Biography
Maria Sklodovskaya-Curie ndeyesaiti yePoland iyo yakavhura zvinhu zvemakemikari eRadium nePolonium.
Maria akaberekwa 07.11.1867 muWarsaw. Iye ndiye mwana wechishanu uye mudiki wevadzidzisi vebronislava uye vladislav sklodovsky. Hama dzine vakuru nehanzvadzi dzaMariya (dzipi mumhuri dzinonzi Mania) - Sophia (1862-1881), Joseph (1863-198), chiremba - Therapist), Bronislav (1865-1939, Chiremba uye Helena (1866 -1961, mudzidzisi uye nhamba yeruzhinji). Mhuri yakararama zvisina kunaka.
Maria paakange akura makore gumi, amai vake vakafa kubva kuTberculosis, uye baba vake vakadzingwa mumanzwiro anoita uye vakamanikidzwa kutora nzvimbo dzakaderera-dzakabhadharwa. Rufu rwaAmai, uye munguva pfupi uye dzimwe hanzvadzi dzeSofia, ndicho chikonzero nei musikana akaramba chizvarwa chakatsauka uye akava nokuzadzwa.
Pamakore gumi, Maria akatanga kuenda kuchikoro che boarding, obva amborembera kwevasikana, izvo zvaakapedza kudzidza nemenduru yegoridhe. Maria akatadza kuwana dzidzo yepamusoro, sezvo varume chete vakabvuma mayunivhesiti ePoland. Ipapo Maria naSista Bronislav vakasarudza kuenda kumakosi epasi pevhu kuyunivhesiti isina kuyunivhesiti, uko vakadzi vakagamuchirwa. Maria akakurudzira kudzidza zvakare, achibatsirana nemari.
Yokutanga kuyunivhesiti yakapinda Bronislav, naMaria vakawana hutongi. Pakutanga kwa 1890, Bronislav, uyo akaroora chiremba uye activist of Casher dluska, akakoka Maria kuti atende kwaari kuParis.
Kuti uunganidze mari kuti udzidziswe muguta guru reFrance, Sklodovskaya zvaida gore nehafu - nekuda kweiyo Maria zvakare yakatanga kushanda neHondo muWarsaw. Panguva imwecheteyo, musikana akaramba achidzidza kuyunivhesiti, uyezve akatanga kudzidza kwesainzi muparabhoritori, iyo yakanga yatungamirwa nehama yake Yuzef Boguski, mubatsiri Dmitry Mendeleev.
Sainzi
Pakupera kwa 1891, Sklodovskaya akatamira kuFrance. MuParis, Marie (kana Marie, sezvo achazonzi gare gare) akarenda iyo tarissi iri pedyo neyunivhesiti yeParis, uko musikana akadzidza fizikisi, chemistry uye masvomhu nemasvomhu. Hupenyu muParis hwaive husiri nyore: Maria aigara achirasikirwa, akarasikirwa kuziva kubva nzara uye aive asina mukana wekutenga zvipfeko zvenguva yechando uye shangu.
Iyo yekuchengetera yakadzidzwa mumasikati, uye manheru aakadzidzisa, kuwana peni yekugara. Muna 1893, Marie akagamuchira degree mufizikisi ndokutanga kushanda kuindasitiri weProfesa Gabriel Lippman Lippman.
Nekurongeka kwesangano reindasitiri, Maria akatanga kuongorora zvivakwa zvemaginhini zvetsika dzakasiyana. Mugore rimwe chetero, iyo sklodovskaya yakaitika naPierre Curie, iye akazova mumwe waanoshanda naye chete mubharabhoritari, asi mumwe wakewo.
Muna 1894, sklodovskaya yakasvika zhizha muWarsaw kuti vaone mhuri. Iye achiri kufudza kunyepedzera kwekuti akabvumidzwa kushanda munyika yokumusha kwake, asi musikana akarambwa muKrakow University - varume chete ndivo vakatora basa. Sklodovskaya yakadzokera kuParis uye yakaramba ichishanda pane PhD dissertation.
Radioactivity
Afadzwa nezvakakosha zviwanikwa zveWILHELM X-Ray uye Henri Beccoer, Marie akafunga kudzidza uranium mwaranzi seyakakosha musoro wekubvunzana. Kuti udzidze samples, murume womumwe wako akashandisa matekinoroji ekukurudzira emakore iwayo. Subsidies yekutsvaga masayendisiti akagamuchira kubva kune metalluricial uye migodhi makambani.
