Biography
Iwo anoshanda akajeka eVladimir Mayakovsky anokonzera kuyemurwa kwechokwadi kwemamirioni evanoyemura vake. Iye akafanirwa kunoreva huwandu hwehupamhi hukuru hwehupfumi hwezana ramakore rechi20. Mukuwedzera, Mayakovsky akazviratidza kuti anoshamisa kutamba, Satyrik, firimu director, screenwrita, muimbi, pamwe nemupepeti wemagazini anoverengeka. Hupenyu hwake, hwakawedzera kugona, pamwe nerudo rwakazara uye zviitiko zvehukama hwako uye nhasi usarambe kusvika pakuguma kwechakavanzika chakasimba.
Mudetembi ane tarenda akaberekerwa mumusha mudiki weGeorgian weBagdati (Hussia Humambo). Amai vake Alexander Aleekseevna vaive veCossack kwakadzivirirwa kubva kuBan, naBaba Vladimir Konstinovich vakashanda vakashanda nemasango akareruka. Vladimir aive nehama mbiri - Kostya naSasha, akafa adzoka muhuduku, pamwe nehanzvadzi mbiri - Olya naLuda naLuda.
Mayakovsky akanyatsoziva mutauro wechiGeorgia uye kubva 1902 akadzidza kuGymnasium of Kutisiisi. Watove muhuduku hwake, akabatwa nemazano ekuchinja, uye, vachiri kudzidza mumitambo yekurovedza muviri, vakapinda muchiratidziro chekuchinja.
Muna 1906, Baba vakafa kamwe kamwe. Chikonzero cherufu chaive chekutapa ropa, izvo zvakaitika nekuda kwemunwe wechigunwe nechigunwe. Chiitiko ichi chakatovhunduka neVaya Mayakovsky kuti mune ramangwana akaramba achidzivirira zvizere nebvudzi uye pini, vachitya Jehovha mugumo wababa vake.
Mumwechete 1906, Alexander Alekseevna akatamira kuMoscow nevana. Vladimir akaenderera mberi kudzidziswa kwake muzvishanu zvekurovedza muviri, kwaakashanyira makirasi pamwe chete nehama yetemberi B. pastern - Alexander. Nekudaro, nerufu rwaBaba, mamiriro emari emhuri akaomesesa zvakanyanya. Semhedzisiro, muna 1908, Vladimir aisakwanisa kubhadhara kudzidziswa kwake, uye akaidzinga kubva pagiredhi rechishanu rejymnasium.
Zvisikwa
MuMoscow, murume wechidiki akatanga kutaurirana nevadzidzi avo vanoda zvekuchinja pfungwa. Muna 1908, Mayakovsky akafunga kuti akave nhengo yeRSDLP uye kazhinji anokurudzirwa pakati pehuwandu. Mukati me19808-1909, Vladimir vakasungwa katatu, asi nekuda kwevhurume uye kushaikwa kweuchapupu hwakamanikidzwa kurega kusununguka.
Munguva yekuferefeta, Mayakovsky aisakwanisa kunyatsopusa kuve mumadziro mana. Kupfuura nguva dzose nyonganiso, yaiwanzo kushandurirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekuvharirwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, aive mujeri rekubiridzira, kwaaibata mwedzi gumi nemumwe uye akatanga kunyora nhetembo.
Muna 1910, mudetembi mudiki akabva apedza nguva uye akabva asiya mabiko. Gore rakatevera racho, muimbi weVhgeny Lang, iro Vladimir aive nehukama hushamwari, akakurudzira kuti aipenda. Munguva yekudzidziswa muchikoro chekupenda, kuongorora uye kugadzirwa, akasangana nevavheni veboka revaridzi veFarrists "Gilea" uye akabatana neCubefuts.
Basa rekutanga raMalakovsky, iro rakadhindwa, yaive nhetembo "husiku" (1912). Panguva imwecheteyo, nhetembo diki inotanga kuitwa pachena muhunyanzvi hwedenga, iro rakanzi "imbwa yakatsamwa."
Vladimir, pamwe chete nenhengo dzeboka revapambi veCubefuturists, vakatora chikamu mukushanya kuRussia, kwaakareva nuyoko dzake. Nenguva isipi pakanga paine ongororo yakanaka nezvayokovsky, asi yaiwanzoonekwa sevanobuda rusununguko. M. Gorky akatenda kuti pakati peFururists Mayovavsky ndiye ega mudetembi chaiwo.
