Biography
Graph reLeo Tolstoy, zvinyorwa zveRussia uye zvepasi rose zvinonzi tenzi wesycholigist, Musiki wemarudzi eRoma, iye wekutanga kufunga uye mudzidzisi wehupenyu. Mabasa emunyori ane hunyanzvi inhaka huru yeRussia.
MunaAugust 1828, zvinyorwa zvemabhuku eRussia akaberekerwa munzvimbo yePolyana yePolyana muTula Province. Munyori wenguva yemberi we "hondo nepasirese" akava mwana wechina mumhuri yevanokudzwa. Maererano nemutambo wedzinza, iye waive wemhuri yekare weGirafu yeTollstoy aishumira IVan anotyisa uye Peter kutanga. Pamutsetse wacho Level lev nikolayevich ndiye wedziva weRurikov. Iyo inozivikanwa kuti shumba tolstoy naAlexander puskin tateguru - Admiral Ivan Mikhalovich Golovin.
Mom Leo Nikolayevich - Thee Princess volkonskaya - akafa kubva pakuzvarwa kweanodziya mushure mekuzvarwa kwemwanasikana wake. Panguva iyoyo, shumba yakanga isiri yemakore maviri. Makore manomwe gare gare, Musoro wemhuri wakafa - Verenga Nikolai Tolstoy.
Iko kutarisirwa kwevana kwakarara pamapfudzi emunyori weAunt - T. A. Ergolsaya. Gare gare vana vekuRinda nherera vakava wechipiri Tete - Kuzivikanwa A. M. Osten-Saken. Pashure porufu rwake muna 1840, vana vakatamira kuKazan, kuNew Cartian-hanzvadzi yaBaba P. I. Yushkova. Tete vakachinjisa muzukuru, uye paudiki mumba make, ayo aionekwa seanofara uye aigamuchira vaenzi muguta, munyori akadana achifara. Gare gare, Shumba Tolstoy akarondedzera izvo zvinoratidzwa zvehupenyu muzvivakwa zveYushkov mune nyaya "ini ndiri mudiki".
Yekutanga Dzidzo Classic yakagamuchirwa kumba kubva kuvadzidzisi veGerman nevechiFrench. Muna 1843, Shumba Tolstoy akapinda muKazan University, achisarudza chimiro chemitauro yekuMabvazuva. Nenguva isipi, nekuda kwekuderera kwekuita, akachinjikidza kune imwe Fakita - zviri pamutemo. Asi zvakare hazvina kubudirira: mumakore maviri, akabva kuyunivhesiti pasina kugamuchira madhigirii.
Shumba Nikolayevich yakadzokera kune yakajeka kujekesa, kuda kugadza hukama nevapunyu nenzira itsva. Pfungwa iyi yakundikana, asi jaya raigara richikunda diary, varaidzo yandaida kwazvo uye vakafarira mimhanzi. Tolstoy's wachi yakateerera kuJohann Bach, Frederick Chopin uye Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Kuora mwoyo nehupenyu hwemuridzi wevhu mushure mekupedzerwa mumusha wezhizha, Shumba ine makore makumi maviri tolstoy yakasiya nzvimbo iyi uye kubva ipapo kuenda kuSt. Petersburg. Jaya rinomhanyira pakati pekugadzirira bvunzo dzemumiriri payunivhesiti, mimhanzi, mimhanzi, mimhanzi, mimhanzi uye gwara, uye zviroto kuti zvive pamutemo, ipapo junker yeConnogardesky. Hama dzinoti shumba "idiki diki", uye zvikwereti zvakaratidza kuti zvaifanira kuwanikwa kwemakore.
Mabhuku
Muna 1851, mukoma wemunyori - mukuru Nikolai tolstoy - akanyengetedza shumba kuenda kuCaucasus. Kwemakore matatu, Revhupelayevich akagara mumusha kumabhanga e tereki. Chimiro cheCaucasus uye iyo Patriarchal hupenyu hweCossack Stunne dzakazoratidzwa mu "Cossacks" uye "Haiji Murir"
MuCaucasus, Leo Tolstoy akanyora nyaya yekuti "Upwere", hwakabudiswa mumagazini ", ari kuyaruka". Iyo yekunyora yekunyora yakazove yakajeka uye yakaunza lerly nikolayevich yekutanga kuzivikanwa.
Iyo yekugadzira biography yeLeo tolstoy iri kukudziridza nekukurumidza: Kugadzwa kuBachest, shanduro kune yakaiswa Sevastopol, iyo bhatiri kuraira yakapfumisa munyori. Kubva pasi peminhenga yeLeo Nikolayevich, kutenderera kwe "Sevastopol Nhau" dzakaburitswa. Zvinyorwa zveMunyori wechidiki akarova vatsoropodzi vane ushingi hwepfungwa kuongorora. Nikolai ChernysHevsky akawana mavari akawana mavari "Difilecs yeMweya", uye Emperor Alexander II akaverenga chinyorwa "Sevastopol muna Zvita" uye akaratidzwa kuyemura kwetarenda re tarenda re tarenda re tarenda reTarenda reTarenda reTalstoy.
