. Uyewo, USSR akapa zvose zvemarudzi kutsigira Vietnam, izvo achibatsirwa Soviet Union vakakunda muhondo pamwe United States uye ikozvino vaipikisa China kubva kumaodzanyemba.
Tsika Revolution
Zvishoma nezvishoma, shanduko dzerusununguko dzinotungamira mukukasira mamiriro ezvehupfumi munyika, asi Mao haagovane zvishuwo zvevapikisi vavo. Chiremera chake chichiri kumusoro pakati pehuwandu hwevanhu, uye mukupera kwapera 60s anofambisa kutenderera kutsva kwaCommunisiti, anonzi "tsika yekuchinja" kwetsika ".
Iko kurapa kwekugona kweakadzvanywa kwake kuchiri padanho repamusoro, mao anodzokera kuBeijing. Mutungamiriri weCommunist Bato anogadzira kubheja pane vanoziva vechidiki vane mharidzo dzekufamba kutsva. Mukurwira mhirizhonga yemitambo yechiitiko chechikamu parutivi rweMao, mukadzi wake wechitatu Jiang qing. Iye anotora sangano reHongywaybin Detachments.
Kwemakore e "tsika yekuchinja" kwetsika ", mamirioni anoverengeka evanhu akaparadzwa, kubva kune vashandi nyore nevarimi, vachiguma neboka uye tsika dzenyika. Zvikanda zvevadiki vairegerera vakakanda zvese zvese, hupenyu mumaguta vanodzikisira. Kupisa pendi, mabhuku, mabasa emhizha, fenicha.
Nenguva isipi, Mao akaziva mhedzisiro yezviitiko zvacho, asi akakurumidza kumisa mutoro wose pane zvakaitika kumukadzi wake, nekudaro achidzivirira kurimwa kwehunhu hwake hwehunhu hwake. Mao Zedong, kunyanya, anogadzirisa yake yekutanga comrade yebato Dhani Xiaopin uye anoiita ruoko rwake rwerudyi. Mune ramangwana, mushure mekufa kweudzvinyiriri, uyu wezvematongerwo enyika anotamba basa rakakura mukusimudzira kweHurumende.
Mukutanga 70s, Mao Zedong, achiri mukusangana kubva kuUSSR, anouya pedyo neUnited States, uye atova muna 1972 akabata musangano wekutanga neAmerican President R. Nixon.
Hupenyu Hwako
Biography yemutungamiriri weChinese Petsis kuwanda kwerudo rworudo uye michato yepamutemo. Mao Zedong akatungamira kusimudzira kwerudo rwemahara uye akaramba pfungwa dzemhuri yechinyakare. Asi izvi hazvina kumutadzisa kumuroora kana kuita nhamba yakakura yevana, vazhinji vavo vakafa vachiri paudiki.
Mukadzi wekutanga wechidiki mao aive hanzvadzi yake yechipiri Lo igu, uyo muzera rake aive mukuru pane murume wechidiki kwemakore mana. Akapokana nesarudzo yevabereki vake uye akabhururuka achibva mumba mune waroora wekutanga husiku, nekudaro achisimbisa mwenga wake.
Nemukadzi wechipiri, Mao akasangana mumakore gumi panguva yezvidzidzo zvake muBeijing. Mujaya anodiwa akava mwanasikana womudzidzisi wake Yana Sangji yang Kahui. Akamupindura kuti adzorerere, uye achangopinda mumisangano yeCCP, vakaroora. Vaaishanda navo mumapato akafunga nezvewanano yekuchinja kwakakwana, sezvo vanhu vadiki vakapesana nechido chevabereki vavo, icho munguva iyoyo chichiri kutaurwa kuti chisingafungirwe.
Jan Kaichy haana kungozvara kune vanakomana vatatu veCommunist vatatu anei, anqing naAnqun. Iye aive mubatsiri wake muzvikamu zvePati, uye panguva yekunetsana kwePdas neHomintan muna 1930 yakaratidza kushinga kukuru uye kuvimbika kumurume wake. Navana vake, akabatwa nekuvapikisa kwevanopikisa uye mushure mekutambudza, asingarasi mumwe wake, akaurayiwa pamberi pevanakomana vake.
