Biography
Charles Robert Darwin - Naturalist, piyona hwedzidziso pane kwaibva mupenyu pasi pano kubva kumadzitateguru mazhinji, nekushanduka kwemarudzi ese. Iye Munyori webhuku racho "mavambo emarudzi", pfungwa dzekutanga kwemurume, pfungwa dzekusarudzwa kwechisikirwo uye hwepabonde, iyo yekutanga yekudzidza "kuratidzwa kwemanzwiro muvanhu nemhuka, pfungwa dzezvikonzero zvekushanduka-shanduka.
Charles Darwin akazvarwa munaFebruary 12, 1809 muDanho reShropshire (England) muzvivakwa zveimba yeDarwin Gomo reDarwin, muShrewsbury. Robert Darwin, baba vemukomana, chiremba uye nemari, mwanakomana wemasayesayesayenzi wenyika arasmus darwin. Amai Susann Darwin, muMaiden - Wajwood, mwanasikana weMerist Jozayiia wajwood. Vana vatanhatu vakakura mumhuri yeDarwin. Mhuri iyi yakashanyira Chechi yeUnitari, asi amai vaCharles vasati varoora chikereke cheAnglican.
Muna 1817, Charles akapiwa kuchikoro. Darwin-makore masere akasangana nesainzi yakasikwa uye akaita matanho ekutanga mukuunganidza. Muzhizha ra 1817, amai vemukomana vakafa. Baba vakapa vanakomana vaCharles uye Erasmus muna 1818 kuenda kuimba yekukwira pasi peiyo Anglican Church - Chikoro cheShribury.
Charles haana kubudirira mukudzidza. Mitauro inorema uye mabhuku zvakapihwa. Iko kudiwa kukuru kwemukomana kuri kuunganidza kuunganidza uye kuvhima. Tsika dzaBaba nevadzidzisi haruna kumanikidza Charles kutora pfungwa, uye pakupedzisira vakazunza. Gare gare, wechidiki Darwin akazviratidza mumwe kuda - Chemistry, iyo Darwin akatoita kutsiura musoro wejymnasium. Gymnasium Charles Darwin akapedza kusvika kure kubva pamigumisiro inonaka.
Mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva kuGymnasium muna 1825, Charles, pamwe chete nehama yake, vakapinda muYunivhesiti yeElinburgh, panguva yekuita mushonga. Asati apinda mujaya akashanda semubatsiri mumufundo wekurapa waBaba.
KuYunivhesiti yeEdinburgh, Darwin akabata makore maviri. Pakati peino nguva, musanganisi wenguva yemberi akanzwisisa kuti mushonga waisave kufona. Mudzidzi akamira kuenda kuhurukuro ndokutora kugadzirwa kwemhuka dzakarongedzwa. Charles Mudzidzisi panhau iyi ndiye muranda akasunungurwa John Edmontone, akashanyira rwendo rweAraazonia muWatchotor weWatorton.
Zvakawanikwa zvekutanga zvaDarwin zvakagadzirwa munzvimbo yeiyo anatomy yemarine inopinda. Inoshanda sainzi yechidiki yakaunzwa muna Kurume 1827 pamusangano wePliniyevsky mudzidzi nzanga, nhengo yacho yaibva muna 1826. Munharaunda imwe chete, mudiki Darwin akasangana nezvekuda pfuma. Panguva iyoyo, akashanda semubatsiri kubva kuRobert Edmond Grant. Inonzwika kosi yenhoroondo yechisikigo yeRobert Jameronon, kwaakagamuchira ruzivo rwechinyakare muGeology, akashanda pamwe chete neyeunganidzwa neyeunivhesiti yeYunivhesiti yeEdinburgh.
Nhau dzezvidzidzo zvevakatangwa dzeMwanakomana Haina kutungamira Delwin-Greil Fince. Ndakaona kuti ndirege kuva chiremba naCharles, Robert Darwin akasimbirira pakuuya kweMwanakomana paColle calkridy University. Kunyangwe vashanyi venyasha dzePlniyevsky shuds dzinoshambadzira veru Darwmas muzvikwata zvekereke, haana kupikisa kuda kwaBaba, uye muna 1828 Akatsungirira bvunzo dzekupinda muCambridge.