Munguva yechando ya 1855, Shumba ine makore 28 yeStersburg uye yakapinda mu "Cirstarari" denderedzwa, kwaakagamuchirwa, achidana "tariro huru yebhuku Rokuremekedza mabhuku." Asi kwegore, iyo nzvimbo yekunyora nenharo dzayo uye kukakavara, kuverenga uye zvinyorwa zvekunyora zvakaneta. Gare gare mu "kureurura" tolstoy akabvuma:
"Vanhu veizvi vakanditungamirwa kwandiri, uye ini ndoga ndisina."Mukuvhuvhu wa 1856, munyori wechidiki akaenda kunzvimbo dzepolyana akasarudzika, uye muna Ndira 1857 - kunze kwenyika. Hafu yegore, Shumba Tolstoy akafamba Europe. Akashanyira Germany, Italy, France neSwitzerland. Akadzokera kuMoscow, uye kubva ipapo - pachena kujekeswa kwakajeka. Mune generic estate, yaive iine gadziriro yezvikoro kuvana vevatengesi. Munzvimbo yehukama hwehutano hwePolyana, masangano makumi maviri ekudzidzisa akaoneka nekutora chikamu chake. Muna 1860s, munyori aifamba chaizvo: MuGermany, Switzerland, Belgium, akadzidza nzira dzepageges dzenyika dzeEurope kushandisa kuRussia.
Chinhu chakakosha pabasa reshumba tolstoy toles uye zvinyorwa zvevana nevachiri kuyaruka. Munyori akasika mazana emabasa evaverengi vashoma, pakati pekuti ngazvive pakati pezvakanaka uye zvinangwa zvakanaka zve "kitten", "hama mbiri", "Hedgehog neHare", "shumba nembwa".
Chikoro Manual "Alphabet" Shumba Tolstoy akanyora kudzidzisa vana kunyora, kuverenga uye arithmetic. Bhuku rekuverenga uye redagogarical rine mabhuku mana. Munyori aisanganisira nyaya dzinodzidzisa, Epics, ngano, pamwe nezano rezvemitemo kuvadzidzisi. Bhuku rechitatu rakapinda nyaya yeiyo caucasian kutapwa.
Muna 1870, Simba Tolstoy, richiramba uchidzidzisa vana vakanaka. Akanyora kuti Lorenlines "Ana Karenina uye iyo yeMhuri yeKarenina yeVadiki Landlord Levin, uyo waaizivisa iye . Iyo isingaverengeki chete pakutanga kutarisa yaiita kunge rudo: Classic yakasimudza dambudziko rezvinoreva kuvapo kwe "boka rakaumbwa", achimurambidza chokwadi cheMenzitsky hupenyu hweMenzitsky. "Anna Karenina" anokoshesa zvikuru Feor Dostoevsky.
Kupwanyika mukuziva kwemunyori kwakaratidzwa mumabasa akanyorwa muma 1880s. Kunzwisisa kwemweya, kuchinja hupenyu, kunogara munzvimbo iri pakati mumatanho nemazita. "Rufu rweIvan Ilyich", "Cricherova Sonata", "Baba Sergius" uye nyaya "mushure meiwo Bala" anooneka. Iyo Classic yemabhuku eRussia anodhonza mifananidzo yekusaenzana munharaunda, mabhoti wehove yehukuru.
Mukutsvaga mhinduro kumubvunzo nezvezvinoreva hupenyu, shumba tolstoy yakakwidza kuChechi yeRussia Orthodox, asiwo haina kuwana kugutsikana. Munyori akasvika pakutenda kuti kereke yeChristian yakashatiswa, uye pasi pechitendero, vapristi vanosimudzira dzidziso dzenhema. Muna 1883, Rev Nikolayevich yakavhunduka "Mediator" edition, kwaitaurwa nezvekutenda kwemweya nekutenda kwechikepe cheRussian Orthodox. Kune izvi, Tolstoy akasiya Chechi, mapurisa epachivande akatarisa munyori.
Muna 1898, Shumba Tolstoy akanyora "rumuko" rwevaRoma, uyo akagamuchira ongororo yekubvumidza yeanotsoropodza. Asi kubudirira kwebasa kwakaderera kuna Ana Karenina uye "kurwa uye mire".
Makore makumi matatu ekupedzisira eShumba tolstoy, nedzidziso pamusoro pevasingadzorere kuramba zvakaipa, anozivikanwa nemutungamiriri wemweya uye wechitendero cheRussia.
