Biography
Friedrich Nietzsche - muzivi weGerman, anofunga, mudetembi uye kunyange muumbi. Dzidziso yake yeEcidemiki yakagoverwa pachena kwete chete mugwara resainzi uye yehurumende, asiwo kupfuura. Nietzsche akabvunza nheyo dzinokosha kazhinji dzinogamuchirwa muXX mazana emakore ehutsika uye tsika, dzeruzhinji uye dzezvematongerwo enyika uye zvematongerwo enyika. Pfungwa yePhilosopher uye kusvika nhasi inokonzeresa kupokana kwakawanda uye kusawirirana.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche akaberekwa muna Gumiguru 15, 1844 mumusha weRökken, iri pedyo neLeipzig. Baba vake, Karl Ludwig Nietzsche, pamwe nevatasekuru vake, vaive mupristi weLutheirani. Makore mashoma gare gare, mukomana aive nemumwe hanzvadzi Elizabheti, uye mumakore mashoma - Hama Ludwig Josef. Mukoma mudiki Friedrich akafa muna 1849, uye hanzvadzi yake akararama hupenyu hwakareba uye akaenda kunyika imwe muna 1935.
Nguva pfupi mushure mekuzvarwa kwemwanakomana mudiki Karl Ludwig Nietzsche akafa. Kuchengeta kurerwa kweiyo Friedrich zvizere zvakatora amai vake. Saka zvakagara zvakazosvika 1858, apo jaya raibata raibata racho rekugamuchira dzidzo muhyamuziro rinonakidza reGymnasius "Pofortoffort". Nguva yekudzidza iri mumitambo yekurovedza muviri yave kuora netizesa yeNietzsche: Ikoko akatanga kutanga kunyora, kutakurwa nekuverenga zvinyorwa zvekare uye akatoona chishuvo chikuru chekuzvipira kumimhanzi. Munzvimbo imwe chete iyoyo, Friedrich akasangana nemabasa aBaron, Schiller, Hölderlin, nemabasa eWagner.
Muna 1862, Nietzsche akatanga kudzidziswa kuYunivhesiti yeBonn, kusarudza zvidzidziso uye dzidziso. Hupenyu hwemudzidzi hwakakurumidza kubereka nemudzidzi wechidiki; Kuwedzera kune izvi, akange asina hukama nevanodzidza navo, izvo akaedza kudzidzisa nyika inofambira mberi. Naizvozvo, Friedrich akakurumidza kuendesa kuYunivhesiti yeLeipzig. Pane imwe nguva, achifamba achitenderera guta, akatsunga netsaona achipinda mubhenji remabhuku ekare uye akawana basa re "rugare sechairo uye mharidzo" Arthur Shapenhaauer. Iri bhuku rakafadzwa kwazvo neNietzsche uye rakabatsira pakuumbwa kwake semuzivi.
Kudzidza kweFriedrich kuFrilly yePhilology muLeipzig kwakaitika Zvakanyanya: Watokokwa kuti adzidzise mhini yedhisiti mune iyo bastery University. Yakanga iri nyaya yekutanga muEuropean yedzidzo yedzidzo, apo musayenda akadaro akabvumidzwa kuwana chimiro chePurofesa. Zvakangodaro, Nietzsche iye amene haana kugamuchira mufaro mukuru kubva pakufunda, kunyangwe asina kuramba kuvaka basa remufundisi.
Nekudaro, muzivi washanda kare akashanda semudzidzisi. Akamira pachirongwa ichi, akafunga kusiya Curussia Contria's's City (Basel University iri muSwitzerland). Naizvozvo, muhondo yeFranco-Prussian, inoitirwa muna 1870, yaisakwanisa kutora chikamu muNietzsche. Switzerland mune iyi kusangana yakabata chinzvimbo chekusarerekera uye saka akabvumira purofesa chete basa neSanitar.
Friedrich Nietzsche kubvira achiri mudiki haana kusiyana hutano hwakasimba. Saka pazera rine gumi nemasere, akatambura nekusarara uye migraine, makore makumi matatu ekuzvarwa, kunze kweizvi, akatanga kusangana nematambudziko nemudumbu. Akapedza basa muBasel muna 1879, mushure mezvo akatanga kugashira penension uye kunyatsoita mabhuku kunyora, pasina kurega kurwisa nechirwere.