Pasina kuve nerabhoritari, kushanda mumba yekuchengetera yeSangano, uyezve mumugwagwa wemumugwagwa, kwemakore mana masayendisiti akachinja kudzokorora matani masere eUraniation. Mhedzisiro yeye imwe muyedzo yematare eOre yakaunzwa kubva kuCzech Republic yaive fungidziro yekuti masayendisiti anobata neimwe radioactive zvinyorwa mukuwedzera kune uranium. Vatsvagiri vakaratidza chidimbu, akati wandei radioactive, pane yakachena uranium.
Muna 1898, Curi yakavhurwa Radium nePolonium - The Letter akadaidzwa mukuremekedza amai vaMarie. Masayendisiti akasarudza kusatanga kuwanikwa kwavo - kunyangwe zvaigona kuunza vakadzi vazhinji mari yakawanda.
Pakati pa1898 uye 1902, Curie yakaburitswa pamwe chete uye yega yezvinhu zvitatu zvesainzi, kusanganisira imwe, mazviri, kana masero ekutora, akavezwa.
Muna 1910, Mary naFrench Scientist Andre Diierne akasimudza Radium Simbi. Mushure memakore gumi nemaviri ekuedza, masayendisiti akazokwanisa kusimbisa kuti radium ndeyechokwadi chemakemikari chinhu.
Muzhizha ra1914, iyo Radium Institute yakavambwa muParis, naMaria vakava musoro wekuparadzaniswa kwekushandiswa kweredhiyo mumushonga. Munguva yehondo yekutanga yenyika, manhamba eradio edzimwaridzwe yakagadzirwa kurapwa kwekurapa cursies, inonzi "petites curies" ("diki curie"). Muna 1915, curie yakauya nematambudziko ane hombodo "radium gadziriso" - iyo isina ruvara radioctive gasi rakaburitswa ne radium (rakazotaurwa seRadon), iro raishandiswa kutapudza tishu. Anopfuura mamirioni akakuvadzwa mauto akabudirira kukurumidza kurapwa nekushandiswa kweiyi matekinoroji.
Nobel Mubairo
Muna 1903, mudziyo wehumambo weScience of Sweden Awarded chet Curie uye henri beququel nobel mubairo mufizikisi kuti uwane zvidzidzo zve radiation phenomena. Pakutanga, komiti iyi yaida kupemberera chete Pierre chete uye imwe yemitezo yekomiti yekomiti yevakadzi vesainzi, Sweden Mathematicu Gustav Mittag Lefeford, akanyevera Pierre pamusoro pemamiriro aya. Mushure mekunyunyuta kwake, zita raMary rakawedzerwa kune rondedzero yeavo mubairo.
Marie ndiye mukadzi wekutanga akagamuchira mubairo weNobel. Mari yacho yakabvumidza vaviri vakaroora kuti varoorire mubatsiri webharabheti uye vanoshandura murabhoritari nemidziyo yakakodzera.
Muna 1911, Marie akagamuchira mubairo weNobel mumakemikari uye akazova wekutanga munyika kaviri ruvara rwepamberi premium iyi. Maria akapihwawo menduru ina dzezvesayenzi.
Hupenyu Hwako
Ndichiri hutongi, Maria akadanana nemwanakomana wechiitiko chemhuri, Kazimaj Loravsky. Vabereki vejaya vaipesana nezvinangwa zvake kuti varoore murombo Sklodovskaya, Kazimezh haana kugona kuramba kuda kwevakuru. Iyo geji yairwadza zvakanyanya kune vese, uye loravsky kusvika kuchembera yakambonyora sarudzo yake.
Rudo rukuru rwehupenyu hwaMariya raive Pierre Curie, musayenzi musayendisiti anobva kuFrance.
Kufarira kuwirirana mumasikirwo sainzi United vechidiki, uye muna Chikunguru 1895, vadikani vakaroora. Mudiki akasiya basa rechitendero, uye panzvimbo yemupfekero wemuchato, Sklodovskaya akaisa pane yakasviba yebhuruu sutu maakazoshanda muabhoritari.
Vabuki vaive nevanasikana vaviri - Irene (1897-1956), sainzi chemist, uye Evha (1904-2007) - Mutemo woshoropodza uye munyori. Maria anohaya chiHoly kutongwa kuitira kudzidzisa vasikana nemutauro wake, uye zvakare kazhinji akavatumira kuPoland kuna sekuru vake.
Varoorani vevaroorani vaive nemitambo yakajairika, kuwedzera kune sainzi: Famba kunze kwenyika uye kwenguva refu cycling - yakachengetedzwa mapikicha emabhasikoro yakatengwa kune bhasikoro rakatengwa chipo chehurumende. MuPierre Sklodovskaya yakawana rudo, uye shamwari iri nani, uye shamwari yake. Mumwe munhu womumwe munhu (Pierre akabvunza bhiza vashandi muna 1906) yaive chikonzero cheiyo yakaoma kushungurudzika Marie - chete mwedzi mishoma gare gare, mukadzi akakwanisa kuramba achishanda.
