Biography
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky akaoneka munaNovember 11, 1821 muMoscow. Baba vake Mikhail Andreevh yakavapo kubva kune rudzi rwenyama yeDostoevsky Coat yeRadvan. Akagamuchira dzidzo yekurapa uye akashanda mumutauro weBorodino Incancan Girdent, muchipatara wemauto emoscow, uye muzvipatara zveMarilinkaya varombo. Amai vemunyori wemangwana vakakurumbira, Nechaeva maria Fedorovna, mwanasikana weMutengesi weMoscow.Vabereki vaFeor vakatanga vaive vasina vanhu vakapfuma, asi vakashanda nesimba kuti vape mhuri uye vape vana dzidzo yakanaka. Pashure peizvozvo, Dostoevsky akanyatso kuzivikanwa kuti aionga kwazvo baba naamai vedzidzo yakanaka uye dzidzo, izvo zvaive zvakakodzera.
Mukomana akadzidza kuverenga amai, akashandisa bhuku rinonzi "104 nyaya dzinoyera dzeTestamente Yekare neNew Little." Muchidimbu, saka mubhuku rakakurumbira reDostoevsky "hama dzeKaramov", zosima hunhu mune imwe yehurukuro inotaura kuti muhuduku ainyanya kuverenga izvi pane ino bhuku.
Unyanzvi hwekuverenga hukuru hwekare hwakaratidzirwa pabhuku reBhaibheri raJobho, iro rakaratidzwawo mumabasa ake akatevera: Munyori akashandisa mafungidziro ake pabasa iri painenge achigadzira "kuyaruka" kwakakurumbira. Baba vakaitawo mupiro wake kufundo yoMwanakomana, vachidzidzisa chiLatin hwake.
Pazere, vana vanomwe vakaberekerwa mumhuri yaDostoevsky. Saka, Fedor ndiye mukoma Mikhail, waainyanya kuvhara naye, uye hanzvadzi yakura yaVarvara. Mukuwedzera, aive nehanzvadzi dzechidiki Andrei naNikolai, pamwe nehanzvadzi diki Vera naAlexander.
Mujaya hwake, Mikhail naFeor vakadzidziswa N.i. Durshus, Mudzidzisi Alexandrovsky uye Catherine Chikoro. Nekubatsira kwaro, vana vakura veDostoevsky vakadzidza chiFrench, uye vanakomana vemudzidzisi, ANET. Drashaov uye v.n. Drazsus, vakadzidzisa vakomana mune masvomhu nemabhuku, zvichiteerana. Munguva kubva muna 1834 kusvika 1837, Fedor naMikhail vakaenderera mberi nezvidzidzo zvavo muMetropolitan Guesthoute L.i. CRAM, uyo aimbova basa rakanyanya kunaka rekudzidzisa.
Muna 1837, zvinotyisa zvakaitika: Maria Fedorovna Dostoevskaya akafa kubva kuChakhotka. Fyodor panguva yekufa kwaamai vaingova nemakore gumi nematanhatu. Kuramba usina mukadzi, Dostoevsky-sr. Yakafunga kutumira Feder neMikhal to St. Peters K.f. Kostomarova. Baba vaida kuti vakomana vasike kwakapinda muchikoro chikuru cheinjiniya. Sezvineiwo, vana vakuru veDostoevy panguva iyoyo vaifarira mabhuku uye vakada kushandisa hupenyu hwavo kwaari, asi Baba havana kuona kuda kwavo zvakanyanya.
Kufambisa kuda kwaBaba ivo vakomana havana kudenha. Feder Mikhailovich akadzidzisa mudzimba yevaeni, akapinda chikoro ichi uye akapedza kudzidza kubva kwaari, asi akapedza nguva yake yese yekuverengera. Shakespeare, Hoffman, Byron, Goethe, Rasin, Lermontov, Gogopin inonyora - iyo yekushomeka - iyo yekushambadzira yeaya anozivikanwa
Muna 1838, Dostoevsky, pamwe chete neshamwari, kunyangwe akaronga yavo yekuverenga nyaya muchikoro chikuru cheinjiniya, mukuwedzera kuFeder Mikhalovich, Grigorovich, Grigorovich, Bereotev, Vitkovsky, Berezhetsky, Berezhetsky, vakapinda. Parizvino munyori wacho akatanga kugadzira mabasa ake ekutanga, asi zvakadaro haana kuderera kuti apedzise panzira yemunyori. Sezvo atodzidziswa muna 1843, akatowana iyo post yeinjiniya-shamwari muInternet Injiniya timu, asi akakwira basa kwenguva refu. Muna 1844, akasarudza kuita mabhuku ega uye akasiya basa.
