Biography
Galileo Garireya ndiye anofunga kwazvo nguva yekudzvanywa, muvambi wemazuva ano maneja, fizikisi uye nyeredzi, muteveri wemazano eCopernicus, muteveri weNewton.
Musangano wenguva yemberi akaberekerwa muItari, guta rePisa Feberi 15, 1564. Baba Vinzvimbo yeGarireya, vaive veiyo varombo esasi vevaAristocrats, vakatamba lute uye vakanyora mabhebhi pane dzidziso yemimhanzi. Vincenzo yaive chikamu chenzanga yeFlorentine makamera, avo vatori vechikamu vaivavarira kumutsiridza dambudziko rekare reGreek. Mhedzisiro yezviitiko zvevaimbi, nhetembo uye vaimbi yaive yakasikwa pakutendeuka kweXVI-XVII emazana emakore Opera genre.
Amai Julia Ammannati akatungamira imba uye akarera vana vana: Senior Galileo, Virginia, Libya naMichelangelo. Mwanakomana mudiki akaenda akatsika tsoka dzaBaba uye akazonyangarika mudzidzisi. Galileo paaive nemakore masere, mhuri iyi yakatamira kuguta guru Tuscory, guta reRemareni, madzinza edidi anozivikanwa, anozivikanwa neimba yayo yemhizha, vaimbi, venhetesi uye masayendisiti.
Achiri mudiki, Galilean akapiwa chikoro kuBennedkintSe Monastery yeVallombo. Iye mukomana airatidza kugona kwekudhirowa, kudzidza mitauro uye sainzi chaiyo. Kubva kuna baba Galileo vakagara nhaka yekunzwa kwemimhanzi uye kugona kwekuumbwa, asi sainzi chete ndiyo chete yakakwezva jaya.
Zvidzidzo
Na 17, Galileo anoenda kuPisa kuti aongorore mushonga kuyunivhesiti. Jaya, kuwedzera kune zvinhu zvikuru uye maitiro ekurapa, akatanga kushanyira makirasi emasvomhu. Mumwe murume wechidiki akawana nyika yejometry uye algebraic mafomula, ayo akapesvedzera nyika yeGalilea. Kwemakore matatu iwayo vaidzidziswa neyunivhesiti, akanyatsodzidza basa revafundisi vekare echiGiriki uye masayendisiti, uye akasanganawo nedzidziso yeCopernicus.
Mushure mechirongwa chemakore matatu ekugara muchikoro, Garirea yakamanikidzwa kudzokera kuFlorence nekuda kwekushayikwa kwemari yekuwedzera kudzidziswa kubva kuvabereki. Hutungamiri hweyunivhesiti hauna kuenda kumvumo kumurume ane tarenda, haana kubvumira mukana wekupedza kosi uye kuwana degree degree. Asi Galileo anga atove aine patron influderi, Marquis Gwidobaldo Del Monte, uyo anoyemura matarenda aGarireya ari mumunda wekugadzirwa. Iye aristocrat akatambidzwa newadi isati yatanga Tuscan Duchoga Ferdinand Ini Medidi uye akapa murume wechidiki aine muhoro weyadhi reMutongi.
Shanda kuyunivhesiti
Marquis Del Monte yakabatsira sainzi ine tarenda kuti iwane nzvimbo yemudzidzisi muBologna University. Kuwedzera kune hurukuro, Galileo anotungamira zviitiko zvibereko zvesainzi. Masayendisiti ari kuita mumagazini emamita uye masvomhu. Muna 1689, kwemakore matatu, mutete unodzokera kuPisa University, asi ikozvino semudzidzisi wezvematiromita. Muna 1692, makore gumi nemasere anofamba achienda kuVenice Republic, guta riri padhudhu.
Kubatanidza basa rekudzidzisa kuyunivhesiti yemunharaunda nezvesainzi, Galileo anoburitsa mabhuku "anofamba", "mechanics", kwaanoramba mazano eAristotle. Pazera rimwe chete, imwe yezviitiko zvakakosha ikaitika - musayendisiti ari kugadzira teresikopu iyo yaitendera kuchengeta hupenyu hwekupenya kwedenga. Zvakawanikwa zvakagadzirwa naGarirelem nerubatsiro rwechigadzirwa chitsva, nyeredzi inotsanangurwa muzvirongwa "nyeredzi bulletin".
