Biography
Patrice Lumumba wezvematongerwo enyika, mukuru wekutanga mukuru weCongo mushure mekugamuchira rusununguko rwayo, chiratidzo chekurwira vanhu veAfrica kuti vazvimiriri.
Patrice Emery Lumumba akaberekwa musi waChikunguru 2, 1925 mudunhu reKasaia Belgian Congo, mumhuri yeFrances Francois Toleng, babahima naJulienn Vamato Lomanjei. Pakuzvarwa kwaPatrice ndevanhu veTetla, vakaraira zita raErias Okt'asombo, zvinoreva kuti "mugari wenhaka kune vakashamiswa". Lumbumba aive nehama nhatu (Emil Kalem, Yen Clark naLouis Perhemema Lumumba), pamwe nehama yakasarudzika yaTlellan Jean.
Patrice akadzidza mumhuri yechiKaturike yechikoro chechiPurotesitendi, ipapo muchikoro chechiKaturike chechiKaturike uye gore rimwe chete pachikoro chePostal chekutaurirana kwepositi, izvo zvaakapedza kudzidza nekukudzwa. Mushure mekupedza chikoro, patrice vakashanda sehofisi yeposvo muLeopoldville (zvino - Kinshasa, guta guru reCongo) uye Stanlyville (kubvira 1966, Kisangani inonzi).
Mujaya hwake, Lumumba akatanga kufarira pfungwa dzehunyanzvi kuti ajekese Jean-Jacques Rousseau uye Voltaire. Aidawo Molere uye Victor Hugo uye akanyora nhetembo, vazhinji vemo vaive pamiringi-Imperialist dingindira.
Zvematongerwo enyika
Muna 1955, Lumumba akabatana neBelgium Belgium uye akatanga kugovera mabhuku ebato. Mushure mekufamba kwevhiki-yevhiki yemudzidzi kuenda kuBelgium, muna 1955, Patrice akasungwa achipomerwa mhosva yekubviswa kwemari. Mushure mekunge Lumumba akadzoka mari, mutongo wake wemakore maviri akaderedzwa kusvika ku1 gore.
Musi waGumiguru 5, 1958, Lumumba, pamwe chete nedzidzo yechidiki, uyo akagamuchira dzidzo yakanaka uye akaendesa marudzi akasiyana emadzinza, akaverengera boka renyika renyika reCongo uye rakava mutungamiri waro. NDK kurwira rusununguko rwenyika iyi, ndimbonamo hwehurumende, kukura kwehupfumi uye kusarerekera mune zvepasirese.
Nekukurumidza, Lumumba akazova munhu anozivikanwa - aive nechisimba uye aive nehunyanzvi hwakanaka hwekurongeka. MunaDecember 1958, Lumumba akaenda seimwe yevakamiriri kune ese-Africa musangano wevanhu muAccra (Ghana). Pamusangano wepasi rese, akarongwa neMutungamiri weGhana Kwamome Nkruum, Lumumba akasimbisa zvimwe mukutenda kwake pananmanforkanist, uye nkruum akafadzwa neuchenjeri uye kugona kweLumumba.
Muna Gumiguru 1959, Lumumba akasungwa kuti asungwe mukusagadzikana kweanoronga-colonic kusagadzikana mu stanlywill, panguva iyo vanhu makumi matatu vakaurayiwa. Lumbumba yakatongerwa mwedzi 69 mutorongo. Zuva rekutanga rekutongwa, Ndira 18, 1960, rakazova zuva rekutanga remusangano wekona weTafura yekutenderera muBrussels, apo ramangwana reCongo rakakurukurwa.
Muzvirevo zvevada zvemunharaunda zvemunharaunda, iyo NDIC yakagamuchira mavhoti mazhinji, kunyangwe Lumumba aive mutorongo. Semhedzisiro yekumanikidzwa kubva kune nhume, Patrice yakaburitswa uye yakabvumirwa kumusangano weBrussels.
Musi waNdira 27, 1960, kusununguka kweCongo kwakaziviswa pamusangano. Sarudzo dzenyika dzakateverwa muna Chivabvu, mhedzisiro inofungidzirwa yekukunda kweLumbumba uye NDK yakava. Musi waJune 23, 1960, Lumumba ane makore 34 akava mukuru wekutanga mukuru weCongo, uye Joseph Casavuba akazova mutungamiri.