Kuunganidzwa kwekutanga kwedetembi "Ini" ndakabudiswa muna 1913 uye yaingova nhepfenyuro ina chete. Gore rino zvakare rakanangana nekunyora nhetembo "nate!", Umo munyori anoshongedza Sound Bourgeois Society. Gore rakatevera, Vladimir akagadzira nhetembo inobata "teerera", akarova vaverengi nehurombo hwako uye kunzwa kwekunzwa.
Kukwezva nhetembo rakanaka uye dramaturgy. 1914 yakanyorwa nechisikwa chedambudziko "Vladimir Mayakovsky", akaiswa kune veruzhinji padanho reSt. Petersburg Theatre "Park Park". Panguva imwecheteyo, Vladimir akataura director wake, pamwe neicho chinotungamira basa. Vavariro huru yebasa ndiko kupanduka kwezvinhu zvakabatana nenhamo nebasa revashandi ve ramangwana.
Muna 1914, mudetembi mudiki akasarudza zvakasimba kukuzvipira kusaina kuuto, asi asina kuvimbika vezvematongerwo enyika anotyisa vamiriri vehurumende. Haana kurova kumberi uye achipindura kuregedza akanyora nhetembo "kwauri", maari kuongorora kwake kwehumambo hwehumambo. Mukuwedzera, mabasa akajeka aMayakovsky - "gore riri mumabhurugwa" uye "hondo yakazivisa" yakaonekwa munguva pfupi.
Mwaka wakatevera, musangano wemazita waMayakovsky Vladimir Vladimir vladimirovich uye mhuri yake Briquette zvakaitika. Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, hupenyu hwake hwaive hwamarudzi ese ne lily uye Osip. Kubva 1915 kusvika 1917, nekuda kwekudzivirira kweM. Gorky mudetembi akashanda muchikoro chemuviri. Uye kunyangwe iye, ari musoja, aive asina kodzero yekudhindwa, Osip Bricic akauya kuzomubatsira. Akawana nhetembo mbiri dzeVladimir uye munguva pfupi vakaburitsa.
Panguva imwecheteyo, Mayakovsky akaburukira munyika yeSatire uye muna 1915 akadhindwa kutenderera kwe "Hymn" mu "New Satiirone". Munguva pfupi iri kuuya kune maviri ekuunganidza mabasa - "zviri nyore seyakashambwa" (1916) uye "shanduko. Pootakhronik "(1917).
Iyo Oktyabrskaya Revolution Mudetembi mukuru akasangana nemahombekombe ezvekumuka kwe smolny. Iye akabva atanga kushandira pamwe nehurumende itsva uye akapinda muhuwandu hwekutanga ehuwandu hwetsika. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti Mayakovsky aive akatungamirwa neboka remusoja akasunga general P. SeciyeV uyo akananga kuchikoro chemuviri, kunyangwe pakutanga kubva mumaoko ake akagamuchira menduru "yekushingaira".
1917-1918 akaonekwa nekuburitswa kwemabasa akati wandei eMyakovsky akazvitsaurira kune zvekuchinja zviitiko (semuenzaniso, "Ode Revolution", "Kufamba kwedu Kwedu"). Iyo yekutanga yekukandirwa yekuchinja yakaratidzwa nemutambo wekutamba miscellaneous buff.
Aifarira Mayakovsky uye firimu. Muna 1919, mota nhatu dzakabudiswa munyika, umo Vladimir akaita mutambi, screenwrita uye director. Panguva imwecheteyo, nhetembo yakatanga kushandira pamwe nekukura uye yakashanda pane yekuchinja uye satirical maposita. Parallel MayaMyakovsky akashanda mupepanhau "hunyanzvi hweiyo commune".
Mukuwedzera, muna 1918, mudetembi akasika boka "rapinza", kutungamira uko kunogona kutsanangurwa samariro yeCommunist. Asi muna 1923, vladimir inoronga rimwe boka - "rakasiiwa kumberi kwehunyanzvi", pamwe nenyaya inoenderana "LEF".
Panguva ino, pane chisikwa chemabasa akati wandei uye zvisingakanganwike zveiyo nhetembo: "nezvazvo" (1923), "Sevastopol - Yalta" (1924), "Vladimir Ilyich" (1924). Isu tinorimbisa kuti pavanenge vachiverenga nhetembo yekupedzisira, ini. Stalin pachake yaivepo muBolshoi Theatre. Mushure mekuita kwaMaivsky, iyo inokwana yakateverwa, iyo yakagara maminetsi makumi maviri. Kazhinji, aive makore ese ehondo yevagari vehondo yeVladimir yakanaka nguva, izvo zvaakataura mundima "akanaka!" (1927).
