Biography
Stepan TimoEvich Razin - Ataman yeiyo Don Cosssacks, avo vakarongedza kukwira kukuru kwakakurumbira kweiyo nguva yekuroora, iyo yainzi peas.
Mutungamiriri wezve ramangwana rekupanduka manyoro akaberekerwa mumusha weZisovskaya muna 1630. Mamwe masosi anoratidza imwe nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwe Stepan - Cherkask Guta. Baba venguva yemberi yeAtaman timony panguva iyoyo vaibva kuVoronezh Ndima, asi vakatama kubva ipapo vachienda kune zvikonzero zveMabhangi eDon.
Jaya rakanamatira pakati pevarindi vemagedhi uye munguva pfupi yakava cossack domic. Timfey aive akasiyana nemauto ehondo ushingi uye ushingi. Kubva kune imwe mushandirapamwe, iyo cossack yakatungamira kuimba yekutapa yeTurkhanka ndokuroora. Mhuri yakazvarwa vanakomana vatatu - Ivan, Stepan uye Frenl. Hama yoMunun'una wepakati yakava mauto aAtamani yeKornil Yakovlev.
Nguva yenhamo
Muna 1649, "Cathedral meseji", akasaina naMambo, Alexey Mikhalovich Romanov, muRussia yakazopera iyo SEFFOM. Gwaro rakazivisa nhaka yenyika yeSerfdhomu uye vakabvumidzwa kuwedzera nguva yekutsvaga kutiza kusvika makore gumi nemashanu. Mushure mekutorwa kwemutemo munyika kwakatanga kusimuka kupfupika uye kupandukira, varimi vazhinji vakatanga kumhanya vachitsvaga nzvimbo dzemahara uye nzvimbo dzekugara.
Paive nenguva isina kujairika. Kugara kweCossack kwaive kuri kuwedzera kuva pier "golitby", varombo kana vapfupi varimi vaiwirirana nemakona akapfuma. Maererano neshumiro isingaenzaniswi ne "domovite" madhiri ekutsamwa, mapoka akagadzirwa, ayo aiverengerwa muhomwe uye kuba. Terkskie, Don, Yaitsky Cossacks yakawedzera nekuda kwe "pigember" machira, simba ravo guru rakakura.
Pwere
Muna 1665 chiitiko chakaitika, icho chinopesvedzera kuenderera mberi kweNhanho yeStepan Razin. Hama Irvan, vakatora chikamu muhondo yeRussia-yeRussia vakafunga kusiya chinzvimbo uye pamudyandigere neuto kumusha kwake. Maererano netsika, Freecerrig haina kusungirwa kuteerera hurumende. Asi mauto egavhuna yu. A. delgorukov akabatwa nematongo uye, achivataurira nevarombo, akaurayiwa munzvimbo. Mushure mekufa kwaHama Stecan, kutsamwa kuRussia vakasarudzikawo vakafunga kuenda kuMoscow kuitira kuti vasunungure Russia kubva kumukomana. Chinzvimbo chisina kugadzikana chezvakarukwa zvakakonzera mhirizhonga yemvura.
Kubva patsva Stepan akasiyaniswa nekubvisa nekunhuhwirira. Haana kumbobvira afamba ari mupenyu, asi akashandisa madhiri uye hunyengeri, saka achiri mudiki iye chikamu chevamiririri vanokosha kubva kumachinda kuCostacks kuMoscow naAstrakhan. Diplomatic tricks Stepan aigona kugadzirisa chero bhizinesi rakakundikana. Saka mushandirapamwe wakakurumbira "weZipunov", izvo zvakapera kuenda kuRazinky squad zvichichekerera, zvinogona kutungamira nekusunga uye kuranga vatori vake vese. Asi Stepan Timerovich akanyatso kutaura naTsarist Viivhed Lviv kuti Akasunungura imba yese mauto, akajekesa zvombo zvitsva, uye akapa Stepan icon yemhandara.
