Biography
Alfred Bernhard Nobel ndeye Chemist uye Injiniya kubva kuSweden, akagadzira Dynamite, yakatwasuka jelly, corrodies.
Mhizha yemberi, Swede kune nyika, yakazvarwa muna Gumiguru 21, 1833. Baba veAlfred vaive iyo imventor-Autodactamman Emanuel nobel, murombo kubva mudunhu redunhu. Nyanzvi Nugget yakava mukurumbira wechigadzirwa chemauto, izvo zvaishandiswa neRussia Artillery muHondo yereveri. Kune ichi chigadzirwa, Swede yakaunzwa kune iyo Imperial mubairo.
Andribeutta amai vaNobbhi, vakarera vakadzi vepamba, vakarera vanakomana vana: Alfred, Robert, Ludwig naEmil. Mhuri yakatanga kugara muSweden kutanga, akabva aendeswa kunharaunda yeFinland, mushure mekunge ndatamira kuRussia, St. Petersburg. Immanuel aingoita chete neimba chete, mupiro wakakura kuna baba vaNoberi kukudziridzwa kwedzimba dzinodziya masisitimu nemapepa emvura. Injiniya yakagadzirwa michina yekuunganidza mavhiri engoro.
Vana va nobu vakadzidza kumba. Vaive nedare raidzidzisa hama dzakadzidzisa zviziviso zvakasikwa, mabhuku uye mitauro yeEurope. Vakomana pakupera kwedzidziso yavo neSweden, Russian, French, Chirungu uye chiGerman. Na 17, Alfred akaendeswa kune rwendo kuenda kuEurope neUnited States. Muguta guru reFrance, jaya rakakwanisa kushanda pamwe chete neTeophyl Jobho Jobho Jobho Jobho, muna 1936, iyo ine Glycerin. Peluza pamwe chete naBessanio sobero muna 1840-1843 yakashanda pane kusikwa kweNitroglycerin.
Pasi pehutungamiri hweRussia Scientist Nikolai Nikolayevich Zinina Alfred vakatakurwa nekudzidza kwetinitrate yeGlycertin. Syanzvi yesainzi pakupedzisira yakatungamira musayendisiti wechidiki wekugadzirwa, izvo zvakaita kuti Makemist ane mukurumbira. Basa guru mune biography yeNobel ndiko kusikwa kweDynamite, iyo yakanyorwa muna Chivabvu 7, 1867.
Sayenzi uye Zvigadzirwa
Kubva kuFrance, Nobel inotumirwa kuUnited States kunoshanda muBarorator yemubatanidzwa wechiSwethe Masayendisiti akaitawowo kudzidza nezvenzvimbo yesimba reSolar. Mudzidzi wechidiki ari pasi pehutungamiri hweThe tenzi anoitisa makemikari emakemikari uye emuviri zviitiko.
Kudzokera kuStockholm, Nobel haamirapo. Makemikari ari kushanda pane kutsvaga kwechinhu chinoshanda chinoderedza njodzi yekuputika yeglycerin trinitrate. Nekuda kwekuedza kumwe chete, iyo yakaitwa pane zvinomera zvevhu iri muStockholm, musi waGunyana 3, 1864 Pakanga paine kuputika. Tsaona iyi yaiti hupenyu hwevanhu vanoverengeka, kusanganisira mukoma mudiki Emil. Panguva yenjodzi, jaya racho rakanga rakazadzika makore makumi maviri. Baba havana kupona kurasikirwa, vachimhanya mushure mekurohwa uye havana kusvika kurufu.
Mwedzi mushure medambudziko, Alfred akakwanisa kuwana patent yeNitroglycerin. Mushure meizvozvo, mainjiniya akatora chisikwa cheDynamite, detonator yeGelatin Dynamite uye zvimwe zvinoputika. Masayendisiti akabudirira uye mukuvandudzwa kwezviridzwa zvehupfumi: Chishandiso chefiriji, chikepe chesimba, gasi rinopisa, barometer, metrometer. Makemikari akagadzira zviwanikwa 355 mumunda we biology, chemistry, optics, mushonga, metallurgy.
Nobel yekutanga yakagadzira midziyo yemakemikari yeiyo yekugadzira silk uye nitrocellulose. Chimwe nechimwe chigadzirwa, musayendisiti akakurumbira nerubatsiro rwehurukuro nekuratidzira kwemikana yemishini kana chinhu. Mharidzo dzakadaro dzemainjiniya emakemikari ainakidzwa mukurumbira pakati pevazhinji vasina ruzivo, vatinoshanda navo uye shamwari dzechokwadi.
Nobel aifarira kunyora zvinyorwa zvekunyora, mabhuku artistic. Avenue Chemist aive nhetembo uye prose, ane musayendisiti akaendeswa kune yake yemahara nguva. Imwe yemabasa anopokana eAlfred Nobel yaive yekutamba yaive "Mazsida", iyo yemakore mazhinji yakarambidzwa bhuku uye kuiswa nevashumiri vechechi, uye muna 2003, kuZuva rekurangarira kweSystemist, rakanunurwa neStockholm Mutariri wetiriya.
Alfred aifarira sainzi, uzivi, nhoroondo nemabhuku. Shamwari dzaNobel dzaive dzakakurumbira artists, vanyori, masayendisiti, masayendisiti ehurumende yenguva iyoyo. Nobel aigara achikokwa kuchikumbiro uye manyoro eumambo. Mugadziri akaitwa mune nhengo dzekurumbidza dzevadzidzi vazhinji veEuropean dzeScience: Sweden, Chirungu, Paris, University of Ustro. Pane rake rese rebasa rondedzero, French, Sweden, Brazil, Venezuelan Order uye mubairo wakanyorwa.