Hupenyu Hwako
Mukadzi wekutanga weDostoevsky akazova Maria Ilaaved, uyo waakasangana naye achangobva kudzoka kubva mukuchenjera. Muzvose, Fedor naMary muchato wakatanga makore manomwe, pamberi pekufa kwemumwe munyori munyori muna 1864.
Pane imwe yerudzi rwake rwekutanga kunze kwenyika pakutanga kweiyo 1860s of Dostoevsky, iyo yakasimudzirwa apollinaria Suslov yakafadzwa. Izvo zvaive kubva kwaari kuti Polina akanyorwa mu "mutambi", Naviya Filippovna mune idiot uye nhamba yevamwe vevamwe vakadzi.
Kunyangwe ari paVayevha wegore rechina ari kumashure kwemunyori, kwaive nehukama hwechinguva chizere naItava naSamulova, panguva iyoyo vakadzi vake vakanga vasati vauya naye nemufaro sevana. Uku kukanganisa kwemukadzi wechipiri wemunyori - Anna Dnikkin. Haana chete murume womumwe mutorwa chete, asiwo mubatsiri akanaka kumunyori: Akafunga matambudziko ezvinyorwa zvaDostoevsky, akaisimbisa zvinhu zvese zvemari, akagadzirira ndangariro dzemurume wejenari kuti abudisirwo. "Hama" dzechiRoma "KarambawooM Comhailovich wakazvitsaurira kwaari.
Anna Grigorievna akazvara mukadzi wake evana vana: vanasikana sophia nerudo, vanakomana vaFyedori naAlexey. Maiwe, Sophia, aifanira kuve mwana wekutanga wevaroora, akafa mwedzi mishoma mushure mekubereka mwana. Pakati pavana vese veFyodor Mikhairiv, mwanakomana chete ndiye Fedher akazova mutsivi wemunyori wake.
Kutanga nzira yekugadzira
Kunyangwe mhuri dzaisatendera zvisarudzo zveMubatanidzwa wechidiki, iye akatsamwisa akatanga kupinda mumabasa aimbove atangwa uye achikura mazano evatsva. 1844 yakanyorwa nemunyori wavharira neumbozha nekuburitswa kwebhuku rake rekutanga - "varombo." Kubudirira kwebasa rakapfuura zvese zvinotarisirwa nemunyori. Vatsoropodzi uye Vanyori Vakanyanya Kuonga VaRoma Dostoevsky, vakarerutswa mubhuku reMusoro bhuku vakawana mhinduro mumoyo kubva kune vakawanda vaverengi. Fyodor Mikhalovich akatora anonzi "Bellinsky Circle", akatanga kunzi "Gogol nyowani".Kubudirira kwakatora nguva yakareba. Panengeba pagore gare gare, Dostoevsky akaunza bhuku reruzhinji "kaviri", asi rakazoita risinganzwisisike kune vanonyanya kuvambira tarenda renyama diki. Kunakidzwa uye kurumbidza munyori wakatsiviwa nekutsoropodzwa, kusagutsikana, kuodzwa mwoyo uye kusarongeka. Pashure pazvo, vanyori vanofungidzira kuti basa iri, harina kufarirwa nezvinyorwa zvemakore iwayo, asi panguva yekuburitswa kwebhuku raisanzwa kunge pasina kana munhu.
Nenguva isipi Dostoevsky akapokana neTurgenevi uye akadzingwa kubva ku "Belinsky Circle", uye zvakare yakakora neN.A.. Nekrasov, mupepeti we "kurarama panguva iyoyo". Nekudaro, kubuditsa mabasa ake akaburitswa nekuburitswa kwe "zvinyorwa zveveruzhinji" zvakanyorwa naAndrei Kraevsky.
Zvakangodaro, kukurumbira kukuru kwakaitwa neMikalilovich kwake kwakaunzwa kubudiswa kwake kwakamubvumirwa kuti vaite nhamba yekufambidzana inonakidza uye inoshanda mumanyoro ezve St. Petersburg. Vazhinji vavanoziva navo chikamu chikamu chakava protototypes yevakashata mavara emabasa akatevera emunyori.
Kusungwa uye Katoru
Iyo inonyanya kufarirwa nemunyori akazozivana na m.V. Petrashevsky muna 1846. Petreshshevsky akagutsa iyo inonzi "Chishanu", panguva yekubwinya kweSerfol, kusununguka kweTypography, inoenderera shanduko muhurongwa hwekuenderera mberi uye dzimwe nyaya dzechirongwa ichi dzakakurukurwa.
