Biography
Alexandra Mikhailovna kollondtai - A Revolution Yedzidziso Yekutanga, Commissar yerudzi rweHurumende, mumiriri weUSSR mu Scandinavia neMexico.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Alexandra akaberekwa munaKurume 19, 1872 muSt. Pasersburg mumhuri yekare kubva mukungwara Mikhail Alekseevich Demoonvich, Ukamusian Baba vaAlexandra vakabatanidzwa mumusangano wemauto kurwisa Hungary, vakazvisiyanisa muhondo yemuroora. Mikhal Alekseevich yaive munharaunda yeruzhinji, akanyora basa pane nhoroondo yemauto, gore raakashanda semutungamiriri weTarnov Province.
Amai venguva yemberi remangwana, iyo Finnish yakatumira Alexander Masalina - Mravinskaya, aive mudiki kwazvo kupfuura murume wake, asi aive atove watove wokuroora kumashure kwemapfudzi ake. Kubva pane wapfuura mubatanidzwa, aive nemwanasikana weEugene Mravinskaya, anozivikanwa neMuimbi weOpera. Sekuru vari pamutsetse wemberi, kuva nemidzi yemugodhi, vakagadzira kambani yekufambisa, pane iyo uye vakapfuma.
Shura akaberekerwa baba vake ava atova namakore makumi mana nemashanu, saka naMikhal Alkseevach, aive nehukama hunodziya. Mwanasikana wokumhanya akadaidza rudo rweNhoroondo, geography, zvematongerwo enyika. Kutarisa Baba, musikana uyu akadzidza kufunga nezve analy. Vabereki vakachengeta dzidzo yepamoyo yemwanasikana wavo. Pakupera kwechikoro, Shura aive achitaura zvakasununguka muFrench, Chirungu, chiFinnish, Sweden, Nowwegian neGerman.
Pazera ramakore gumi nematanhatu, Alexander akapasi akawana bvunzo dzinodiwa kunze uye akagamuchira diploma rehutongi. Amai vakasimba vakatariswa vachienderera mberi nedzidzo husiku, uye musikana uyu akafadzwa nekupenda. Kuwedzera kumakirasi okusika, mukadzi wechidiki mudiki akapinda mabhora, maringe nevabereki, aifanira kuwana chikomba chakanaka. Asi Alexander haana kuda kuroora pekugara, kunyange ainakidzwa nekubudirira kunoshamisa pakati pevamiriri venyama yepamusoro.
Pakati pa1990, Alexander akafadzwa nekufamba kwemuchinjiko, musikana anonzwira tsitsi pfungwa dzekuchinja kubva achiri mudiki, achitevera muenzaniso wemudzidzisi m. I. Inishuwarenzi yeMudzidzisi. Mushure mekunge Alexander, anenge achipesana nechido chevabereki vakaroora hama hurombo, vladimir kollloktaya ndokutamira kubva mumba, musikana akanzwa akasununguka. Mwana mudiki akatanga kunyangarika pakavanda kuti kuzivana kwake kweElena Dimitrivna Stimiv, musikana ari pedyo neTariro yeKrishkaya naVladimir Ulyanov.
Alexandra Kollondty yakapihwa kuve nhume. Musikana akaisa panjodzi nehupenyu uye zita, achienda kunzvimbo dzesimbi nemakirabhu ane mavara akarambidzwa nemabhuku. Kudanana kweRevolution kwakakurumidza kubata mukadzi wechidiki, uye akasiya zvese zvese zvekuchengeta imba. Munguva yake yemahara, kolondtai akadzidza Lenin naMarx.
Muna 1898, Alexander anogadziriswa achienda kunze kwenyika, ayo anoparadza zvakakwana waro yake. MuSwitzerland, chembere yekuchinja chinouya kuyunivhesiti yekodhiro, murayiridzi wake anova purofesa Heinrich Gercer, reroreti dzehupfumi. Anonyatsokurudzira mudzidzi anoshamisa kuti aende kuEngland kuti aongorore vafundisi veLondon Chikoro cheEconomics uye vatungamiriri vevashandi veSidney na Beatrice Webbami.
Kudzokera kwemakore maviri kuRussia, Alexander anova nhengo yeRussia Sourgratic vashandi vemabiko. Maererano neyekudaira kwebato, iyo shanduko inotumirwa zvakare kune dzimwe nyika, uko chimwe chiitiko chakakosha chakaitika kuna Alexandra. Muna 1901, kuGeneva, akasangana neiyo Rekusimudza Russian Revolutionary George Plekhanov.
