Nhoroondo Yemunhu
Bhuku raDanyeri defo mukupenya kweziso rakazova mubatsiri uye akaisa kutanga kweiyo classic envel. Kuita kwoMunyori kwakapa kukurudzira kune nhungamiro nyowani yekuverenga uye cinema, uye zita reRobinson Cruzo vakava mazita. Pasinei nenyaya yekuti manyoro e defo kubva mukushushikana kuchinongedzerwa nekufunga kwehunyanzvi, zvakanyatsogadziriswa pakati pevaverengi: "Zvinogamuchirwa kuti vataure nezvevana vezvevana, kunyange vanoda vevakuru vevana vevana yakagadzirira kukanda muzvishandiso zvisina kujairika pachitsuwa chisina kujairika pamwe negamba guru.Nhoroondo Yezvisikwa
Munyori Daniel Defo akasangana nezita rake chairo, kupa iyo hutsinye adventure novel "Robinson kruzo" muna 1719. Kunyangwe munyori akanyora kure nebhuku rimwe, raive iro basa remufambi asina kugadzikana akawa akasimba mukuziva kwenyika yenyika. Vashoma vanhu vanoziva kuti Danieri haana kungofadza iwo maitiro ezvitoro zvebhuku, asiwo akaunzawo vagari venyasha dzenyama vane hunyanzvi hwekunyora senge bhuku.
Munyori akashevedzera nhoroondo yake yemanyoro, achitora dzidziso dzehunyanzvi, protototes dzevanhu uye nyaya dzinoshamisa senzira. Saka, muverengi haangotarise kutambudzika nesimba rekuda kwaRobinson, akakandirwa mhiri kwehupenyu, asiwo kune munhu anozvarwa patsva mukukurukurirana nechisikigo.
Defo akauya neiyi basa rakakosha pasina tsaona; Chokwadi ndechekuti vatenzi veIzwi vakafuridzira nyaya dzeBottchman Alexander Selkirk, uyo akapedza makore mana pachitsuwa chisina kujairika cheMas-tierra muPacific Ocean.
Majaya paakanga aine makore 27, akaenda kumahombekombe egungwa eSouth America sechikamu cheboka rengarava. Selkirk anga ari murume wepamba uye akaomarara: Chiitiko chekushambira hachina kuziva kuti ungachengeta sei muromo wake pamubhedha, saka kutaurwa kushoma kwekuda, mukuru wechuru, akatsamwisa kukakavara. Pane imwe nguva, mushure mekupokana kunotevera, Alexander akabvunza kumisa ngarava uye akamutevera pamunda.
Zvichida zvikepe zvaida kuputika naboss wake, asi iye akabva angoita zvinodiwa negungwa. Chikepe chakati chatanga kusvika chitsuwa chisina kugamuchirwa, Selkirk akabva zvachinja pfungwa, asi hutachiona hwakashanduka. Mufambisi wechikepe, uyo akabhadhara rurimi rwakapinza, akapedza makore mana mu "nzvimbo yekubvisa", uye akakwanisa kudzokera kuhupenyu munharaunda, akatanga kumhanyisa mazariro uye kutaura nyaya dzekushamwaridzana kwake kune dzenzvimbo yeSeva.
Alexander akazova pachitsuwa ichi aine chidimbu chidiki chezvinhu, yaive hupfu, demo, pfuti uye zvimwe zvinhu. Pakutanga, mufambisi wechikepe akatambura nekusurukirwa, asi nekufamba kwenguva akakwanisa kujairana nezvinhu zvinangwa zvehurombo zvekuve. Iyo inonyungudika iyo, ichidzokera kumigwagwa yemadhorobha yakamanikana nedzimba dzemabendekete, mudiwa wekuvapo wakapotsa gara pane imwe nzvimbo isina kugarwa. Mutori venhau Richard Chimiro, uyo akaomerwa kuteerera nyaya dzaTiyambu, akatungamira mazwi Selkirka:
"Ini ndine zvino mazana masere emapaunzi, asi handizombofara kwazvo, yaive sei ini ndakanga ndisina chitubu chemweya."Richard Sangano Rakabuditsa Nhau dzaAlexander muEngland, zvisina kukodzera kuunzwa Umambo hwakabatana nemurume uyo aizodaidzwa kuti Brill munguva yedu. Asi zvinokwanisika kuti pepanhau rakatora chirevo kubva mumusoro wake, saka bhuku iri rakachena chokwadi kana ngano - ichingogara chete kufungidzira.
Daniel defo haana kuzomboratidzira zvakavanzika zvebhuku rake chairo kune veruzhinji, saka hypotheses pakati pevanyori vanoramba vachikura kusvika pari zvino. Sezvo Alexander aive chidhakwa chisina kudzidza, anga asiri kufanana nebhuku rake rembodiment pamberi peRobinson Cruzo. Naizvozvo, vamwe vaongorori vanowanzoona kuti Henry Pitmen akashanda seprototype.