Pakupemberera zuva rekuzvimiririra riri musi waJune 30, vanhu vazhinji vezvekumusoro-siyana vaivepo, kusanganisira Mambo Belgian Boduen. Lumumba akataura nekuvandudzwa, kuzivisa kuti kusununguka kweCongo kunofanira kudzivirirwa neropa uye vakunda, uye kwete chipo cheBelgium. Patrice akapedza kutaura kwake nemazwi akakurumbira:
"Hatisisiri nyani dzako!"Mushure mekuwana rusununguko, Lumumba akasimudza mubairo wevaranda vese vehurumende, kunze kwevashandi vevashandi veBelgian vakagadzirwa) pane zvakakonzerwa kusagutsikana mumapoka avo. Musi waChikunguru 5, 1960, dambudziko reCongo rakatanga nemhirizhonga muLeopoldville uye Stanlyville.
Lumbumba akataura paradio, iyo yakagadzirira shanduko munzvimbo dzese, nekutenda kuti mushure memavhiki mashoma zvese zvinogona kuwona imwe kumeso kweCongo. Pasinei nekuedza kwehurumende, kupanduka kuri munyika kwakapfuurira.
Musi waChikunguru 8, mukuyedza kufambisa mamiriro acho, Lumumba anotumikisa mamiriro ehondo yekona uye akaedza kumauto eAfrica, achigadza mushandi weSergeant Londul munyori wehondo uye nemahombekombe ehondo. Zviito izvi zvakaitwa, kunyangwe kusaziva kwe landula uye runyerekupe pamusoro pehukama hweMobutu neBelgian uye American Intelligence Services.
Vamwe vakuru veEuropean veEuropean vakatsiviwa, asi vamwe vavo vakasara sevapi vezano. Zuva rakatevera racho, kumukira kwakapararira nyika. Izvo zvaifungidzirwa kuti mazuva aya akaurayiwa anenge maviri gumi nemaviri eEurope.
MuMwedzi wekutanga, Belgium vakatumira vashandi vemauto 6,000 muCongo, vanonzi vanochengetedza vagari vemo kubva pachisimba. Mazuva mashoma gare gare, Lumumba akatumira teregiramu nikita ghrushchev nechikumbiro chekubatsira nemamiriro ari mudunhu reKatanga, uko huwandu hukuru hwevachena uye zvinyorwa zvemaminerari zvakatarisana. Mutungamiriri weKatanga, Moduce Chombga akazvizivisa semutungamiri wenyika yakazvimirira mamiriro eKatanga.
Chisarudzo chekutendeukira kune USSR yakanakira West, kunyanya United States. Musi waChikunguru 24, Lumumba akaenda kuNew York kunosangana neUN SELDERY General Dag HammarsHeldeder. Musangano weLumumba wakaratidza kusagutsikana kwake neBelgian mauto muCongo uye akabvunza American American American. Muchengeti weUS yeUnited States Gerter akasimbisa kuti United States ichabatsira kuCongo, asi mukati mega mamiriro ezvinhu akakura kwazvo asina basa.
Mushure mekudzokera kumusha kwavo, muAugust Lumumba akazivisa mamiriro emergency uye akadaidzira kuunganidzwa kweKatanga. Nezuva rimwe chete, kuSouth Kasia, vakavakidzana naKatanga dunhu, vakazivisa kubuda kwayo kubva kuCongo.
Lumbumba akabva arayira mauto ekudzvinyirira kuti vadzvinyirire kumukira kumaodzanyemba kweSozeya - muchikamu cheCongo kwaive nemitauro yeCongowa. Kuvhiya kwacho kwakabudirira, asi munguva pfupi kukakavara kuchinjana kumhirizhonga yemadzinza. Hondo yakatanga kutora chikamu mune yakaurayiwa kwevanhu vane rugare veLuba. Vagari uye misoro yeSouth Kasia yakafunga kuti chete nemhosva mumamiriro ezvinhu aya ndeye Lumumba.
Ipapo Mutungamiri Casavubu pachena vakaparadza mubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika neLumbumba, taura kusava nebasa kwemazano ake ekuvaka nyika. Zvichakadaro, Lumbba akabvunza kuti masimba ekuruve ane rugare akabatsira kudzvinyirira kukwidziridzika, kutyisidzira nesumo yemauto eSoviet kana aramba. Casawabu akatanga kutya kuti coup of yenyika yakanga yave kuda kuitika munyika, uye manheru aSeptember 5, akazivisa radio raibvisa lumumba uye vashumiri vatanhatu vekuuraya muSouth Kasia uye kubatanidzwa kweSoviet mauto muCongo .