Kudzoka muna 1610 muFlorence, pakutarisirwa kweTuscan Duke Kozimo Medici Medicti ye "Garirea nyaya ye" zuva ranyora ", iro rakanyatsosangana neChechi yeKaturike. Pakutanga kwezana reXVIE, iyo inquisition yakaitwa neyakakura kutsvaira. Uye vateveri vaCopernicus vaive pamazwi ekutenda kwechiKristu pane yakasarudzika nhoroondo.
Muna 1600, Jordani Bruno akaurayiwa pamoto, izvo zvisina kunetsa maonero ake. Naizvozvo, mabasa eGarireo Garirea veKaturi veKaturi veKaturi veKaturi veKaturi veKaturi veKaturi veKaturike ainzi anomutswa. Masayenzi pachake akazvitarisisa muKaturike wechiKaturike uye haana kuona kupokana pakati pemabasa ake uye pikicha yeChristian- yenyika. Bhaibheri Nyowani Nyowani uye Masvomhu vaiona bhuku rinoti rinosimudzira ruponeso rweMweya, uye kwete zvachose nesainzi yekuziva.
Muna 1611, Garireya kuenda kuRoma kunoratidza teresikopu Pope Pope Pope Pope Pocily musayenzi vakapedza zvakanyanya uye vakatogamuchira kubvumidzwa kwevachadenga. Asi chikumbiro chesainzi kuti utsungirire chisarudzo chekupedzisira padambudziko reHeliocentric system yenyika yenyika yakasarudza mugumo wake mumaziso eChechi yeKaturike. Mapepa akazivisa Garireya neanyengeri, maitiro akapomera akatangwa muna 1615. Pfungwa yeHeliocentrism inozivikanwa zviri pamutemo seKomisheni yeRoma yenhema muna 1616.
Uzivi
Iyo huru yekutumira yeWorldview yeGarireya ndiko kuzivikanwa kwekuziva kwenyika, zvisinei nekufunga kwenyaya nemunhu. Zvese zvakasikwa ndezvekusingaperi uye zvisingaperi, zvakatangwa nePellench pellench. Hapana chero nzvimbo inonyangarika pasina trace, shanduko chete muchimiro chechinhu chinoitika. Nyika yezvokunyama yakavakirwa pakufamba kwemuchina yekufamba kwemasangano, adzidza izvo zvinogona kudzidziswa nemitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa. Naizvozvo, zviitwa zvesainzi zvinofanirwa kuve zvakavakirwa pane zvakaitika uye kuziva kwenyama yenyika. Chisikwa paGalileo inyaya yehunyanzvi hweuzivi, ichinzwisisa yaungasvikira pachokwadi uye kururamisa kwekutanga kwezvinhu zvese.
Garireya ndicho chisikwa chetimwe nzira mbiri dzesainzi yakasikwa - yekuedza uye inopararira. Nekubatsira kwenzira yekutanga, iyo sayenzi yakazvitunzurudza chiratidzo hypotheseses, yechipiri yakafungidzira kufamba kusingaenderane kubva kune chimwe chiitiko kuenda kune chimwe, kuzadzisa zivo yakazara. Mubasa, munhu anofunga anovimba zvakanyanya pane dzidziso dzaArchimedes. Kutsoropodza kukwirira kwaAristotle, Garireya haana kuramba nzira yekuongorora inoshandiswa nedzidziso yekare.
Nyeredzi
Nekuda kweiyo yakagadzirwa muna 1609, teresikopu iyo yakasikwa ichishandisa convex lens uye goopece yejasi, Galiley akatanga kuongorora kweLuminais kudenga. Asi kuwedzera katatu muchishandiso chekutanga kushaiwa musayendisiti kwekuedza kuzere-kwakazara, uye munguva pfupi inogadzira teresikopu ine makumi matatu nematanhatu ekuwedzera pazvinhu.