Chiremba uyu akatumirwa kuChinzvimbo kuWest-India, asi haana kugamuchira mugumo wake uye, pamwe chete neminamato yake, kutiza kwakatorwa. Zvakaoma kutaura kuti rombo rakanaka kudivi reHenry raive. Mushure mekunge chikepe chikepe, akazviwana pachitsuwa chisina kugamuchirwa chemunyu-torch, kunyangwe mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu zvese zvinogona kupedza zvakanyanya.
Vamwe vadikani vanowanzoitika kuti munyori anodzingwa kubva pamararamiro emumwe mukakadzi weiyo Richard Nox Hutapwa, aaigara mukutapwa kwemakore makumi maviri muSri Lanka. Izvo hazvina kudikanwa kusabvisa izvo defo yakadzorerwa muRobinson Cruise pachayo. Izwi rekuti Tenzi raive nehupenyu hwakapfuma, iye haangori chenyenzi chete mune iyo Inkwell, asiwo achiita mutori wevatori venhau uye kunyange espionage.
Biography
Robinson Cruzo ndiye mwanakomana wechitatu mumhuri uye kubva achiri mudiki akarota mumutambo wekushambadzira. Vabereki vemukomana vakada kurova ramangwana rinofadza uye vaisada kuti hupenyu hwake huve hwakafanana ne biography yeAmerigo Vospucci kana Galileo Gallian. Mukuwedzera, mukoma waRebinson akafa muhondo muFlanders, uye pakati yakanyangarika.
Naizvozvo, baba vakaona mumugove mukuru wega rutsigiro mune ramangwana. Akakumbira misodzi mwana kuti atore pfungwa uye kurwira hupenyu hwakayerwa uye hwakanyarara hwemukuru. Asi mukomana haana kugadzirira chero hunyanzvi, asi akapedza mazuva asina basa, achirota kukunda nzvimbo yemvura.
Mirayiridzo yemhuri yemhuri yakadzikama guruva rake rakadzikama, asi jaya rakatsauka makore gumi nemasere, akaunganidza zvinhu zvake muchivande uye akanyengedzwa nerwendo rwemahara, izvo zvakapihwa neshamwari yake. Zuva rekutanga remudziyo raive kudzvanywa kwemunguva yemberi: Dutu rinokurumidza rakamutswa mumweya weRobinson Treain, uye rakapfuura nemamiriro ekunze ekunaya uye akazopedzwa zvinwiwa zvinodhaka.
Zvakakodzera kutaura kuti yanga isiri iyo yekupedzisira bhanhwe muHupenyu hweRobinson Cruzo. Jaya rakakwanisa kudzima mutengesi mumuranda anosiririsa remudziyo unobira, righomwe yekubatwa, mushure mekutorwa kweTirazi Chokwadi, mamiriro eruponeso aive nehasha: Kaputeni akavimbisa rusununguko rwake mushure memakore gumi.
MuBrazil, Robinson Crusoe akashanda kuti asashandise maoko pafodya uye nzara nzanga. Hunhu hukuru hwebasa rakaramba richimhanyisa pamusoro pemirairo yababa vake, asi chido chekushambadzira chaive kutora mararamiro akanyarara, saka ngarava zvakare yakabatanidzwa mukushambidzika. Vaindibata navo paMusangano vakanzwa nyaya dzake nezvekuenda kumahombekombe eGuinea, saka hazvishamise kuti maPlanters akafunga kuvaka ngarava kuitira kuti vatakure muchivande varanda veBrazil.
Kufambisa kwevaranda kubva kuAfrica kwakabatana nengozi dzemarungu shanduko uye matambudziko kubva kudivi repamutemo. Robinson akatora chikamu mune ino zvisiri pamutemo seyechikepe mabharani. Chikepe chakafamba nechikepe musi waSeptember 1, 1659, kureva kuti makore masere mushure mekupukunyuka kwake kubva mumba.
Mwanakomana anopambadza haana kupa izvo zvinorehwa nevanoita mugumo, uye zvisikwa zvakapukunyuka vakapona nedutu rakasimba, uye chikepe chakapa kuyerera. Pakupedzisira, vatori veboka vakasara vakapfuurira muchikepe, icho chakabvaruka nekuda kweiyo hombe pfumo regomo. Akapera Robinson akabuda kuti ave chete timu yakakomberedzwa: Iyo huru hunhu yakakwanisa kupinda munyika, uko makore ake mazhinji emitambo akatanga.
Zano
Pakazoita Robinson Cruzo akaziva kuti yaive pachitsuwa chisina kugamuchirwa, kupererwa uye kusuwa kwevakafa kwakabviswa. Uye zvakare, heti dzakakandwa pamhenderekedzo, matanda neshangu zvinoyeuchidzwa nezvakaitika kare. Kukurira kushungurudzika, protagonist yakatanga kufungisisa nezvenzira yekupona mune ino chiyo uye yakakanganikwa naMwari. Gamba iro rinowana izvo zvigadziko nezvishandiso pachikepe, uye zvakare vakaita kuvakwa kweShala uye palicoze kwakakomberedza.
Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha cheRobinson chakava bhokisi remuvezi, panguva iyoyo aisachinja ngarava yose yakazadzwa negoridhe. Cruzo akaziva kuti aifanira kunge ari muchitsuwa chisina kugamuchirwa. Aizofanira kunge ari kure nemwedzi mumwe uye kunyange gore raive rimwe gore, Robininson akadyara minda nemapepa, uye mbudzi dzesango dzakava kunobva nyama nemukaka.
Uyu murume uya asina kunaka akanzwa murume wechinyakare. Iyo gamba rakanyungudutswa kubva kuhubudiriro yaifanira kushandisa musanganiswa uye kushanda nesimba: Akadzidza kubheka chingwa, gadzira zvipfeko nekupisa ndiro kubva kuvhu.
Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Robinson akabata eminhenga kubva muchikepe, pepa, ink, Bhaibheri, pamwe nembwa, katsi uye neparavha yekukurukurirana, uyo akadzika munhu akasurukirwa. Kuti "patsembe mweya wako," iye protagonist akatungamira diary, kwaakanyorwa uye kucherechedzwa, uye zviitiko zvidiki, semuenzaniso: "Mvura inaye nhasi."
Kuongorora chitsuwa, Cruzo akawana miti yemanyogogogogogogogogogogogogogogogogogogogogogokuisa mari, dzichifamba pamusoro penyika uye ronga mabiko, ipo ndimedhi huru inyama yemunhu. Rimwe zuva, Robinson anoponesa kutapwa, ayo aifanirwa kusvika kune ma cannads patafura. Cruise inodzidzisa munhu mutsva kuzivana muChirungu uye anoidaidza kuti Chishanu, sezvo kujairana kwavo kwekuziva kwakaitika pazuva iri revhiki rino.
Padivi rinotevera rekutasva, Cruise, pamwe chete neChishanu, rwisa kuponesa uye chengetedza vamwe vasungwa vaviri: baba Chishanu uye Spaniard, ngarava yayo yaipaza.
Pakupedzisira, Robinson akabata rombo rakanaka kumuswe: ngarava yakafamba nechikepe kuchitsuwa chakabatwa nevapanduki. Magamba ebasa akasunungura kaputeni uye mubatsire kudzoka kutonga pamusoro pechikepe. Saka, Robinson Cruzo mushure memakore makumi maviri nemasere pane chitsuwa chegwenga anodzokera kune nyika yakabudirira kuhama dzaimutarisisa dzafa. BHUKU raDaniel rine kupera kunofadza: MuLisbon Cruzo inogamuchira purofiti kubva kuBrazil madyara, inovaita hupfumi hwakanaka.
Robinson haadi kufamba zvakanyanya negungwa, saka anotakura hupfumi hwayo kuEngland. Ikoko kwakamumirira neChishanu: Nepindanisi yePyrenees, magamba anovhara nzira yebereko rine nzara uye boka remhumhi dzavanofanira kurwa navo.
Chokwadi Zvinonakidza
- Rwiyo rwevaifamba, rwakapisa muchitsuwa chisina kugamuchirwa, chine kuenderera mberi. Bhuku rinonzi "kuenderera mberi kweRobinson Cruzo" rakabudiswa muna 1719 pamwe chete nechikamu chekutanga chebasa. Chokwadi, haana kuwana kuzivikanwa nekubwinya pakati peveruzhinji. MuRussia, bhuku iri harina kuburitswa muRussia kubva 1935 kusvika 1992. Bhuku Rechitatu "kuratidzwa kwakakura kweRobinson Cruzo" haisati yashandurwa muchiRussia.
- Mufirimu "hupenyu uye zvinoshamisa adventures of Rubinson Mufananidzo uyu muUSSR wakatarisa kuna 26.3 miriyoni vanoona.
- Zita rizere rebasa re defo rinonzwika sezvizvi: "Hupenyu Hwakanyanya uye hunoshamisa hweRopinon, uyo akararama makore makumi maviri nemasere ezvisikwa mugomo reAmerica pedyo nemuromo we Orinoco rwizi, kwaakakandirwa nekushingirira, panguva iyo boka rose rekutakura rinotakura pamusoro pake, akafa, nekuratidzwa kwesununguko yake isingatarisirwi yakanyorwa naye ari oga. "
- Robinson ORENT ISTRE ITSVA MUFANANIDZO YEMAHARA uye CINEMA, iyo inotsanangura kupukunyuka kwemunhu kana boka revanhu pachitsuwa chisina kugamuchirwa. Huwandu hwemabasa akanyorwa uye akanyorwa nenzira yakafanana, asi anogona kusiyaniswa neterevhizheni yakakurumbira terevhizheni, vakadaro vari vapenyu ", apo maMateo Filly, Terry O'kuinn, Naucrews uye vamwe vatambi.
- Hunhu hukuru kubva pabasa re defo hwakasimuka kwete mufirimu chete, asiwo rakaponeswa. Muna 2016, vateereri vakaona mhuri yemhuri "Robinson Cruzo: Chitsuwa chakazara."