Akazviratidza uye somugove pakati pevanhu vane hembe. MuAsttrakhan, akagadzira murevereri mukupokana pakati peNagyabaki tatars uye kalmyks uye haana kubvumira kudeurwa kweropa.
Kuhwina
Muna 1667, muna Kurume, Stepan akatanga kuunganidza mauto. Kubva 2000, Atamani, Atamani akaenderera mberi pamushandirapamwe wetsvenzi dzevatengesi uye ngarava dzemukomana muVolga. Kupamba hakuna kuoneka nevatungamiriri senge bongozozo, sezvo kuba kwaive chikamu chakakosha chekuvapo kwemakonzo. Asi Razin akaenderera mberi pane zvakajairika mbme. Mumusha wevatema Yar Ataman akaronga kuurayiwa kwemauto emigwagwa, obva aregedza mareferensi ese. Mushure meizvozvo akaenda kuYiar. Mauto emupanduki aine cunning akapinda munhare yakananga kune iyo Ural Cossacks uye yakazvikurirwa ivo pachavo.
Muna 1669, uto rakazara nevaridzi venzvimbo dzinopenya, vachitungamirwa naStepan, Ruzin akaenda kuCaspia, kwaakadzidza kurwiswa kwePersia. Mukurwa neFlotilla, Khan, Russian Ataman yakasvika kumutungamiriri wekuMabvazuva. Ripples inotevedzera kutiza kubva kuNhengo yePersian, mushure mekunge maPersia akarayira kuti asanganise ngarava makumi mashanu uye dzakatenderedza mauto eCossack. Asi Razin akangoerekana atendeuka ndokuisa pasi pechikepe chine simba chengarava chikuru chemuvengi, mushure meizvozvo zvakatanga kunyura uye kudhonza ngarava yese. Saka madiki madota Stepan Razin akabuda muhondo kuchenesa chitsuwa ichikunda. Kunzwisisa kuti mushure mekukundwa kwakadaro, mashura anozounganidza vazhinji varwi kuti varwe nematongo, maCossacks akafamba kuburikidza naAstrakhan kuDon.
Hondo yeNyika
1670 Kugadziriswa kwemauto aSteel ramin akatanga kurambidza kuenda kuMoscow. Ataman akaenda kumusoro yeDolga, achitungamira misha yemahombekombe nemaguta. Kuti ukwezve huwandu hwekwavo kudivi raro, misiyano yakashandiswa "mavara anokwezva" - mavara akakosha akagovera pakati pevanhu veguta. Mutsamba zvakanzi kuridzwa kwevakomana kunogona kukandwa kure kana vachibatana neuto revapanduki.
Kwete chete magaro akadzvinyirirwa, asiwo vatendi vekare, mhizha, Mari, tatars, maruva, nemauto, uye varwi veRussia vehurumende, vakaenda kudivi remachira. Mushure mekubatsirwa kwekusara, mauto ehumambo akamanikidzwa kutanga kukwezva merceneres kubva kuPoland uye nyika dzeBaltic. Asi nevarwi vakadaro, macossack aive nehutsinye, achifumura vasungwa vese vevatorwa vokuurayiwa.
Stepan Razin akaparadzira runyerekupe kuti isipo tsarevich Alexey Alekseevhi yakavanzika mumakonzo, pamwe neiyo tatelarch nikair. Saka, Ataman akakwezva zvakanyanya uye kusagutsikana zvakanyanya nehurumende yazvino. Pakati pegore, vagari vemuTsaritsyn, Asttrakhan, Samara, Alakhan, Sheransk, Pazmomodeyansk yakatwasuka matongo. Asi muhondo pasi peStopirsk Flotilla yeCossacks, mauto emuchinda Yu. N. Barnatinsky yakakamurwa, uye Stepan Razin amene akamanikidzwa kudzokera kudzoka.