Pakati pemisangano, neimwe nzira yakabatana nePetrashevs, Dostoevsky akasangana neCommunist Kurumidza. Muna 1848, muna 1848 yakaronga nhoroondo yakavanzika kubva kune vanhu vasere (kusanganisira vake vega uye Fedor Mikhalovich), iyo yaive yakatarisana nekambani munyika uye yekusikwa kwezvinhu zvisiri pamutemo typography. Pamisangano yenharaunda, Dostoevsky akadzokorora kuverenga "tsamba yeBellinsky Gogol", iyo yakabva yarambidzwa.
MUZVINHU gumi nemazana masere Zvimwewo zvinobatana nejaya rakanyorwa kwazvo nejaya rakanyanyoda kurwisa munyori, uye musi waApril 23, 1849 akasungwa, kunge mamwe akawanda petrashevtsev. Dostoevsky akaramba kupomerwa kwake, asi akarangarirwa ne "tsamba ye" tsotsi "yeBellinsky, musi waNovember 13, 1849 akatumira munyori kusvika kune mutongo werufu. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, iye aneta nokupedzisa muPetrouparlovsk nhare yemwedzi misere.
Neraki kune mabhuku eRussia, mutsara wetsinye weFeder Mikhalovich hazvina kuzadzikiswa. Musi waNovember 19, vateereri vakawanda vakamuona seyakafanana nemhosva yeDostoevsky, uye saka mutongo werufu akatsiviwa neyekutariswa neyekuzvarwa makore masere. Uye pakupera kwemwedzi mumwe chete, mambo Nicholas ndakabva ndangopinza chirango: munyori akataurwa nezvakarohwa muSiberia kwemakore mana panzvimbo pemakore mana pane masere. Panguva imwecheteyo, akanyimwa chinzvimbo chakanaka uye nyika, uye pakupera kwemapuratifomu, yakagadzirwa mumasoja akajairwa.
Pasinei nefuma yese uye kunyimwa, izvo zvakakurudzira mutsara wakafanana, uchipinda mumauto aireva kudzoka kuzere kweDostoevsky yekodzero dzake dzehurumende. Yakanga iri yekutanga yakafanana muRussia, nekuti kazhinji vanhu avo vakatongera basa rechitendero, kusvika pakuguma kwehupenyu hwakarasika kodzero yavo yehurumende, kunyangwe ivo vakapukunyuka mushure memakore mazhinji ekusungwa uye vakadzokera kune hupenyu hwakasununguka. Emperor Nicholas ndakademba munyori wechidiki uye aisada kukanganisa tarenda rake.
Makore avo Fedor Mikhaillovich anopedzwa paKatoru, akaita fungidziro isinganzwisisike paari. Munyori akanyatsosangana zvakanyanya nekutambura kusingaperi uye kusurukirwa. Mukuwedzera, aive nenguva yakawanda yekusimbisa kutaurirana kwakajairika nevamwe vasungwa: izvo kwenguva yakareba hazvina kutora nekuda kwezita rakanaka.
Muna 1856, Emperor mutsva Alexander II akapa ruregerero kune vese petrashhemevs Uye kana, muhudiki hwake Feoror Mikalovich, achiedza kuwana chokwadi uye kuvaka tsika yehupenyu nheyo dzehupenyu, ipapo pakupera kwa 1850s akazove munhu akura akaumbwa. Makore anorema paKatorge akagadzira munhu anonamata zvikuru kubva kwaari, aakaranga kusvikira parufu.
Kuyerera kwekugadzira
Muna 1860, munyori akaburitsa musangano wezvinyorwa zviviri zvezvinyorwa zvake, umo nyaya "musha Stepanchikovo uye vagari vemo" uye "babamunini vanorara". Zvakaitika pamusoro penyaya imwechete ne "kaviri" - kunyangwe mabasa akazotevera akapihwa kuongorora kwakanyanya, vanhu vazhinji havana kuwira kuravira. Nekudaro, kuburitswa kwe "zvinyorwa kubva kuimba yakafa" kwakabatsirwa kudzorera kutarisa kwevaverengi kune vakakura Dostoevsky, vakatsaurirwa kuhupenyu hwezvakarukwa uye vakanyorwa zvakanyanya panguva yemhedziso.Kune vagari vazhinji venyika iyo isina kuuya neyaya inotyisa kune yavo, basa rave richitambudza. Vanhu vazhinji vakashamiswa nezvakataurwa nemunyori, kunyanya vachipiwa chokwadi chekuti pakutanga kwemuchati wevanyori veRussia vaive chimwe chinhu chakaita senge taboo. Mushure meizvozvo, vana vehero vakatanga kufonera Dostoevsky "Russian Dante".