Uzivi
Bhuku rekutanga reFriedrich Nietzsche rakabudiswa muna 1872 uye rakapfeka zita rekuti "kuberekwa kwenhamo kubva kumumhanzi wemumhanzi." Asati aripo, muzivi akatumira zvinyorwa zvesainzi kuti zvibudiswe, asi pakanga pasina mabhuku akazara. Basa rake rekutanga rakakomba rine zvitsauko zvacho makumi maviri neshanu.
Muchigumi neshanu, Nietzsche ari kuyedza kusimbisa dambudziko rechiGiriki, uye mukupedzisira kwechiGiriki, anotaurira uye kutaura nezveWagner, waakasangana naye uye aive shamwari yenguva (kusvikira muimbi akabvuma Chikristu).
"Saka aitaura Zaratibatsira"
Hakuna chimwe chigadzirwa chePhilosopher chinogona kunyorera chikamu chekuzivikanwa kwebhuku racho "zvakadaro vakataura Zarati." Pfungwa huru dzebasa ravo rakakurumbira neFriedrich Nietzsche akagamuchirwa nekuenda kuRoma pakupera kwezana rexix. Ikoko akasangana nemunyori, chiremba-anorapa uye muzivi Lou Salome. Nietzsche akawana muteereri anofadza mairi uye akafadzwa nekuchinjika kwepfungwa dzake. Akatoedza kumuita zano, asi Lou Salome akasarudza hushamwari.
Pasina nguva Nietzsche uye Salome akapokana uye haana kutaurwa. Mushure meizvozvo, Friedrich akanyora chikamu chekutanga chevashandi "zvakadaro akadaro Zaratilstra", umo vanotsvaga zvavanotarisisa vanofungidzira chaizvo kukosha kweshamwari yemweya yerudzi uye mazano e "hushamwari hwavo hwakakwana". Chikamu chechipiri nechitatu chebasa chakaona chiedza muna 1884, uye chechina chakaonekwa muchikamu chevakatsauswa muna 1885. Hake Nietzsche yakapihwa muhuwandu hwezvidimbu makumi mana emari yake.
Maitiro ebasa iri ari kuchinja sezvinhu: Zvinozoitika kuti uve nhetembo, saka comic, saka nyowani kune nhetembo. Mubhuku, Friedrich akatanga akaunza izwi rakadai sevanhu vanotsaukira, uye zvakare vakatangawo kuvandudza dzidziso yekuda musimba. Panguva iyoyo, pfungwa idzi dzakapfeka zvisina kusimba, uye shure kwaizvozvo akazivisa pfungwa yake mumabasa "kudivi rezvakanaka nezvakaipa" uye "kune dzinza rehunhu". Bhuku rechina rebasa rakazvipira kunhau yekuti zaptracks dzakamutsa sei vakavenga vanoyemura kwedzidziso yake.
Kuda simba
Zvinenge zvese zvakanyorwa zveuzivi zvinopfuura hutsika nezve kuda kusimba sechinhu chakakosha pfungwa yefungidziro yake. Sekureva kwaNietzsche, masimba ndiwo anokonzera chimiro chechisikirwo, iyo yekutanga kuwanikwa, pamwe nenzira yekurarama. Panyaya iyi, Friedrich akapesana nechido chekuisa simba kugadzirisa zvinangwa. Akataura kuti kusarudzwa kwechinangwa uye kufamba kwacho kunogona kutonzi chiitiko chizere chizere.Rufu rwaMwari
Frederick Nietzsche aive anoshingairira kufarira nyaya dzechitendero nerufu. "Mwari akafa" mumwe wevakakurumbira mafungiro. Uku kutaura kweuzivi kwakatsanangurwa sekuwedzera kwehudiki, izvo zvakakonzera kuongorora kwekuderera kwezvinhu zvekunze kwenheyo dzehupenyu hwehupenyu.
Muyedzo wakashorawo chiKristu cheshoko rekuti hupenyu munyika chaiyo, ichi chitendero chinosarudza kuve munyika nenyika. Nyaya iyi yakatsaurirwa kubhuku "Antikristu. Kutukwa kwechiKristu. " Kekutanga, Friedrich Nietzsche akataura nezve chinzvimbo chake mu "Bhuku revanhu revanhu revanhu, akaona mwenje muna 1876.