Kudzidza muCambridge hakuna kufarirwa naDarwin. Nguva yemudzidzi inogara ichivhima uye kutasva mabhiza. Chido chitsva chakaonekwa - engano. Charles akapinda denderedzwa revatambi vezvemblinem. Musangano wenguva yemberi wakaita shamwari naProfessor Cambridge John Stevens Genslola, uyo akavhura mudzidzi musuwo weshoko rinoshamisa reBotch. Gensall akaunzwa Darwin ane anotungamira zvisikwa zvenguva iyoyo.
Nenzira yekubvunzwa kwekupedzisira, Darwin akatanga kumanikidza zvinhu zvakarasika pazvinhu zvakakosha. Akatora nzvimbo yechigumi pamhedzisiro yemhedzisiro yemibvunzo yekuburitsa.
Kufamba
Mushure mekupedza kudzidza muna 1831, Charles Darwin akaramba ari muCambridge kwenguva yakati. Akazvipira nguva yekudzidza kweMabasa naWilliam Paleley "dzidziso dzezvisikwa" naAlexander von humboldt ("Nattery Wemunhu"). Aya mabhuku akauya naDarwin kune pfungwa yekuenda kune iyo tropicics kuti vadzidze zviyedzo zvechisikigo. Nekuita kwekushandiswa kwepfungwa yekufamba, Charles akapfuura nzira yeGeology yeAddgevik, uye akabva asiya chinoremekedza kuchamhembe kweWales kuti ave mabvi matombo.
Pakusvika kubva kuWales Darwin, ndakanga ndamirira tsamba ye purofesa gensall nekurudziro yemutungamiriri wechikepe chechiRungu chechikepe chechiRungu "beagle" Robert Fitzroy. Ngarava panguva iyoyo yakaenda rwendo kuenda kuSouth America, uye Darwin aigona kutora nzvimbo yemusango muchikwata. Chokwadi, chinzvimbo hachina kubhadharwa. Baba vaCharles vakagwinya parwendo, uye chete Shoko "re" babamunini Babamu Charles, Jozooya muzwowood II, akaponesa mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Vadiki Naturalist vakaenda kurwendo rwepasirese.
Rwendo rwacho rwakatanga muna 1831, ndokuguma muna Gumiguru 2, 1836. Vashandi ve "beagle" vakatungamira basa pane iyo cartographic kupfura mhiri kwemhare. Darwin panguva iyoyo aipinda mubhangi rekuunganidzwa kwekuratidzira kuunganidzwa kwenhoroondo yekare uye geology. Akatungamira chirevo chizere pane zvake. Neimwe neimwe nyaya iri nyore, musayendisiti akatumira kopi yemarekodhi kune cambridge. Munguva yerwendo, Darwin akaunganidza kuunganidzwa kwakawanda kwemhuka, chikamu chikuru chacho chakagoverwa negungwa invertebrate. Yakatsanangura chimiro che geological yehuwandu hwemari.
Pedyo zvitsuwa Green Cape Darwin akaita kuwanikwa pokudzora sehofisi penguva kuti Geological kuchinja aishanda naye hwokunyora basa iri zvemaumbirwo mune ramangwana.
MuPatagonia, akawana zvizere zvizere zvemhando yekare megatarium. Kuvapo padhuze naye mukuzvarwa kwemazuva ano mollusk mashanga akapupurwa kusvika pakunyangarika achangobva kunyangarika emarudzi. Iko kuwanikwa kwakakonzera kufarira musainzi denderedzwa evaEngland.
Kudzidza kweiyo nhanho yepurasitiki chikamu chePatagoni, iyo inovhura zviyero zvepasi, Led Darwin kusvika pakuguma kwekusatendeka kwemhosva muLileel "pane kungova migariro".