Zvaisazozivikanwa kuti munyori akava 1861. Gore rino, mukubatana pamwe nemunun'una wake Mikhail, akatora imba yekuparidza yemagazini yaanowana uye yezvematongerwo enyika inonzi "nguva". Muna 1863, bhuku racho rakavharwa, uye panzvimbo pake, hama dzeDostoevsky vakatanga kudhinda imwe magazini - inonzi "Epoch".
Aya magazini, ekutanga, akasimbisa nzvimbo dzehama dziri munharaunda yemanyorero. Uye chechipiri, aive pamapeji avo "akanyadziswa uye akagumburwa", "anodaro kubva pachivande", "anodaro achibva kuimba yakafa", "akanaka anecdote" uye mamwe mabasa mazhinji eFyodor Mikhalovich. Mikhail Dostoevsky pasina nguva yakapfuura: Akasiya hupenyu hwake muna 1864.
Muna 1860s, munyori akatanga kukwira kunze kwenyika, achiwana nzvimbo itsva uye kukurudzirwa kunozivikanwa kwechechi dzake nyowani. Kusanganisira, chaizvo panguva iyoyo, Dostoevsky yakatanga uye pfungwa yebasa re "mutambi" rakatanga kuitwa.
Muna 1865, bhuku remagazini rinoti "Epoki", vanyoreri avo vakadzikiswa zvakaderedzwa, vaifanira kuvharwa. Zvakare: Kunyangwe mushure mekuvharwa kwebhuku, munyori akatarisana nehuwandu hwekushamisika. Kune imwe nzira kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma emari, akagumisa chibvumirano chakaoma pane bhuku remisangano yemusangano wake nemuparidzi Stelovsky, uye mushure maizvozvo mushure maizvozvo akatanga kunyora nyaya yake yakakurumbira "kurangwa". Maitiro ehunyanzvi achienda kune zvikonzero zvenyaya zvakazivikanwa zvakanyanya pakati pevaverengi, uye chiRoma chakaburitswa dostoevsky apo hupenyu.
Bhuku Guru rinotevera Fedor Mikhalovich rakava "idiot", rakabudiswa muna 1868. Pfungwa yekuratidzira munhu akanakisa ari kuyedza kuita chero mauto, asi haagoni kukunda mauto ane hutsinye uye, semhedzisiro, anotambura uye akazova nyore kuti ave nyore kuti tisuke chete mumashoko chete. Muchokwadi, Dostoevsky akadaidza kuti "idiot" imwe yeanonyanya kuoma kunyora bhuku, kunyangwe muchinda wangu wangu uye akazova munhu waanofarira.
Sezvo apedza basa pane iyi bhuku, munyori akasarudza kunyora Epic inonzi "Kusatenda Husaruro" kana "hupenyu hwechivi chikuru". Haana kuziva zano rake, zvisinei, dzimwe pfungwa dzinounganidzwa dzepfungwa dzakatevera mabhuku matatu makuru eDostoevsky: The "Madhimoni" Akanyorwa muna 1871-1872, mabasa e "Teen", apedza muna 1875, Uye Novel "Hama" neKamazov ", shanda iyo Dostoevsky yapera muna 1879-1880.
Sezvineiwo, "madhimoni" pakutanga ainyatsofungisisa kuratidza mafungiro ake vasingafarire nevamiriri vekuchinja kweanochinja muRussia, zvishoma nezvishoma akachinja panguva yekunyora. Pakutanga, munyori aisazoita Stavrogina, uyo akazova mumwe wevakakurumbira mavara, iro gamba rinokosha remutsiva. Asi mufananidzo wake wakange ane simba zvekuti Fyodor Mikhailovich kuti afunga kuchinja pfungwa uye kuwedzera mutambo chaiwo uye nedambudziko kune rimwe basa rezvematongerwo enyika.
Kana mu "besnes", pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, dingindira rakaratidzwa zvakanyanya, saka mubhuku rinotevera - "munyori akaunzwa pamberi pemurume anokura.
Mhedzisiro inoshamisa yeiyo nzira yekugadzira yeFyodor Mikhaillovich, iyo yekunyora yekunyora yekupfupikisa, "hama dzeKarmazov" rakava anyanzvi analogue. Zviitiko zvakawanda, mitsara yebasa, mavara ebasa iri aive zvimwe zvakangoitika pane zvekunyorwa zvaimbove zvinyorwa, kutanga nekutangisa uye vanhu varombo.
Rufu
Dostoevsky akafa muna Ndira 28, 1881, chikonzero cherufu chisingaperi bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis uye emphysema. Rufu rwemunyori pagore reGore reSinae rehupenyu.
Kuti utizve mapoka evazhinji akauya nemapoka evanofarira, asi mukurumbira mukuru weMikhalovich's mukurumbira mukuru, zvinyorwa zvake zvisina nguva zvichiri mushure mekufa kwemunyori wemunyori.