Hafu yegore rekare Stepan yakavanzika neTaundi reKagalnitsky, asi iyo yakapfuma yemucheka yakafunga muchivande yakasarudza pane iyo komisheni yeAtaman kuhurumende. Vakuru vaitya kutsamwa kwamambo, uyo aigona kuvata pamusoro pemakosi eRussia. MunaApril 1671, mushure mekudhara kwenguva pfupi yeparara, Stepan Razin akabatwa uye akaendeswa kuMoscow pamwe chete nenzvimbo dzepedyo.
Hupenyu Hwako
Hupenyu hwakavanzika hweAtaman munhoroondo yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa hazvina kuchengetedzwa, asi chete chokwadi chekuti muKagalnitsikius, murume wake Razin akagara nemwanakomana wake Athanasius. Mukomana akaenda akatsika tsoka dzababa vake uye akava murwi. Pakati pemuchenjo neAziv Tatat tatat, jaya rakatorwa kumuvengi, asi akakurumidza kudzokera kumusha kwake.
Mune ngano nezve Stepan, mwanasikana wePersia anotaurwa. Iyo inofungidzirwa kuti musikana akauya akaudza macessack mushure mekurwiswa kwakakurumbira mugungwa reCaspian. Akava mudzimai wechipiri Razin uye akatokwanisa kubereka kubereka kwevana, asi kubva kuJury Atamani akamunyudza muPucha yeVolga.
Rufu
Pakutanga kwezhizha ra 1671, Gregory Koshagov, Yakachengetedzwa naVoikov Andrey Bogdanov Stepan uye Hama Yake Frol, vakanunurwa kuMosco kuti muedzo. Munguva yekuferefetwa kwematanda, ivo vakaiswa kutambudzwa vane hutsinye, uye mushure memazuva mana vakatungamira mukuurayiwa, izvo zvakaitika kune iyo bothonala mraba. Mushure mekutongwa kwemutongo weStepan Razin akapokana, asi mukoma wake akatadza kumira akaonekwa uye akakumbira tsitsi kuti awane ruzivo rwechivande. Makore mashanu gare gare, asingakuwana pfuma inodada yakapikirwa nemuruzhudho, yakasarudzwa kuuraya munun'una waAkani.
Mushure mekufa kwemutungamiriri wesununguko yekusununguka, hondo yakaenderera kwemamwe mwedzi mitanhatu. Madhironi aive akananga kuAtamanan Vasily Musyl uye Fyodor Sheloojak. Vatungamiriri vatsva vaisave neyakakwana chiral uye huchenjeri, saka mhirizhonga yakadzvanywa. Kurwira kwevanhu kwakatungamira kumhedzisiro yekuodza mwoyo: Mazuva eSerfom akasimbiswa, mazuva ekuchinja kwevaridzi akabvumidzwa, akatenderwa kuratidza huwandu hwakanyanya hwehutsinye hwakanyanya kuenderana nenhare inoodza moyo.
Ndangariro
Nyaya yekumukira kwaStepan Razin kwenguva yakareba yakaramba iri mukuyeuka kwevanhu. 15 Huru dzenziyo dzakatsaurwa kugamba renyika, kusanganisira "nekuda kwechitsuwa ichi paStanzhen", "pane nzvimbo", "O, ipapo manheru." Biography yemadziro eRazini yakakonzera kufadza kwevazhinji pakati pevazhinji vanyori nevanyori venhoroondo, vakadaro saA.
Urongwa hwekubata kwegamba rehondo yehondo yakashandiswa kana ichigadzira iyo yekutanga yeRussia firimu muna 1908. Iyo firimu yakanzi "Uturu Wolnitsa". Mukukudza kweRazin, migwagwa yeSt. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, yekaterinburg, Ulyanovsk uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakatumidzwa mazita.
Zviitiko XVII remakore vakaumba hwaro operas uye symphonic nhetembo pakati Vanyori Russian N. Ya. Afanasyev, A. K. Glazunova, D. D. Shostakovich.