Nyamavhuvhu 14, Lumumba akaiswa pasi pekusungwa kweimba, kubva kwaakazopedzisira apunyuka. Asi musi waDecember 1, nerutsigiro rwunotsigira kubva kuUnited States neBelgium, mauto aMobutu akakwanisa kutora Lumumba uye tora kune Leopolville. Yakataurwa kuti Lumbumba ingadai yakabatwa nemhosva yekukanganiswa kweuto kune nyama uye dzimwe mhosva.
Soviet Union yakadaidzira kusunungurwa kwePatrice, achizorima soMusoro weHurumende yeCongo, Darimisitamende yeMauto eMobutu uye nekubviswa kwevaBerbu uye nekusungwa kweMobuku. Hammarsheld akapindura kuti kana masimba eUN achizowanikwa kubva kuCongo, "zvese zvichawira pasi." Vanenge hapana mumwe wenhengo dzePaini yekuchengetedza Council haana kutsigira USSR muchishuvo chekuchengetedza patrice.
Hupenyu Hwako
Lumumba aiziva rurimi rweTetla, raive neFrench, pamwe neLingala (mutauro weboka revanhu veBannuet), Swahili (mitauro mikuru yechiBantia) uye Luba (mutauro wevanhu veLuba).
Muna 1951, Lumumba akaroora Paulina Opangu, uyo akamupa vana vashanu: Francois, Patrice Mudiki, Julien, Rand uye Guard uye Guard uye Guard uye Guard uye Guy Patrice. Kumutongo wejeri kwakaronga kuenda kuIjipiti kumukadzi wake nevana. Pashure pacho, mwanakomana wedangwe Francois akatamira kuHungary, kwaakagamuchira dzidzo yepamusoro uye degree rechiremba muhupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika.
Mwanakomana waLumumba, Guy-Patrice, Akazvarwa Mumwedzi mitanhatu mushure mekufa kwababa vake, akaita semuperekedzi wemutungamiri wenyika muCongo, asi akagamuchira chete 0,42% yemavhoti.
Rufu
Musi waDecember 3, Lumumba uye Anomanikidza Maurice Mauri naJoseph Okito vakatumirwa kumisangano yemauto eTisville mumusasa wechiHardy, uye kubva ipapo muna Ndira 17, 1961 nendege kuKatanga, Kuvaka. Pakusvika, Lumbumba yakarohwa neKatangan mauto eBelgian.
Gare gare husiku ihwohwo, Patrice akaendeswa kune sango matsi kupfura. Munguva yekuurayiwa, kwaive neChirongo nevashumiri vaviri; Iyo pfuti yakagadzirwa nevarume veBelgian ina Belgian. Kuurayiwa kwakaitika pakati pa1240 kusvika 21:43. Kubva pamiviri yakazofunga kubvisa - zvitunha zvakabviswa, zvakadziviswa uye zvakanyungudutswa muSarufuc acid, uye madhiri eakakandwa uye akakandwa.
Chisarudzo chepamutemo chekufa chaLumumba hachina kugamuchira mavhiki matatu, kunyangwe nerunyerekupe. Uye chete musi waFebruary 13, radio yakazivisa kuti Lumbumba akaurayiwa nevagari vegamba dzakashatiriswa dzeimwe yemisha yeKatanga mazuva matatu kubva pabheni.
Mushure mekuzivisa kufa kweLumumba, kuratidzira mumigwagwa kwakaitwa munyika dzeEurope, uye muNew York, kuratidzira kweiyo UN yekuchengetedza Council yakakonzerwa neutsinye kusagadzikana. Mumaziso epasi rese, chabate akaonekwa villain, uye LUMumba - Martyr.
Pashure pacho, mukukudzwa kweLumbumba, migwagwa yakadanwa mumaguta eEurope uye mumaguta eRussia, Tunisia, tunisia stamps ine pikicha yakaburitswa muUSSR, uye kusvika muna 1992 , iyo yunivhesiti yeushamwari hwevanhu muMoscow yakabaya zita reLumumba.