Biography
Socrate - Muzivi mukuru wekare, vadzidzi vake vaive Plato, Alkiviad, Xenphon, Euctide. Dzidziso yeSocrates yakaratidza nhanho nyowani mukuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekare, apo iyo pfungwa yakanga isiri chisikwa uye rugare, asi munhu uye zvekunamata.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Maererano nezvinoita zvakasiyana, muzivi akaberekerwa muna 470-469 BC, mune iyo Giriki Atene, mumhuri yemasoforoni nezvipingamupinyi zve fenarts. Ramangwana rakanaka rakafunga kuti hama yepakutanga, iyo yakagara nhaka pfuma yababa, asi Socrate haina kuramba muurombo.
Izvi zvinogona kutongwa nenyaya yekuti muhondo nehondo, muzivi akaenda kune yunifomu yemhare inorema, uye yakakwanisa kubhadhara chete kune vagari vemo. Inotevera mhedziso yekuti baba veSocrates vaive mugari wepfuma uye vakawana zvakanaka, pfuti nezvimwe zviridzwa.
Socrate aipinda katatu kutambira katatu, achiratidza ushingi uye ushingi panhamo. Kunyanya kushingairira kweuzivi uye murwi akazviratidza pazuva raakaponesa kubva kurufu rwehondo yake, Alkiviad.
Iye anofunga akazvarwa 6 Farira, mu "zuva" asina kuchena, akafanorongerwa mugumo wake. Maererano nemirairo yekare yechiGiriki, Socrate yakava muchengeti wemapepa enharaunda yeAtene nenharaunda, uye isina mhosva. Mune ramangwana, mabasa eruzhinji echizivi anoitwa nekushingairira, asi asina kujairika, uye akaripira hupenyu hwekutenda, kutendeseka uye kusimba uye kusimba uye kusimba uye kusimba.
Mujaya hwake, Sociates akadzidza kuDamon naKonon, Zenona, Anksya, Ansaida naArcheli, vakataurirana nepfungwa huru uye vatenzi venguva iyoyo. Haana kusiya bhuku rimwe chete, kana chimwe chiratidzo chakanyorwa cheuchenjeri uye uzivi. Ruzivo pamusoro pemunhu uyu, nhoroondo yehupenyu, biography, uzivi uye mazano anozivikanwa nevazukuru chete paMumoirs evadzidzi, vakararama panguva yekutevera. Mumwe wavo ndiye aive mukuru weAristotle.
Uzivi
Muhupenyu, muzivi haana kurekodha kuratidzira, achisarudza kuenda kuchokwadi, achishandisa kutaura kwemuromo. Socrate vaitenda kuti izwi rezvinyorwa zvinouraya ndangariro uye kurasikirwa nepfungwa. Ufadze uzivi hweSove hwakavakirwa pane pfungwa dzehunhu, hwakanaka uye hwakanaka, hwaakataura nezivo, ushingi, kutendeseka, kutendeseka.
Panguva imwecheteyo, ruzivo, muCocrates, uye kune hunhu. Kusaziva nezve kukosha kwefungidziro, munhu haagoni kuita zvakanaka, kuve akashinga kana kurongeka. Zivo chete inoita kuti ive yakanaka kuva yakanaka, sezvazvinoitika nehana.
Zvinopesana nekududzirwa kwendiro yezvakaipa inotorwa neSocrates, kana kuti panzvimbo pezvavo mune zvakanyorwa naPlato naXenphon, vadzidzi veBrother. Sekureva kwaPlato, Socrates zvisina kunaka ndezveakaipa kunge zvakadai, kunyangwe kune izvo zvakaipa, izvo zvinorwadza vavengi. Xenophon ane maonero okutanga pane iyi nyaya, achiendesa mazwi eSocrates pane zvakaipa zvinodikanwa pamakakatanwa, nekutaura kuti udzivirirwe.
Dudziro yakatarisana yezvirevo zvinotsanangurwa nehunhu hwekudzidzisa hunhu hweSocratic School. Muzivi anosarudza kutaurirana nevadzidzi vari muchimiro chekutaurirana, nekutenda chaiko kuti chokwadi chakazvarwa. Naizvozvo, zvine musoro kufunga kuti murwi weHourate akataura neyedhimoni Xenophone nezvehondo uye vakakurukura zvakaipa pamuenzaniso wemubatanidzwa wemauto nemuvengi panhandare yehondo.