Kumahombekombe eChile, "timu yebeche" yakawana kudengenyeka. Charles akaona pasi bark pamusoro pegungwa. MuAndes, akawana ganda reMarine rinopinda, iro rakatungamira musayendisiti yekufungidzira nezve chiitiko chezvipfuyo zvematombo uye maolls nekuda kweiyo teconic kufamba kwevhu.
MuGalapagos Islands, Darwin akaona misiyano pakati pemarudzi emhuka yemumoyo kubva kuhama dzeMaland uye vamiriri vezvitsuwa zvezvitsuwa zvakavakidzana. Chinhu chedzidzo chaive chegandagos turles neshiri zvinoseka.
MuAustralia, vakaona mhuka dzakanyarara dzinoshamisa uye nzvimbo dzakanyarara dzisiyane nenyika yemhuka yemamwe makondinendi akafunga zvakanyanya nezveumwe "Musiki".
Nechikwata che "Beagle", Charles Darwin akashanyira zviwi zvekokono, iyo Green Cape, chitsuwa cheTenerife, muBrazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Pasi pevhu. Maererano nemhedzisiro yeruzivo rwakaunganidzwa, musayendisiti akagadzira mabasa emusango Diary (1839), "Kufamba kweZoology pachikepe cheBegle (1840)," Kuvaka uye Kuparadzira Korari Here "(1842). Ini ndakarondedzera chirevo chinonakidza chechisikirwo - Penitentheenes (Special Ice Crystals pamakristuru echando).
Mushure mekudzoka kubva parwendo, Darwin akatanga kuunganidza zvevatongi zvodzidziso yavo nezve shanduko mumarudzi. Kugara munzvimbo ine chitendero, musayendisiti akanzwisisa kuti dzidziso yake inokanganisa dzidziso dzakatorwa dzeanoda kurongeka kwenyika iripo. Akatenda muna Mwari, sekusiyana-soro, asi akaodzwa mwoyo muchiKristu. Kuenda kwake kwekupedzisira kubva kukereke kwakaitika mushure mekufa kwemwanasikana waAnn muna 1851. Darwin haana kumira kubatsira kereke uye anogovera vafundisi, asi panguva yekushanya kumhuri yebasa rechechi vakafamba. Darwin akazvibvunza kuti anoshamisa.
Muna 1838, Charles Darwin akava munyori weLondon gealological Society. Iyi post yakagara kusvika 1841.
Doctrine yedzinza
Muna 1837, Charles Darwin akatanga kuchengeta diary, kurongedza marudzi marudzi uye ekubereka. Akanyepa pfungwa dzake pakusarudzwa kwechisikigo. Zvinyorwa zvekutanga nezve kwakatangira mhando dzakaonekwa muna 1842.
"Kutanga kwemarudzi" inzvimbo yekupokana inosimbisa dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka. Iko kukosha kwekurovedza muviri ndiko kusimudzira zvishoma nezvishoma kwemarudzi mazhinji kuburikidza nekusarudzwa kwechisikigo. Nheyo dzakarongwa pabasa rakagamuchira zita rekuti "Darwinism" mune nzanga yesainzi.
Muna 1856, kugadzirira kweshanduro yakawedzerwa yebhuku rakatanga. Muna 1859, mwenje wakaona zviitiko zana nemakumi mashanu nemashanu emabasa "mavambo emarudzi nekusarudzwa kwechisikigo, kana kuchengetedzwa kwemuchadenga kunoenderana mukurwa kweupenyu." Iri bhuku rakabatanidzwa mumazuva maviri. Munguva yeupenyu hwaDarwin, bhuku racho rakabuda muDutch, Russian, Italian, chiStarian, Danish, Danish, chiPolish, Hungary, mitauro yeSpanish nemarimi yeSpanish uye Spanish nemutauro weSpanish. Darwin anoshanda anonongedzerwa uye akakurumbira izvozvi. Iyo dzidziso yechokwadi sainzi ichiri kushanda uye ndiyo hwaro hwedzidziso dzemazuva ano yekushanduka-shanduka.