Shanduko
Muna 1903, kuII Congress yeRSDRP, kupatsanurana pakati pebato kwakaonekwa, semhedzisiro yacho maviri neVladimir Lenin mumusoro uye maMenshevek aive akananga Mauto. Iyo menshevik kabati inosanganisira plekahanov uye colatai. Asi mushure memakore 11, Alexander akachinja maonero ake uye akamira pasi pemaranga eBolshevik bapiro.Munguva yekutanga yekunyepedzera kwesocialist ye1905, iyo yakakundwa, iyo colluntime yakatsigirwa nevakadzi vanoshanda, vachiparadzira bhurocha reFinnish neyemagariro. Mushure mekukundwa kwevashandirwi, kutiza kubva mukutambudzwa uye zvinogoneka kutaurwa, shanduko yacho yakanga ichivanda kunze kwenyika. Kollondtai haagari munzvimbo imwechete, anogadzirisa hukama hwemagariro Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain, France, Norway.
MuGermany, Alexandra anokwanisa kuita shamwari nevatungamiriri veCommunist Bato naRosa Luxembourg naKarl Liebknecht. Vandudza vanobatsira kufamba neshamwari nyowani muSweden kana Germany yacho kuzivisa kutanga kwehondo yenyika yekutanga.
Mushure mekudzingwa kweDubious Revolution kubva kuStockholm inofamba kuenda kuDenmark. Kubva pane izvi zvichienda mberi, iyo Collittai faindi ine bolsheviks.
Nekutanga kutaurirana nehungwaru hweGerman uye kuwana mukana wekuwana mari isina muganho, bolsheviks vanova vatungamiriri vekuchinja kweanodzokera 1917 muRussia. Asi hurumende yenguva pfupi mushure memazviitiko zveFebruary zvinokwanisa kuendesa Alexander Espionage mukufarira Germany.
Muchikusokirira, kuVi Congress yebato, iyo Collantai inotora nhengo dzeDare repakati. Vari mumiriri vakashinga vakava mukadzi wekutanga mumuviri weBolshevik vane masimba eBolshevik, neStalin, Lenin, Trotsky, Zinovihsky, Zinovi, Bukharin, Bukrin.
Lenin, anoteverwawo nehurumende yeiyo gadziriro, panguva ino kuvanda mumapuranga akavanzika. Nekutakura, iyo Collantai yatobuda mutirongo uye inotora chikamu mumisangano yebato, pane izvo sarudzo pamupendero wemauto anoitwa.
Iyo shanduko inoitwa muna Gumiguru 25, uye kwemazuva maviri iyo ndiyo muviri mukuru wesimba wakasikwa - iyo Council yeNyika, mune KollondTi yakapihwa kune iyo kanzuru yekupindwa musi waCity. Muchokwadi, iyi ndiyo chinzvimbo chemushumiri icho icho chinhanduka chakatarisana nekutanga kusati kwatanga chemucherechedzo wa1918.
Mumiriri weUSSR
Muna 1922, Soviet Union yakagadzirwa. Iyo yechidiki yenyika yaida kuzivisa kwenyika, saka vanhu vane ruzivo rwekunze uye pamwe nekubatana muEuropean Socialumabricas vakasarudzwa seDiplomats. Alexander Kollontai pakukumbira kwake kugaridzira kwakagadza mumiriri weScandinavia. "Valkyri shanduko" inotumirwa kuNorway, uko inotsvaga kuzivikanwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kweUSSR, mukufananidza hukama hwekutengesa huripo pakati penyika.
Muna 1926, Kollondtai akagadza mumiriri weChinga muMexico, asi, asingafananidza mamiriro ekunze anopisa, ayo anokanganisa basa remwoyo, Alexander anoshandura kuOslo.
Kubva 1930 kusvika muna 1945, kuve mumiriri weUSSR muSweden, kolondtai anowedzera kukunda kwevakakunda. Alexander Mikhailovna, panguva yekukurukurirana Ndima yeEurope.
Zvese zvezvematongerwo enyika zvakasungwa nenyika yeScandVavian yaive mumaoko emukadzi akashinga, saka stalin haina kumubata panguva yekucheneswa kwezvematongerwo enyika. Uyezve, mutungamiri wevanhu vaive vekuchinja nekuseka, pasina kufadza Collittai semuvengi akakosha, anogara achiuya pamusoro pake. In tendeuka, Alexander Mikhailovna akatsigira zvakakwana mutemo waJoseph Vissarionvich.