Plato aive mugari weAtene, uye Socrates naPlato akataura nezvehunhu hwetsika mukati menyika, uye zvaive zvevagari vemo, vadiwa uye kana zvichizotenderwa kuita zvakaipa kwavari.
Dialogue haisi iyo chete mutsauko muSocratic uzivi. Kune zvinhu zvakajeka zvekunzwisisika kwetsika, hunhu hwevanhu hwakanyorwa neuzivi hweuzivi hunosanganisira:
- nzira yakataurwa, yakataurwa yechokwadi yekutsvaga;
- Kutsunga kwepfungwa nenzira yekunyengerera, kubva kuzvimiririra - kune General;
- Tsvaga mhinduro dzemibvunzo nerubatsiro rweMaevitka.
Socrate nzira yekutsvaga chokwadi yaive yekuti muzivi akabvunza kuti interlocutor yekubvisa nyaya neyekuita, kuti vapindure vakarasika uye pakupedzisira vakasangana nemhedzisiro isingatarisirwi. Iye anofunga uye mibvunzo yakakwana "kubva kumudzvinyiriri", vachimanikidza anopikisa kuzvipikisa.
Mudzidzisi pachake haana kunyorera zita remudzidzisi anoziva vese. Neichi chimiro cheSocratsky dzidziso, mutsara uyu unofungidzirwa kwaari zvine hukama:
"Ini ndinongoziva zvandisingazive chero chinhu, asi vamwe havazivi izvi."Muzivi akabvunza, achikusundira iyo pindiri kune pfungwa itsva uye mafambiro. Kubva kuGeneral zvinhu, akadonhedza kududzirwa kwepfungwa dzekongiri: Chii chinonzi kushinga, rudo, mutsa?
Nzira yakaremara yakanga yakatemwa naAristotle, uyo akagadzirirwa kuberekwa shure kwechizvarwa mushure meCookrates uye ave mudzidzi wePlato. Sekureva kwaAristotle, iyo Main Social Paradox Inoverenga kuti: "Unhu hwevanhu hwakafunga mamiriro ezvinhu."
Socrate uyo akatungamira mararamiro asina kuchena, vanhu vaiuya kuzoziva, vachitsvaga chokwadi. Haana kudzidzisa kuomarara uye mamwe hunyanzvi, asi akadzidzisa kuve akanaka kuhama: mhuri, vanhu, shamwari, vashandi nevaranda.
Muzivi haana kutora mari kubva kuvadzidzi, asi vanokudzwa vakaramba vachimusunga kumaodzanyemba. Wokupedzisira, zvakare, aifarira kukurukurirana kwemitemo yehunhu uye zvekunamata zvevanhu, asi hazvina kuitika kuti uwane mbozha nemapepa avo.
Chikonzero chekusagutsikana kubva pane maonero enzanga yeGreek yekare uye vagari vechigari veSocens vakapa zvakawanda. Kwenguva iyoyo, yaionekwa seyakaoma kuitira kuti vana vakura vadzidze kubva kuvabereki vavo, uye pakanga pasina zvikoro zvakadai. Vechidiki vakafemera kubwinya kwemurume uyu uye vakakanda valila kune muzivi akakurumbira. Chizvarwa chekare hachina kufadza mamiriro akadaro, kubva pano uye akazvarwa anouraya nekuda kweSocrates mhosva ye "Uori hwehuduku."
Zvaiita sekunge muzivi unokanganisa nheyo dzepfungwa dzenharaunda, dzichiita kuti vabereki vavo varoorane nepfungwa dzakakurumidza, dzidziso dzine manyawi, dzinotadza zvinangwa zveGreek.