Mhuri yeNobel yakasangana nematambudziko emari anoenderana nekushandisa zvachose pakuedza. Asi pakupedzisira, hama dzakawana mapakeji emigove yeiyo baku mafuta emagetsi uye redem.
Pamusangano wepasi rese wepasi rose, zvakaitika muParis muna 1889, Nobu akapokana nehukama hwake. Izvi zvakakonzera chiitiko chemahara kubva kune vamwe vatori vechikamu. Mumusoro wevakuru vakuru vepamusoro epasi, hazvina kukodzera, somunhu akagadzirwa nechiridzwa chekuponda nehondo. Mukudzvinyirira kweAlfreda anonzi "mambo wehaka", "mamirioni moto ari paropa", rufu rwe "rekufungidzira rinoputika". Hukama hwakadaro nesainzi hwakavhiringidzika uye hwakatora tsigiro.
Hupenyu Hwako
Alfred Nobel akararama Bachelor, akange asina mukadzi. Musikana wekutanga akawa murudo neyechizaruro yemunyepedzeri, akava mufesi mudiki. Nguva pfupi vazivikanwe naNobel, vechidiki zvinhu zvakafa kubva ku tuberculosis. Alfred kwenguva refu kuchema pamudiwa, kutarisisa kweinjiniya kwakakwezva dentress yedhiramu Sara Bernard, uye Nobu akatobvunza chikomborero chake kuwanano. Asi iyo kure kure dentriet haina kubvumidza kusarudzwa kweMwanakomana. Mushure mekunge gomba neye nyeredzi yemitambo alfred yakaenda kubasa uye yakamira kutsvaga hupenyu hwehupenyu.
Asi muna 1874, musayendisiti akange achinja muhupenyu hwomuparidzi. Mukutsvaga kwevanyori, Alfred akasangana neColless Berta Kinski, yakazova musayendisiti anodiwa. Mushure memakore akati wandei eARDOR Hushamwari, musikana akasiya abvise uye akasiya muguta guru reAustria kuenda kune imwe fiance.
Makore ekupedzisira ealfred akarwiswa neanonetseka asina kudzidza, uyo airota ave mukadzi weinjiniya akakurumbira. Asi Alfred Nobel akarererwa akarambana chikumbiro chemusikana.
Nobel Mubairo
Muna 1893, Nodfred Nobel akakweverwa Testamende Yekutanga, iyo yakaratidza kuti chikamu chakakosha cheguta guru rechiyedzo chinofanira kuendeswa mushure mekufa kwemakemikari ehumambo hwehumambo hwechibayiro cheumambo. Pane iyo mari inotapurwa yaifungidzirwa kuvhura mari, iyo gore rega rega rinyorere kuwanikwa kuwanika. Panguva imwecheteyo, 5% yenhaka Nobel yakakundwa neyunivhesiti yeStockholm, Stockholm Hospital uye iyo Caroline Medical University.
Asi mumakore maviri, testamende yakashandurwa. Gwaro racho rakatodzimwa kuhama nemasangano, uye dzikurudzira kusikwa kwehomwe iyo guta guru resainzi richachengetwa nenzira yezvibvumirano uye zvisungo. Mari yemari kubva kuchengetedzo inosungirwa gore segore kupatsanurana zvakaenzana kwemubairo mashanu. Mubairo wega wega (zvino mubairo weNobel) uchapihwa kuti uwonekwe mumunda wefizikiki, chemistry, physiology kana mushonga, mabhuku uye kufamba kwerunyararo.
Rufu
Musi waDecember 10, 1896, mainjiniya akafa kubva pamigumisiro yekurova ari oga villa yake muSan Remo. Guruva resayenzi rakatakurwa kumusha kwake uye akavigwa mumakuva eNorra.
Mushure mekuvhura testamende uye kusati kwaitwa kwekuda, Alfred Nobel akapfuura makore matatu. Mushure mezvimiro zvezvimiro zveParamende yeSweden muna 1901, iyo yekutanga mari yemari yakabhadharwa kune musayendisiti akasarudzika.
Chokwadi chinonakidza
- Iko kugadzirwa kukuru kwealfred kune runyerekupe kwakauya nemukana: Munguva yekufambisa yeNitroglycerin, hombodo imwe yakarova, chinhu chakawira pavhu uye kuputika kwakaitika. Asi musayendisiti iye pachake haana kusimbisa iyi vhezheni. Nobel akapokana kuti mhedzisiro inodiwa yakasvika nekuedza kurwadza.
- Alfred Nobel yakavigwa neruzhinji, kuve mupenyu, muna 1888. Mharidzo isinganzwisisike nezverufu rwemunun'una wechienzi, vatapi venhau vakaziva semashoko okufa kweAlfred Nobred Nobel uye akakurumidza kuratidza chiitiko chakadai chinofadza kwazvo. Mumazuva iwayo, Alfred akaziva kuti nzanga isingakwanisi inoona kuvhurwa kwesainzi. Kuva muPacifist, Nobel akauya nenzira yekusimudzira zita rake amene, achipupura capital kune zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvesainzi uye nerunyararo.
- Masayendisiti akashamisika kuti nei Nobel asina kupihwa mubairo wekubudirira mune masvomhu. Vazhinji vakasangana kuti alfred vaive neruvengo rwese kuna masvomhu mitushlab leffleur. Asi kutaura zvazviri, Alfred Nobel inofunga kuti sainzi iyi ine chishandiso chekutsvakisisa kwekutsvagisa mumunda weChemistry nefizikisi.
- Kupfuura wezana muUnited States, mupepeti webhuku remubatanidzwa weSatirams Mako akarongwa neye Schnobel mubairo, uyo wakatanga kupihwa muVaridzi vezvakanyanya kujairika uye zvisina kufanira.