Biography
Homer ndeye nhetembo yekare yechiGiriki - munyori wenhau, mukuru wemubatanidzwa, munyori wezvemabasa ekare ekuverenga "Iliad" uye "Odyssey".
Iyo chaiyo data pazuva rekuzvarwa kwenyaya yemunyori wenhoroondo haina. Inoramba iri chakavanzika nenzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwetemberi. Vanyori venhoroondo vanotenda kuti nguva ingangodaro yehupenyu hweHomeri ndiyo yebwe yeX-viii kusvika kuguva yedu. Imwe yemaguta matanhatu inotariswa nzvimbo yeiyo nyika inogoneka: Atene, Rhodes, Chios, Salmin, Smyrna, Argos.
Kupfuura akawanda akawanda edzimwe nzvimbo yeGreek yekare yakataurwa mumanyori akasiyana panguva dzakasiyana, nekuda kwekuuya kweHomer. Kazhinji kazhinji, iye anorondedzera anoonekwa seyakawirwa yemasirivha. Mabasa eHomer anogadziriswa nenhoroondo yekare yenyika, hapana mareferensi evarume vanorarama panguva iyoyo, izvo zvinokanganisa kufambidzana kwehupenyu hwemunyori. Pane ngano iyo vaHomeri ivo havana kuziva nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwake. Kubva kuOracle, mudzidzisi akaziva kuti Is iso Island yaive nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwaamai vake.
Iyo biographical data pahupenyu hweanorondedzerwa, yakaunzwa mumabasa ekare, kukonzera kusava nechokwadi nevanyori venhoroondo. Mumabasa ehupenyu hwedetembi, zvinotaurwa kuti Homer izita rakatorwa nenhamba nekuda kwehupofu hwake. Rakashandurwa, rinogona kureva kuti "bofu" kana "muranda". Pakuzvarwa, amai vacho vakagadzirwa naMesiggen, zvinoreva kuti "Vakazvarirwa paRwizi rweMelera." Zvinoenderana nerimwe revaya ngano, Homer oplex paakaona pfumo raAchilles. Mukunyaradza kwemwarikadzi Fetida akamuisa muchipo chevachipo.
Pane vhezheni iyo mudetembi yakanga isingadi "muranda", asi "inotungamira". Homer haana kumurira mushure mekunge muvharo mapofu, asi pane kudaro, chaiitika, ndokutanga kutaura nekuchenjera. Maererano neruzhinji rwekare biographers, Melzigen akaberekwa nemukadzi anonzi Cryflid.
Iye akarondedzera akataura nemitambo yevanhu vanokudzwa, pamisangano yemadhorobha, mumisika. Sekureva kwevanyori venhoroondo, iyo yekare yeGreek munguva yehupenyu hwaHomeri yainetsekana nekukura kwake. Mudetembi akadzikamisa nhengo dzemunhu kubva kumabasa ake, achifamba achibva kuguta kuenda kuguta. Akashandisa ruremekedzo, aive nekugara, chikafu uye anga asiri wetsvina uyo anofamba-famba uyo dzimwe nguva anoratidza bioghrafers.
Pane shanduro yekuti "Odyssey", "Iliad" uye "Homeric Hwmans" ibasa revanyori vakasiyana, uye Homeri aingova mutambi chete. Vanyori venhoroondo vanoona shanduro iyo nhetembo yaive yemhuri yevimbe. MuGreek yekare, kuremara uye mamwe maporofiti aiwanzo kutumirwa kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa. Mune ino kesi, chero nhengo yemhuri yaigona kutamba pasi pezita reHomer. Kubva kuzvizvarwa kusvika kuchizvarwa cheNhoroondo uye maitiro ekuurayiwa akaiswa kubva kuhama kuhama. Chokwadi ichi chaizotsanangura iyo nguva yakasikwa yekusikwa kwenhetembo, uye inojekesa mubvunzo nemazuva enyaya yeiyo nhau.