Hupenyu Hwako
Friedrich Nietzsche akadzokorora achinja maonero ake patsvimbo yemukadzi, saka mukurumbira wezvekutora "vakadzi - tsime reupenzi hwese neNerazumia munyika" haanyatsoratidza zvizere zvizere zvizere. Saka, muzivi akakwanisa kushanyira laminate yevarume, uye feminist, uye anti-moyo. Panguva imwecheteyo, rudo rwake chete rwaingove ruhwo Lu Salome. Iko hakuna ruzivo nezvehukama hwaPhilosopher nevamwe vakadzi.
Kwemakore, biography yeuzivi yakabatana nehanzvadzi yake Elizabheti, aichengeta munun'una wake uye akamubatsira. Nekudaro, zvishoma nezvishoma kusagadzikana kwakatanga muukama uhu. Ine Elizabeth Nietzsche yakava Bernard Ferters, imwe yedheologozi dzeanoridza-simitic kufamba. Akatosiya nemurume wake kuParaguay, uko vatsigiri vekufamba uku kwakaitirwa kugadzira koloni yeGerman. Nekuda kwekumanikidza kwemari, kuparadzwa kunoita kuzviuraya, uye chirikadzi yacho yakadzokera kunyika yake.
Nietzsche haana kugoverana hanzvadzi dzeanti-dzeSemitiki uye dzakamushora kuti riite nzvimbo yakadaro. Ukama hweHama nehanzvadzi dzakavandudzwa nekupera kwehupenyu hwekupedzisira, paakashayisa chirwere, aida rubatsiro uye ane hanya. Nekuda kweizvozvo, Erizabheti akakwanisa kubata zvinyorwa zvemunun'una wake. Akatumira mabasa eNietzsche kuti agoveresi chete apedza kutsauka, semhedzisiro yedzidzo yedzidziso yedzidziso yedzidziso dzakakanganiswa.
Muna 1930, Elizabheti Fersel-Nietzsche akatsigira hurumende yeNazi uye akadedera Hitler kuti ave muenzi wekurumbidza weNietzsche Archive Museum, raakasika. Mutungamiriri weFascist Dovemo akafadzwa nekushanya uye akagadza hanzvadzi yeiyo muzivi hupenyu hwepension. Ichi chikamu chakazove chikonzero chekuti Nietzsche inowanzobatanidzwa mupfungwa dzepfungwa neine pfungwa yeFascist.
Rufu
Muzivi aiwanzo kusanzwisisika vanhu vese vepedyo uye neruzhinji. Pfungwa dzake dzakatanga kuwana mukurumbira pakupera kweva 1880, uye pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 20 basa rakashandurwa mumitauro yakawanda yenyika. Muna 1889, iro basa rekugadzira reFriedrich Nietzsche righiko nekuda kweiyo turbidity yechikonzero.
Pane mafungiro ekuti muzivi akavhundutsa bhiza richirova chiitiko. Uku kubatwa uye kwakonzera chirwere chepfungwa chinofambira mberi. Munyori akapedza mwedzi yekupedzisira yehupenyu hwake muchipatara chebhasikoro chepfungwa. Mushure menguva yakati, amai vakura vakamutora kuenda kuimba yevabereki, asi munguva pfupi, akafa, nekuda kweizvo muzivi wagamuchira pombi.
Nietzsche akafa musi waNyamavhuvhu 25, 1900.
BHAIBHERI
- "Kuzvarwa kweDambudziko, kana Kugadzira Uye Pessimism"
- "Invoded Refersions"
- "Munhu, munhuwo zvake. Bhuku reMifun Mahara Pfungwa »
- "Mangwanani Mambakwedza, kana Pfungwa Nezve Kuzviradzirisa Kwetsika"
- "Achifara Sayenzi"
- "Saka vaitaura Zaratildra. BHUKU Kune Zvese uye Kune Chero ani "
- "Kune rumwe rutivi rwezvakanaka nezvakaipa." Prelude kune uzivi hwemberi "
- "Kune dzinza retsika. Polemical zvese
- "Casus Wagner"
- "Twilight zvidhori, kana sechizivi nyundo"
- "Antikristu. Kutuka Chikristu "
- "Ecce Homo. Kuva isu pachedu sei?
- "Kuda Simba"