Yokutanga Luminaire, iyo Garireya yakadzidzwa zvakadzama nerubatsiro rwechigadzirwa chitsva, yaive mwedzi. Masayendisiti akawana makomo mazhinji uye ma craters pamusoro peSatellite yepasi. Kuwana kwekutanga kunosimbisa kuti nyika mune zvivakwa zvemuviri haina kusiyana nemamwe miviri yekudenga. Uku ndiko kwaive kwekutanga kurangarirwa kwekutarisirwa naAristotle nezve mutsauko wepasi uye nechimiro chekudenga.
Ki yechipiri kuwanikwa munzvimbo yekuongorora nyeredzi inoonekwa kune mana satellite yeJupiter, iyo muzana ramakore rechi20 yakatosimbiswa nemifananidzo yakawanda yehuwandu hwendic. Saka, akaramba kupokana kwevanopikisa Copernicus kuti, kana mwedzi unotenderera pasi pano, nyika haigoni kutenderera zuva. Garireya nekuda kwekusakwana kwematauro ekutanga aisakwanisa kumisikidza nguva yekuchinja kweaya satellite. Chiratidzo chekupedzisira chekutenderera kwemwedzi weJupita chakaiswa pamberi mushure memakore makumi manomwe semazwi ezvekunze cassini.
Galileo akawana kuvapo kwemavara emasosi, ayo aacherekedza kwenguva yakareba. Sezvo paakadzidza mhiko, Galiley akaita mhedziso nezvekutenderera kwezuva kutenderedza axis yake. Kuona venus uye Mercury, munyengeri akasarudza kuti mapuraneti anonyora ari pedyo neZuva. Garireya zverukova zvetsiva uye zvairondedzera pasi nePuptune, asi kusvika kumagumo mune izvi zvaakakundikana kufambira mberi, nekuda kwekusakwana kwehunyanzvi. Kuona teresikopu kumashure kwenyeredzi dzeMilky Way, musayendisiti akafunga huwandu hwavo hukuru.
Kuedza uye kune zvemusoro, Garireka zvinoratidzira kuti pasi rinotenderera kwete kumativi ese ezuva, asi zvakare kutenderedza axis, iyo yakasimbisa iyo yemizeve mukururamisa kweiyo copernicus hypothesis. MuRome, mushure mekugamuchira kwevaenzi muVictoria, Garireya inova nhengo yeChikoro cheDei linch, iyo yakavambwa nemubati wePese.
Mechanics
Hwaro hwekuita kwepanyama mune zvakasikwa zvinoenderana neGarirei inomufambi kuita. Musiyano wezvose zvakasikwa zvinoonekwa seyakaomarara michina inosanganisira zvikonzero zviri nyore. Naizvozvo, mechanics yakava dombo repakona mune yesainzi chiitiko cheGarireya. Galileo akawana zvakawanda mudunhu zvakananga mechanics, uye zvakare akataurawo mafambiro ezvenguva yemberi zvakawanikwa mufizikisi.
Masayendisiti akatanga akatanga mutemo wekudonha uye akasimbisa zvine mutsindo. Galileo akavhura mafomu epanyama emuviri anobhururuka, achifamba nekona kusvika kune yakatwasuka. Iyo paraboluke yekufambisa chinhu chakasiiwa chaive chakakosha pakuverenga matafura artillery.
Galiley akagadzira mutemo weanertia, iyo yakava iyo yakakosha axiom yemakina. Imwezve kuwanikwa yaive rondedzero yehusimbiso yehurumende yekirasi mechanics, pamwe nekuverenga kweiyo formula yeiyo pendulust oscillations. Zvichienderana nekudzidza kwekupedzisira, maawa ekutanga ne pendulum muna 1657 neGugenys Phyticome akagadzirwa.
Garireya yakatanga kutarisisa pakurwisa zvinhu pane kukurudzira mukusimudzira kwesainzi yakazvimirira. Kufunga kwesayenzi kwacho kwaiita kuti zvive zvataurwa nemitemo yefizikisi pakuchengetedza simba mumunda wesimba, nguva yekumanikidza.