Hupenyu Hwako
Alexandra Kollondtai, senzira yechokwadi, muchishuvo chechokwadi cherusununguko chakafamba kusvika kumagumo, saka musoro werudo rwemahara wakanangana naye nemakore mudiki. Achiri mudiki kwazvo, Alexander akasimbirira pakusarudza kwake kuchikomba, uyo akazova hama iri kure vladimir kolintai. Vabereki munzira dzose vanotidzivirira muchato uyu, uye varume vakapfuma uye vakapfuma, vakadai Ivan tuolmin, mwanakomana weGeneragirov, akapa ruoko nemoyo. Asi kuda kwemusikana haana kubudirira chero munhu.Muchato wakaitika muna 1893, uye mugore mwanakomana waMusha akaberekwa mumhuri. Zvizhinji kubva mukudonha kwevana kwaisava. Tora kutarisisa kwevabereki, Alexander anouya pasi pesimba revachinja shanduko pane kuparadza mhuri. Muna 1898, mukadzi wechidiki anosarudza kutizira kuEurope ndokusiga murume wake nemwanakomana nekusingaperi. Kuroora pakati peAlexander uye Vladimir kwakamiswa muna 1916, asi zita racho rekuchinja harina kuchinja.
Mushure mekubva pakuva mukadzi akasununguka, Kolondtai akabata akatevedzana rudo rwerudo, refu uye nekukurumidza. Varume vake vakava vezvematongerwo enyika vakakurumbira pasi pake, sezvo Alexander pachake airatidzika kunge ari mudiki kwazvo pane zera rake.
Muhupenyu hwomunhu wolllondtai akazivisa kuti "dzidziso yemvura yemvura", iyo yaive yakavakirwa chokwadi kuti rudo runofanira kupihwa kune wese munhu anozvida. Iyo collantai yaisave iye munyori weiyi poster, asi chete mwenje wake wakajeka. Kwenguva yakareba, iyo "Valkyrie yekuchinja" yakasangana neAlexander Gavngelovich Hatpnikov, aimbova shamwari yeLenin.
Asi muna 1917, mugumo weShur neyenzi yeDhanduko-Sailor Pavel Dybenko, iyo Kolondtai akaroora. Kunyora kuwirirana kwewanano naDyuben ndokuva wekutanga mubhuku rezvekuzvidavirira kwezvinhu zvehurumende. Ukama hadzina kugara kwenguva refu, panguva ino nekuda kwekusatendeka kwaPaul. Izvo zvaisashamisika, sezvo mauto aive ari pasi pemukadzi wake kwemakore 17. Naizvozvo, muna 1922, Alexander anopisa mabhiriji uye anosiya dzimwe nyika.
MuNorway, iyo yekuchinja inowanzojairana neFrench Submarmarines yeMarseil Yakovlevich Muviri. Asi hurumende yeSoviet inopindira muhukama hwembira uye mudiki wechiFrench, uye vaviri vacho vakaputsa.
Pakupera kwamakumi maviri, Alexander Mikhalovna pakupedzisira anoyeuka Mwanakomana, uyo akazunza mukadzi womutorwa, mukadzi wechipiri weVladimir Kolondty. Iyo shanduko inouya neMikhail pakutanga kweBerlin Mumiriri weBerlin, uyezve kune iyo USSR Embass muLondon uye Stockholm. Collaga inotarisira muzukuru waVladimir, uyo akaberekwa muna 1927.
Rufu
PaMuvemberero yekupera kwehondo huru yehondo, Kolofi haina kugona kumira zvakazara, uye aive nerurova. Pane izvi, iyo yezvematongerwo enyika yezvematongerwo enyika yeAlexandra Mikhailovna, somunhu anoitwa muSherman, apedzwa. Pakati paMurume waMarch 1945, Diplomat yakanunurwa nekuda kwemuganhu kuMoscow, uko kugadzirwazve kwacho kwakatanga.
Ane makore manomwe, Kollondtai akasungwa newiricheya uye airarama akavanzika mufurati rake pane iyo diki yeKaluga Street. Chikamu chechidimbu chemuviri hachina kupindira neAlexander Mikhailovna kuzadzisa iyo mabasa ezvehukama pane dzimwe nyaya dzeMutemo nyaya: Ushumiri hwenze, hwaive hwakakosheswa. Calloclock yakafa munaKurume 9, 1952 kubva pakurwara nemoyo, kwakaitika mukurota. Guva rekuchinja renzvimbo iri panzvimbo yeNovderevichy Cemetery.