Hapana akakosha uye akaguta yaive yeiyo Mayakovsky nguva yekufamba kazhinji. Pakati pa192-1924, akashanyira France, Latvia neGermany, izvo zvakapedza mabasa akati wandei. Muna 1925, Vladimir akaenda kuAmerica, achishanyira mexico City, Havana nemaguta mazhinji eUS.
Kutanga kwe20s kucherechedzwa nedutu remhepo kukakavara pakati peVladimir Mayakovsky uye Sergey Yesenin. Iyo yekupedzisira panguva iyoyo yakabatana nevapambi - vanopikisa vasingadzivisike vevapikisi vefuturist. Mukuwedzera, Mayakovsky yaive nhetembo yekuchinja neguta, uye hongu mune basa rake rakapfuura musha.
Nekudaro, Vladimir aisakwanisa kuziva tarenda risingaoneki rekupikisa kwake, kunyangwe iro rakamushora kuti riwedzere kuchengetedza uye kupindwa muropa nedoro. Mupfungwa yakati, ivo vaive vanhu vane hukama - vanokurumidza kutsamwa, vakakuvadzwa, mukusingaperi nekuora mwoyo. Ivo vakabatanidzwa kunyange musoro wenyaya wekuzviuraya, izvo zvaive zviripo pabasa renhetembo.
Mukati me1926-1927, Mayakovsky 2 Kinoszenarerians. Mukuwedzera, muna 1927 Mudetembi akatangazve zviitiko zvemagazini yeLef. Asi gore gare gare akasiya magazini yacho uye nesangano rakakodzera, rakazopedzisira ranyadziswa mavari. Muna 1929, Vladimir Base Ref Boka, asi gore rinouya rinobuda mazviri uye rinova nhengo ye "rapp".
Pakupera kwe20s, Mayo maya anokwezva kumutambo. Anogadzirira mitambo yemaviri: "Klop" (1928) uye "banya" (1929), yakagadzirwa zvakananga nezve mamiriro emitambo yemitambo. Ivo vakaburitsa satirical yekupa chokwadi chemakumi maviri nekutarisa mune ramangwana.
Meunest Confred Maiakovsky tarenda nejerius yeMoliere, asi vatsoropodzi vakasangana nemabasa ake idzva anopwanya. Mu "bedpie" vakawana chete mhizha dzekutungamira, asi kunyange kupomerwa kwemizano hunhu kwakasarudzwa kuBATA. Mumapepanhau mazhinji, zvinyorwa zvinogumbura zvakanyanyisa zvakatumirwa, uye vamwe vacho vaive nemisoro "pasi peliyo!"
Mazwi 1930 akatanga kuva nhetembo huru kwazvo nezvipupomedzeri vevanoshanda navo. Mayakovsky akataura kuti anga asiri iye "munyori wechokwadi", uye chete "shamwari" chete. Asi kunyangwe vachitsoropodzwa, muchirimo chegore iro, Vladimir akafunga kupfupisa zviitiko zvake, izvo zvaakaronga kuratidzwa anonzi "makore makumi maviri ebasa".
Kuratidzwa kwakatambanudzirwa zvese zvikoro zvevakawanda zveMyakovsky, asi kwakaunza kushungurudzika kwakasimba. Haana kushanyirwa neaichimbova shamwari dzedetembi paLefu, kana kutungamira kwepamhepo. Wakanga uchirova kwazvo, shure kwekuti ronda rakadzika rakaramba riripo mumunhu wedetembi.
Rufu
Muna 1930, Vladimir anorwara zvakanyanya uye akatotya kurasikirwa nezwi rake, izvo zvaizopedza kutaura kwake pachikuva. Hupenyu hwepachena hwedepe hwave husina kubudirira kurwa kwemufaro. Aive oga, nekuti zvidhina ndiko kutsigira kwake nguva dzose uye nyaradzo, kusiiwa kunze kwenyika.
Kurwiswa kubva kumativi ese kwakarara paMayakovsky zvakanyanya kutakura zvinhu, uye mweya unokuvadza wehombodo haina kukwanisa kumira. Musi waApril 14, Vladimir Magaavosky akazvidzinga pachipfuva, icho chaive chakonzera rufu rwake.