Masvomhu
Gallers mumutongo wemasvomhu akaswedera pfungwa yekufunga nezvefundo. Kutsvaga kwako pane iyi sainzi, iyo sainzi yakatsanangurwa mukuratidzira "kuratidzira nezve mutambo uri mufupa", iro rakabudiswa makore makumi matanhatu nemasere mushure mekufa kwemunyori. Garireya yakava munyori wemasvomhu akakurumbira emasvomhu pane manhamba echisikigo uye matinji avo. Kuverengera kwaGalile kwakanyorwa mubasa "kukurukurirana nezve sainzi mbiri itsva". Izvo zvinoitika zvakaumba hwaro hwefungidziro yemisimboti uye kugadziriswa kwavo.Kunetsana neChechi
Pashure pegumi nematanhatu, kuchinja kunongedza musainzi yevayera yeGarirea, akamanikidzwa kuenda mumumvuri. Muyesayenzi akatya kuratidza mafungiro ake zvakajeka, saka bhuku chete raGalileo rakaburitswa mushure mekuziviswa kwaCopernicus vanomuviri raive kuumbwa kwa 1623 "prubreshik." Apedza simba muViticer Garireya, akatenda kuti baba vatsva baba veii vaizove vakafarira pfungwa dzeCopennikovsky kupfuura rake rakatangira.
Asi mushure mekuonekwa muchitokisi muna 1632, kuratidzira kwechokwadi "hurukuro pamusoro pezvinyorwa zviviri zvepasi zvenyika", kubvunza kunowanikwa neyesairesi. Iyo nyaya yakadzokororwa nekupomerwa, asi panguva ino yeGalileo zvese zvakapera zvakanyanya.
Hupenyu Hwako
Kugara muPadua, mudiki gallile akasangana nezvinyorwa zveVenetia Republic of Marina Gamba, iyo yakava mukadzi wevagari vemugove. Mhuri yeimba yeGarirea, vana vatatu vakazvarwa - mwanakomana waVininzo nemwanasikana waVirginia neLibya. Sezvo vana vaibuda kunze kwekunze kwemuchato, vasikana vazoti vaifanira kuva njiva. Muna 55, Galileo akakwanisa kuonga Mwanakomana chete, murume jaya akakwanisa kuroora uye jaya, kupa baba vezukuru, uyo mune ramangwana rakange rakaita amoni.
Mushure mekubvunzurudza kwakazivisa Galileo kunze kwemutemo, akatamira kune villageri, yakanga isiri kure nemamongi evanasikana. Naizvozvo, kazhinji, Galilei aigona kuona anodiwa, mwanasikana mukuru Virginia, kusvika parufu rwake muna 1634. Mudiki Libya haana kushanyira baba vake nekuda kwekurwadziwa.
Rufu
Semhedzisiro yekusungwa kwenguva pfupi muna 1633, Garireya kwakashayirwa pfungwa yehari yehericentrism uye yakawira pasi pekusungwa zvachose. Vesayenzi vakaiswa pasi pekuchengetedzeka kweimba muguta rekupfura nekudzora kwekutaurirana. Galileo akagara paTuscan Villa kuti ave nyore kusvika mazuva ekupedzisira ehupenyu. Mwoyo wehunhu wakamira muna Ndira 8, 1642. Panguva yekufa, pakanga paine vadzidzi vaviri - Viviani naTorricelli padhuze nenyanzvi. Muma 30s, iwo ekupedzisira mabasa evanofunga akaitwa - "Dialogue" uye "Kukurukurirana uye humbowo hwehushandisirwi matsva" muPurotesitendi Holland.
Mushure mekufa kwevaKatorike vakarambidzwa kuviga guruva raGalileo muSanta Basilica Crypt, uko musayendisiti aida kusindimara. Kururamisira kwakaedza muna 1737. Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi, guva raGarirea riri padyo naMichelangelo. Pashure pemamwe makore makumi maviri, kereke yakagadzirisa pfungwa yeHeliocentrism. Kururamisa kwaGalileo kwaifanira kumirira kwenguva yakareba. Iko kukanganisa kwekubvunzwa kwakazivikanwa muna 1992 nePapa John Paul II.