Kuumbwa kwenhamba
Imwe yenyaya dzakanyanyisa dzakatsiga nezvekuumbwa kwehomeri sezvo nhetembo ndeyaPeru Herodotus Galicarnas, uyo Cicero anonzi "baba venhoroondo". Maererano nomunyori wekare wekare, mudetembi aive pakuzvarwa anonzi Mulezigen. Aigara naamai vake muSmirna, kwaakava mudzidzi wemuridzi wechikoro chevanotapira. Melzigen aive akangwara kwazvo uye akarwiswa nesainzi.
Mudzidzisi akafa, achisiya mwana wake wepamoyo chikoro. Sezvo tashanda kwenguva yakati neMupi, Melzieg akafunga kuwedzera ruzivo rwake nezvenyika. Mubatsire iye akazvipira murume anonzi mentes, aiuya kubva kuLefkad Island. Melzigen yakavhara chikoro uye yakafamba nechikepe cheshamwari mune rwendo rwemaritimendi kuti uone maguta matsva nenyika.
Munguva yerwendo, mudzidzisi waimbove mudzidzisi akaunganidza nhoroondo, ngano, akabvunza nezvetsika dzevanhu veko. Kusvika muItaca, Melzigen akanzwa kurwara. Pfungwa dzakasiya satellite pasi pekutarisirwa kwemunhu akavimbika uye swam kumusha kwake. Mune imwezve rwendo, Melzigen akaenderera netsoka. Vari munzira, akadzokorora nyaya akaunganidzwa naye panguva yerwendo.
Sekureva kwaHerodota Galicarnas, pakupedzisira kutemwa kwemudzidzisi muguta reKolofon. Ikoko akatora zita idzva. Vanotsvagurudza vemazuva ano vanowanzo bvunza nhoroondo yaHerodot, pamwe nezvakanyorwa nevamwe vanyori vekare nezvehupenyu hwaHomeri.
Mubvunzo waHomer
Muna 1795, Friedrich August Wolf mune yekutanga kuburitsa zvinyorwa kune nhetembo dzeTemberi yekare yechiGiriki akaisa fungidziro iyo yakanzi "Homeric mubvunzo". Zvinorehwa chikuru chemafungiro esayenzi icho yaive nhetembo panguva yeHomer yaive yemuromo hunyanzvi. Mapofu, iyo inoshamisa yenhau haina kugona kuve munyori weiyo yakaoma artwork.
Homer yakanyorwa nziyo, nziyo, mimhanzi inoswera, iyo yakaumba hwaro hwe "iliad" uye "Odyssey." Sekureva kwaWolf, iyo yapera kutarisa nhetembo yakagamuchirwa, nekuda kwevamwe vanyori. Kubva ipapo, masayendisiti akaita mabasa aHomeri zvakakamurwa kuita misasa miviri:
Kupofumiswa
Vamwe vaongorori vaHomeri vaHomeri vanoti mudetembi aive pasina. Mukunzwira tsitsi kusavapo kwemudzidzisi, ivo vasina moyo vanotaura chokwadi chekuti vazivi uye vanofunga vakakurukurwa muGreek yekare nevanhu vakanyimwa chiratidzo, asi vane chipo chekutarisa mune izvo zvinhu. Upofu hunogona kufanana nehungwaru. Homer akafungidzirwa seimwe yevagadziri vemufananidzo wakazara wenyika, munyori wevamwari vechitendero. Uchenjeri hwaive hwekuti munhu wese pachena.
Bokagirwazve ezvipenga zvakaburitsa mufananidzo chaiwo weHomeri mumabasa avo, asi ivo vakanyora mabasa avo mumazana emakore mushure mekufa kwenhau. Sezvo yakavimbika data nezve hupenyu hwedetembi haina kuchengetedzwa, kududzirwa kwevakadzi vekare vaisakwanisa kuve kwakarurama. Mukufarira iyi vhezheni, chokwadi chekuvapo mune zvese zvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvezviitiko zvekunyepedzera zvinosanganisira mavara evanyori.
Shanda
Zvichengetedzerwa zvekare zvezvipupuriro zvekare zvinopa zano rekuti munguva yekare yebasa reHomer rainzi sosi yehungwaru. Nhetembo dzakapa ruzivo nezve zvese zvikamu zvehupenyu - kubva kune zvakasikwa zvehunhu kune zvekutanga zvehondo.