Muna 1910-11, curie akaramba ari kudanana nemudzidzi waPierre, chiremba naLanzhen, vakaroora panguva iyoyo. Muzvimedu zveCurie vakatanga kunyora se "mukufunga kwevaJudha". Pakatanga kubuda, Maria aive musangano muBelgium. Pakudzoka pamba pake, Curie akawana mukadzi ane hasha navanasikana vaifanira kuvanda kubva kumusikana wake, munyori Camilla Marbo.
Rufu
Musi waChikunguru 4, 1934, Marie ane makore 66 akafa muSanatorium Sansenlos in Passy, kumabvazuva kweFrance. Iko kukonzera kufa kwaive Aplastic Anemia, iyo, maererano nevirapi, yakakonzerwa nekufumurwa kwenguva refu kune radiation pamutumbi wemukadzi.
Icho chokwadi chekuti kuhwina radiation zvine zvazvinobatsira, hazvina kuzivikanwa mumakore iwayo, kuedza kwakawanda kwakaitwa neChidi pasina matanho ekuchengetedza. Maria akapfeka machubhu nemaroto oparespes muhomwe, akavachengeta mudhirowa patafura yavo uye yakaziviswa ne-x-rays kubva kune zvisina kujairika michina.
Radiation yakakonzera chirwere chisingaperi chingarwi - pakupera kwehupenyu hwaive mapofu uye airwara nechirwere cheitsvo, asi mukadzi uyu haana kumbofunga nezvekuchinja basa rine ngozi. Curie yakavigwa mumakuva mutaundi re co, padivi peguva raPierre.
Makore makumi matanhatu gare gare, zvakasara zvevakaroorana zvakaendeswa kuParis pantheon, guva revanhu vakashamisa veFrance. Maria ndiye mukadzi wekutanga, anopa kuvigwa muPanthon nekuda kwekukodzera kwake (vekutanga vakava Sophie Bertlo, Kuvigwa nemurume wake, Phytico-Chemist Marsen Bertlo).
Chokwadi chinonakidza
- Muna 1903, varoorani vaCurie vakakokwa kuRoyal Institute yeGreat Britain yekuita mushumo pane radio. Vakadzi vaisabvumidzwa kutaura nekutaura, saka mushumo wakapihwa Pierre.
- Iwo maFrench anodzvinyirira unyengeri anotyisidzirwa curie, achinongedzera kusatenda kushusha kwake uye kuti aive mutorwa. Nekudaro, mushure mekugamuchira mubairo wekutanga Nobel nezve Curie akatanga kunyora segamba reFrance.
- Izwi rekuti "radioactivity" rakagadzirwa ne curie.
- Curie yakava wekutanga wechikadzi purofesa weYunivhesiti yeParis.
- Pasinei nerubatsiro rukuru mukati memakore ehondo, Marie haana kugamuchira kuonga kwekutanga kubva kuhurumende yeFrance. Mukuwedzera, pakarepo mushure mekutanga kwehondo, Maria akaedza kubayira menduru dzake dzegoridhe kuti vatsigire mauto eFrance, asi bhangi renyika rakaramba kuzvigamuchira.
- Mudzidzi Curie Margarita Akava Mukadzi Wokutanga akasarudzwa kuFrench Acadens Sangano (pane imwe hafu yezana resainzi (pane neEduar Branley, muvengi akabatsira Gulielmo marconi akasarudzwa kuve nekuvandudza isina waya teligraph).
- Pakati pevadzidzi veVadzidzi vevadzidzi vari iyo ina Nobel Prize Laureate, kusanganisira mwanasikana waIrene uye wake mukadzi Frederick Jolio-Curie.
- Izvo zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa izvo zvakatungamira Maria mumasikati e1890 zvinoonekwa zvine ngozi zvekugadzirisa nekuda kweiyo yakakwirira mwero wekusvibiswa. Kunyangwe iyo Cookbook yeCurie radio. Masayendisiti emapepa anochengeterwa mumabhokisi anotungamira, uye avo vanoda kushanda navo vanofanirwa kupfeka zvakanaka zvipfeko.
- Mukuremekedza Curie, chinhu chemakemikari - Curi zita, zvikoro zvinoverengeka uye zvikoro, iyo nzvimbo yepamhepo yeParsaw muWarsaw, zvinhu zvinosemesa uye kunyange maruva enzvimbo; Mufananidzo wake unoshongedza mabhatani, zvitambi uye mari dzenyika dzakasiyana dzepasi.