Mushure mekufa kwaMaiwanikwa, basa rake rakawa pasi pesimba risingagonekwe uye risina kubudiswa. Muna 1936, Lilya Bric akanyora tsamba kuna I. Stalin nechikumbiro chekubatsira mukuchengeta ndangariro dzehombodo huru. Mukusarudza kwake, Stalin akaonga zvikuru kubudirira kwemufi uye akapa mvumo yekuburitsa mabasa eFaakovsky uye kusikwa kwemuseum.
Hupenyu Hwako
Rudo rwaLyukovsky rwehupenyu hwese hwaive hwemaruva, musangano uyu wakaitwa muna 1915. Panguva iyoyo, nhetembo diki yakasangana nehanzvadzi yake - Elsa treole, uye kana musikana akatungamira Vladimir muparara furati. Ikoko Chavakovsky akatanga kuverenga nhetembo "gore mumabhurugwa", uyezve akazvitsaurira Lile yake. Hazvishamisi, asi muenzaniso weiyo heroine yenhetembo iyi yaive sculptor Maria Denisov, umo mudetembi akadanana na1914.
Nenguva isipi bhuku rekupedzisira rakatanga pakati peVladimir uye Lily, nepo Osip Bric akavhara maziso ake kuti aendese mukadzi wake. Lilya akazova muMeayovsky Museum, aive akazvipira kunenge ndima dzake dzese dzerudo. Akaratidza kudzika kusingaperi kwemanzwiro ake kumanzwiro ake ari mumabasa anotevera anoti: "Fomu-musana", "munhu", "kune vese", "LELICHKA!" uye nezvimwe
Vanoda pamwe chete vakatora chikamu mumafirimu ekufema "vanobhadharwa nefirimu" (1918). Uyezve, kubvira 1918, zvidhinha uye mudetembi mukuru akatanga kugara pamwe, izvo zvakanyatsoenderana nemuchato-rudo pfungwa panguva iyoyo. Vakachinja nzvimbo yavo yekugara kakawanda, asi nguva imwe neimwe yavanogara pamwe chete. Kazhinji, Mayakovsky akatogara mune imwe mhuri, uye kubva kunhamo dzese kunze kwenyika zvakaunza zvipo zveLily leughve (semuenzaniso, iyo caonal car).
Kunyangwe kusunganidzwa kusingaperi kwetemberi kuLelichk, pakanga paine mumwe mudiwa muhupenyu hwake, kunyange vana vakamupa. Muna 1920, Mayakovsky aive neukama hwepedyo neiyo artist lily lavinskaya, uyo akamupa nemwanakomana waGlefu-Nikitu (1921-1986).
1926 Mumawo mamwe emitemo musangano. Vladimir akasangana naEllie Jones - anofarira kuRussia, akamupa mwanasikana waElena-(1926-2016). Zvakare, hukama hweMimoneti hwakabatana nedetembi ne sofia shamardina naNatalia brojanhenko.
Uye zvakare, muParis, mudetembi wakatanhamara akasangana nekutumira kweTatiana Yakovleva. Iko kunzwa kwakatanga pakati pavo kwakasungirirwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye kwakavimbisa kushanduka kuita chimwe chinhu chakakomba uye chakareba. Mayakovsky aida kuti Yakovleva kuti auye kuMoscow, asi akaramba. Zvino muna 1929, Vladimir akafunga kuenda kuTatiana, zvisinei, matambudziko nekuwana vhiza akazova chipingamupinyi.
Yekupedzisira Rudo Vladimir Mayakovsky aive mudiki uye akaroora Actress Veronica Polonskaya. Mudetembi akabvunza musikana ane makore makumi maviri nematatu kuti arege murume wake, asi Veronica haana kugadziriswa pane zvakakomba zvakasiyana muhupenyu, nekuti iyo makumi mana nemasere eMayovalovsky yaiita kunge inopesana, isingakundiki.
Matambudziko muhukama neyechidiki mudiwa anosundidzirwa mayoksky kune iyo inouraya nhanho. Iye ndiye wekupedzisira akaona Vlardim vasati vafa uye vakamubvunza nemufaro kuti arege kuenda kune akadzidzira kurongwa. Yakanga isina nguva yekuvhara musuwo wemusikana, sezvo pfuti yekuuraya yakanzwika. Polonskaya haana kutsunga kuuya kumariro, nekuti hama dzepazita dzakaiona senge vane mhosva parufu rwemunhu womunhu.