Plutarch akanyora kuti mukuru weAlexander Mukuru weAlexander akagara achichengeta kopi ye "Iliad" naye. Vana vechiGiriki vakadzidziswa kuverenga odyssee, uye zvimwe zvinonyatsoita kubva pamabasa eVazivi veHomeri Vazivi - Pythagareans akarayirwa senzira yekururamisa mweya.
Homer inoonekwa seanonyorwa haingori "iliad" uye "Odyssey." Mudzidzisi anogona kuve Musiki wenhetembo "Margit" uye "Homeric hymf". Pakati pemamwe mabasa anofungidzirwa kuti mutauri wekare wechiGiriki, pane kutenderera kwezvinyorwa zvekudzoka kwehondo yehondo yehondo yeTrojan muGreek: . Nhetembo dzeHomeri inosiyanisa mutauro wakasarudzika uyo usina kufananidzwa mukutaura kwecoluquial. Maitiro enyaya akaita kuti ngano dzisingakanganwike uye dzinonakidza.
Rufu
Iko kune ngano inotsanangura kufa kwehomeri. Mukukwegura, mudzidzisi bofu akaenda kuOso Island. Kufamba, Homer akasangana nevabati vehove vadiki, vanomufungidzira kuti chirabwe: "Tine chimwe chinhu chatisina kubata, uye zvatakabatwa, takakanda kunze." Mudetembi airatidza pane chisarudzo chechipatara kwenguva yakareba, asi haana kuzombowana mhinduro chaiyo. Vakomana vakabatwa, kwete hove. Homer akagumbuka nenyaya yekuti aisakwanisa kugadzirisa chirabwe, chakatsvedza ndokurova musoro wake.Maererano neimwe vhezheni, mudzidzisi wacho akazviuraya naye, nekuti rufu rwakanga rusiri runomutsamwira semafungiro epfungwa.
Chokwadi chinonakidza
- Pane zvinyorwa zvegumi nemaviri emudzidzisi wemudzidzisi, izvo zvakauya nguva yedu kubva kunguva dzekare, asi zvese zvine zvinhu zvakanaka uye kutaura nezvekutora chikamu kwevamwari vekare vechiGiriki mune izvo zvehupenyu hweHomer.
- Mudetembi akagovera mabasa ake kunze kweGreek yekare nerubatsiro rwevadzidzi. Ivo vakanzi Hemerida. Vakadzungaira mumaguta akasiyana, vachigutsa pwere dzebasa remudzidzisi wavo.
- Kusikwa kwaHomer kwaive kwakakurumbira kwazvo muGreek yekare. Inenge hafu yezvese yakawanikwa paPapyrus mipumburu yekare yechiGiriki ndeyekunze kubva kumabasa akasiyana ehutembi.
- Zvinyorwa zvemunyori zvakaendeswa nemuromo. Nhetembo dzatinoziva nhasi dzakaunganidzwa uye dzakarongedzwa mumabasa ezvinyorwa kubva pane dzakapararira dzenzvimbo dzehondo dzeAtene tirana yePissistrat. Zvimwe zvikamu zvezvinyorwa zvakarongedzwa kuenderana nezvinodiwa zveMutengi.
- Soviet Prose Masip Mandelstam muna 1915 akanyora nhetembo "kushaya hope. Homer. Stick Sails ", mandiri whale" Iliad "yakadanwa kune anorondedzera uye magamba.
- Kusvikira pakati pemakore makumi manomwe ezana ramakumi maviri, zviitiko zvinotsanangurwa muvhetembo dzaHomeri zvaionekwa seyakachena. Asi kubuda kwekuchera matongo kweHeinrich Schliman, akawana Troy, airatidza kuti kugona kwetemberi yekare yechiGiriki kunoenderana nezvakaitika chaicho. Pashure pokuwanikwa kwakadaro, vateveri vaPlato vakasimbisa mutariro yekuti rimwe zuva vanochera matongo vanowana uye atlantis.