Zvichida kutambudzika uye kufa kwemukadzi uyu kwaive pasina, sezvo kweanopfuura gore remuchato wake wemuchato mutsva waJezi, waive wechiuto wemakore gumi nematanhatu nemusoro wechiitiko chidiki chehungwaru . Mukadzi akashinga akakunda moyo weWindy Zedong, uye nguva pfupi mushure mekufa kwemukadzi wake, akamuudza mumwe murume / mukadzi / mukadzi wako.
Kwemakore akati wandei ekugara pamwe chete, zvakaitika mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, akabereka mao vana vashanu. Varoorani vakamanikidzwa kupa vana vaviri kune vanhu vemumwe munhu panguva dzekutyisa hondo simba. Hupenyu hwakaoma uye kupandukira kwemurume wake zvakamanikidza hutano hwevakadzi, uye muna 1937 musoro weChinese weCCP akazvitumira kurapwa muUSSR. Ikoko yakaitirwa mukiriniki yepfungwa kwemakore akati wandei. Pashure paizvozvo, mukadzi akaramba ari muSoviet Union uye akatoita basa rakanaka, ndokuzotamira kuShanghai.
Iyo Shanghai muimbi ane mukurumbira mukurumbira weLan pini yakave yekupedzisira yevakadzi vaMao. Kuwedzera kune vanoverengeka vakaroora kumakore avo makumi maviri nemaviri, akange aine nhamba isingaverengeki yevadiwa pakati pevatungamiriri nevatambi. Runako rwechidiki rwakakunda Mao, vachitaura muChinese opera, kwaakaramba imwe yezviitiko zvinotungamira. Nekudaro, mutungamiri webato reCommunist akaidana pane zvaakataura, kwaakazviratidza kumudzidzi anoshingairira wemutungamiri mukuru. Munguva pfupi vakatanga kugara pamwe chete uye mutambi aifanira kushanduka kwete zita reLan Pini paJiang qing, asi zvakare basa rake runako rwekuuraya pamufananidzo wemba yekunyarara.
Muna 1940, mukadzi wechidiki akazvara mutungamiri wePDA mwanasikana. Jiang qing aida murume wake nemwoyo wose, akatora vana vake vaviri kubva kuroora kwake rapfuura kumhuri yake uye haana kumbogara.
Rufu
Iwo makumi manomwe akafukidzwa ne "Great Quamchego" chirwere. Mwoyo wake wakatanga kurwa. Pakupedzisira, kurwiswa kwemwoyo miviri kwave kuri chikonzero chekufa kweZEDong, iyo yakadzama hutano hwake.
Iko kushaya simba kwemusoro wenyaya yeCommunist hakuna kumupa mukana wekudzora zviitiko zviri kuitika musimba. Kuti uwane kodzero yekumira pasimba, kurwa mapoka maviri ezvematongerwo enyika eChinese ezvematongerwo enyika akatanga. MaRadils akagwadama anonzi "gang of ina", mune mukadzi waMao akaiswa mukadzi waMao. Mutungamiri weboka revateveri akapatidziridzwa akanga ari Dhani.
Pashure porufu rwaMao Zedun, raiitika pakutanga kwekudonha kwa1976, kufamba kwezvematongerwo enyika kuzorwa nemukadzi weMao uye kwaro kwakashandurwa kuChina. Vakatongerwa mhosva parufu, asi vaJiang qing vakaita zororo, vachiisa muchipatara. Ikoko, mushure memakore mashoma gare gare, akazviuraya.