Rimwe basa rakakosha raDarwin iri "kwakatangira munhu uye kusarudzwa pabonde." Mariri, musayendisiti akagadzira dzidziso yemadzitateguru ese mune munhu uye yemazuva ano monkey. Masayendisiti akafananidza fananidzo yekufananidza, yakafanana neyekunyora data, pahwaro hwenyu hwakaratidza kufanana kwemunhu uye monkey (iyo samiizwi reanthropogeneis).
Mubhuku rinoti "pane kutaura kwemanzwiro mumunhu nemhuka, Darwin akarondedzera munhu sechikamu chechirau yekushanduka. Munhu akaita sechibereko chipenyu chakagadzirwa kubva kune yakaderera mhuka fomu.
Hupenyu Hwako
Charles Darwin akaroora muna 1839. Zvaive zvakakomba nezvewanano. Asati asarudza, ndakanyora papepa zvese "" uye "ne". Mushure mekutongwa, "roora-kuroora-roora" musi waNovember 11, 1838 akafeva naCousin emme vajwood. Emma ndiye mwanasikana waJosai Muenzaniso II, Babamunini Charles, nhengo yeParamende uye muridzi wefekitori porcelain. Panguva yemuchato, mwenga akatevera makore makumi matatu. Kusvikira Charles emma akaramba maoko uye moyo zvinopihwa. Musikana akatungamira tsamba neDarwin mukati memakore ekuenda kuSouth America. Emma - musikana akadzidza. Akanyora mharidzo yechikoro chekumaruwa, akadzidza mimhanzi muParis kubva kuFrederick chopin.
Muchato wakaitika muna Ndira 29th. Muchato muChechi yeAnglican yakabata mwenga wemunun'una uye mukoma John Allen merchalando. Vachangobva kuchata vakagadziriswa muLondon. Musi waSeptember 17, 1842, mhuri yakatamira kune dhorobha reKent.
Emma naCharles vakazvarwa vana gumi. Vana vakasvika chinzvimbo chepamusoro munharaunda. Vanakomana George, Francis naHorace vaive nhengo dzeBritish Royal Society Sosaiti.
Vana vatatu vakafa. Darwin akabatana nekurwadziwa kwevana vane hukama hwakabatana nemumwe nemumwe uye Emma (kugadzikana kwevazukuru kubva mukuyambuka-kuyambuka-tsika uye zvakanakira kuyambuka ").
Rufu
Charles Darwin akafa aine makore makumi manomwe nemasere, Kubvumbi 19, 1882. Kuvigwa muWestminster Abbey.
Mushure mekufa kwemurume wake, Emma akatenga imba muCambridge. Vanakomana vaFrancis uye Vanakomana vaHorace vakavakwa kumba pedyo. MuCambridge, chirikadzi yacho yaigara munguva yechando. Nekuti zhizha raaifamba mune imwe mhuri muKent. Akafa muna Gumiguru 7, 1896. Akavigwa pasi, padivi paHama Darwin - Erasmus.
Chokwadi chinonakidza
- Charles Darwin akaberekwa pazuva rimwe chete naAbhurahama Lincoln.
- Mumufananidzo, darwin inoita kunge shumba gobvu.
- Mavambo emarudzi ave anonzi chete kune yechitanhatu Reprint.
- Darwin akaziva marudzi matsva emhuka uye kubva pakufunga kwegarava: Akaedza kuravira ndiro kubva pamashadhi, mhou, aguti, iguan.
- Mukuremekedza musayendisiti, pakanga paine akawanda zvisingawanzo mhando mhuka.
- Darwin haana kuzoregedza zvaanotenda: Kusvikira pakupera kwemazuva, achigara mumhuri yechitendero, aive akabatana nechitendero kukahadzika kwemurume.
- Rwendo "mbeu" yakatambanudzwa panzvimbo pemakore maviri.