Imwe pfungwa, iyo yakafa nekuda kweSocrates uye yakatungamira kurufu rwemutariri, inosanganisirwa nekupomerwa kusingagamuchiriki uye kunamatwa nevamwe vamwari pane avo vanozivikanwa nevaAtene. Socrate vaitenda kuti zvaive zvakaoma kuti munhu atonge zviito, nekuti zvakaipa zviri kuenda kusaziva. Panguva imwe chete, mumweya wemunhu wese kune nzvimbo yakanaka, uye mweya yega yega ine democracy dhimoni. Izwi renzwi remukati rino, raizonzi ngirozi yekuchengetedza, nguva nenguva yakashamisika neiyo So Socrat, maitiro ekuita mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
Dhimoni rikasvika mukubatsirwa kweuzivi mumamiriro ezvinhu ainonyanya kusuwa uye aigara akatsanangurwa, saka zvakakanganisika nemaSocrates aionekwa asingatendeke. Iri dhimoni uye rigamuchira huMwari chitsva, izvo zvinofungwa zvinofungidzirwa zvinamatwa.
Hupenyu Hwako
Kusvika makore makumi matatu nematatu, hupenyu hweuzivi hwacho hauna kusiyana nezviitiko zvinonzwika. Mushure meizvozvo, vane rugare uye Apoolitical Socrate aipinda katatu mune humbowo, uye akazviratidza seane simba rakashinga uye akashinga. Muhondo imwe chete, iye akawana hupenyu hwemudzidzi, mukuru weAlkiviad, aputswa nehondo imwe yakashongedzwa nemeno emazino.
Feat Feat yakazonyatsoiswa nemhosva nemaSocrates, sezvo ALKITIAD, ave nesimba muAtene, akasimbisa hutongi hwehutongi panzvimbo peDemo Rake Anodiwa. Kuti abviswe kubva pamitemo uye hupenyu hwechivi uye kuenda kuchizivi uye zvisviniro zveSocrates hazvina kubudirira. Akadzivirira asina mhosva mhosva, uyezve zvakanyanya nzira dzekubata kwevadzvanyiriri vaiuya pasimba revanhu vakasara.
Muchikuru, muzivi akaroora Xantippe, aive nevanakomana vatatu kubva kwaari. Maererano nerunyerekupe, mukadzi waSocrates haana kukoshesa pfungwa huru dzemumwe mukadzi uye akasiyaniswa nehasha. Ndosaka, baba vevana vatatu havana kutora chikamu zvachose muhupenyu hwemhuri, vasina kuwana mari, havana kubatsira hama dzake. Iye anofunga iye amene akagutsikana nezvidiki: Akagara mumugwagwa, akafamba nenguo dzakabvaruka uye akanzwa sophcist eccentric, yaakamuisa mumakemu ake Arist.
Dare uye kuurayiwa
Parufu rweuzivi hukuru, tinoziva nezvakanyorwa. Zvakadzama, maitiro ekuedzwa uye maminitsi ekupedzisira evanofunga akarondedzera Plato mu "kukumbira ruregerero" uye Xenophon mu "Dziviriro yeCourrates kudare". VaAtene vaipomedzerwa Socates kune vasiri-vanoziva vamwari neuori vevechidiki. Muzivi akasiya murandakadzi akataura akazvireva iye amene, achiramba mhosva. Haana kupa zvakanaka senzira yekuranga, kunyangwe maererano nemitemo yeDemocratic athens yaikwanisika.
Socrates haana kugamuchira rubatsiro rweshamwari dzakamupa kuti ripukunyuke kana kutapwa kubva mutorongo, asi akasarudza kusangana kumeso nekutarisana nezvake. Aitenda kuti rufu rwaimuwana kwese kwese, chero kwaingoitika shamwari dzake, sezvo zvakatemerwa zvakadaro. Kumwe kurangwa kwevazivi kwakazviona seake mhosva uye kwaisakwanisa kuzvigamuchira. Socrate akasarudza kuurayiwa nekubvuma uturu.
Quotes uye aphorisms
- Hazvibviri kurarama zviri nani pane kurarama hupenyu mukuda kuve wakakwana.
- Pfuma nezivo hadzina kuremekedzwa.
- Kune mumwe chete akanaka - zivo uye chete zvakaipa zvako kusaziva.
- Pasina hushamwari, hapana kutaurirana pakati pevanhu vane tsika.
- Zviri nani kutsunga kufa pane kurarama mukunyadziswa.