Pasinei nenyaya yekuti mufananidzo wemukadzi waAhasi wakasvibiswa nekutya, zita rekuti Mao Zedong rakaramba rakareruka mukuyeuka kwevanhu. Vanopfuura mamirioni Cnr vagari vemo vakapinda nemariro ake, uye muviri we "kudyisa" kwaive pasi pekupembera. Gore rapfuura kufa kwake, Mausoleum yakavhurwa, akazova utiziro hwekupedzisira kuMao Zedun. Kweanopfuura makore makumi maviri ekuvapo kweguva reMao Zedong, anenge mamirioni mazana maviri eCNR uye vagari vevashanyi vakashanyira.
Kubva pamazukuru asara, mutungamiri wePDA anowana mwana mumwe kubva kune mumwe nemumwe wevakaroora vake: Mao anqing, ingave yangu uye kana iri yangu uye kana iri. Zedong akaramba evana vake mune hukori uye haana kubvumira surname yakakurumbira. Vazukuru vake havatongogaramo hurumende yakakwirira, asi mumwe wavo, mao bhuruu, akava mudiki kwazvo weboka reChinese.
Mujiro weKun Dongmay vakapinda mune imwe vakadzi vakadzi vakapfuma kwazvo, asi zvakaitika pakurangana nemurume wake mupfumi, muchato unazvo Kungomay kwapera muna 2011.
Chokwadi chinonakidza
Inosanganisira maviri maHieroglyphs, zita reJeener Dong rakashandurwa se "huswa kumabvazuva". Inonzwika nezita remwanakomana wake, vabereki vaimuda kwaari zvakanakisa. Vakatarisira kuti vana vavo vaizodiwa nyika. Izvi zvinoitwa pakupedzisira.
Kuongororwa kweMao Zedong zviitiko zveVanhu veChinese vanokoshesa. Kune rimwe divi, mune muzana retio yemunhu anokwanisa Chinese, zvakava zvakanyanya kupfuura pakutanga kwezana remakore. Iyi nhamba yakawedzera kubva 20% kusvika 93%. Asi kudzikiswa kukuru, kuparadzwa kwetsika uye zvekunyama zvinokosheswa, pamwe nehurongwa hwekutendeka hwekuchinja kweAgrraa hwaAngarria hweVatanhatu vanoisa kukosha kwekusahadzika kwaMao.
Nekuda kwe "tsika yekuchinja", chinamato chehunhu hweMao zedong. Mugari wega wega wePRC aigona kucherechedzwa bhuku rakatsvuka diki rekudhirowa uye quotation yemutungamiriri wevanhu. Mumba imwe neimwe pamadziro, mufananidzo weMao Zedong waive wakarembera. Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanowanzobatanidza chinamato chechiChinese chechiChinese neuchenjeri hwehunhu hwomutungamiri weSoviet hwaJoseph Stalin.
Kurwa ne shiriwero, kuiswa mumakore makumi mashanu, kuruboshwe munhoroondo chiitiko chinosiririsa chekukunda kwemunhu pamusoro pechisikigo. Shiri diki dzive nerubatsiro rwezvemidziyo yakakosha hadzitenderwi kugara pasi, vachimanikidza kuti vabhurure kwemaminitsi anopfuura makumi maviri. Pashure paizvozvo vakamhanyirwa. Gore rakatevera kuparadzwa kweshiri dzose, vazhinji vevanhu vakafa nenzara. Zvese zvirimwa zvino zvipembenene zvakaputswa neshiri dzakatepwa zvisati zvaitika. Ini ndaifanira kuzvitsungirira kubva kune dzimwe nyika kudzosera zviyero mune zvakasikwa.
Mao Zedong haana kumbobvira akachenesa meno ake. Nzira yayo yekuchengetedza hutsanana hwemuromo yaive yekushomeka kwemuromo negirini yeti uye kudya mushure meiyo yeiyo yese caulicps ese. Iyi nzira yevanhu yakatungamira kuchokwadi chekuti mazino ese eudzvanyiriri aive akafukidzwa neyegirini raid, asi hazvina kumutadzisa kunyemwerera pamifananidzo yese nemuromo wakavharwa.