"Hondo nerunyararo"
Shumba tolstoy haina kushingairira "Hondo nerunyararo", ndichidana Epic "yeEpic". Basa rekirasi rakanyorwa muma 1860s, vachigara nemhuri yake mukujeka kwakajeka. Zvitsauko zviviri zvekutanga, zvinonzi "1805," rakadhindwa "Russian bulletin" muna 1865. Makore matatu gare gare, Shumba tolstoy akanyora zvimwe zvitatu zvitsauko uye akapedza bhuku, iro rakakonzera kunetsana kwevatsoropodzi.
Zvimiro zvemagamba ebasa rakanyorwa mumakore emhuri mufaro uye kusimudza kwepfungwa, muchokwadi chakatora hupenyu. Muchinda, Marya Bologkoe anozivikanwa zvinhu zveMambo Shumba Nikolayevich, tsika yake yekufungisisa, dzidzo yegariro uye rudo kune art. Maitiro aBaba - kuseka, kuda kuverenga nekuvhima - munyori akapa nikolai rosostiv.
Paainyorera bhuku, Rev TolStoy akashanda muzvinyorwa, akadzidza tsamba yezviyero, manyoro ezvidonho, akashanyira Borodino munda. Mumwe mukadzi wechidiki akamubatsira, kunyorwazve kunwa kwakapetwa.
Iyo bhuku rakaverengerwa ari oga, richirova vaverengi nehurefu hweEpic wewebhu uye kusanzwisisika kwepfungwa kuongorora. Shumba tolstoy yakaratidza basa rekuedza "kunyora nhoroondo yevanhu."
Maererano nekufungidzira kwekufungidzira kwekunyora shoma Shumba, pakupera kwe1970s chete kunze kwenyika, mabasa evaRussia classics akazara nguva makumi mana. Kusvikira iyo 1980th Epic "Hondo uye Runyararo" pfurwa zvina. Vatungamiriri veEurope, America neRussia vakapfura mafirimu gumi nematanhatu paNovel "Anna Karenina", "Rumuromo Karenina", "Rumarenina", "Rumuko" harina kujekeswa makumi maviri neshanu.
Kekutanga, "Hondo nenyika" yaivimbiswa nemutungamiriri Peter Chardyynin muna 1913. Yakawanda yefirimu rakakurumbira rakamisikidzwa neSoviet Director Sergey Bandark muna 1965.
Hupenyu Hwako
Pamakore gumi nemasere-ane makore ekunyora Lev Tolstoy akaroora muna 1862, aine makore 34. Kuverengera kwakararama nemukadzi wake kwemakore 48, asi hupenyu hwevaviri hwakaoma kufonera makore.
Sophia Bers ndiye wechipiri wevanasikana vatatu veHofisi Palaw Office Office of Andrei Berssa. Mhuri yaigara muguta guru, asi muzhizha yakazorora muTula Estate padhuze nepanoziva Polyana. Kekutanga, shumba tolstoy yakaona mukadzi wemwana wemwana. Sophia akagamuchira dzidzo yekumba, verenga zvakawanda, akanzwisisa muhunyanzvi uye akapedza kudzidza kuyunivhesiti yeMoscow. Diary, iyo yakatungamira bers-mafuta, yaizivikanwa semupendero weiyo memoir rudzi.
Pakutanga kwehupenyu hwekuroora, Revhitiko tolstoy, tichida kuve tune mwero pakati pake nemukadzi wake, akapa Sophia kuti averenge diary. Varoorwe vakashamisika vakadzidza nezve udiki hwehudiki hwemurume wake, nechido nekubhejera hupenyu uye musikana wezvematongerwo enyika akahwina, akamirira mwana.
Matangwe Sergey akaberekwa muna 1863. Pakutanga kwevaJudha, uye tolstoy vakatora kunyora kwechiitiko "nehondo uye rugare". Sofya Anreevna yakabatsira murume wake, kunyangwe paine nhumbu. Mukadzi akadzidzisa vana vese uye akakwidzwa kumba. Vana vashanu vevana vakafa mumucheche kana vechidiki vekutanga.
Matambudziko mumhuri akatanga mushure mekupera kwebasa reShumba tolstoy pamusoro pe "Ana Karenina". Munyori akanyungudika mukuora mwoyo, akataura kusagutsikana nehupenyu hunopokana neSophia Andreatevna Sophia Andreevna ainyatsoshanda nesimba mumhuri. Kukandwa kwetsika kwakatungamira kuchokwadi chekuti Rev Nikolayevich kubva kuhama dzisiya nyama, doro uye kuputa. Tolstoy akamanikidza mukadzi wake nevana kuti vapfeke zvipfeko zvevamwe, vanozvishandura, uye vaishuvira kupa mari yakagadzirirwa kune varimi.
Sophia Andreevna akaedza kuita kuti murume arege kumurume wake kubva pambiro yekuparadzira zvakanaka. Asi kupokana kwemhuri yakakamurwa: Shumba Tolstoy akasiya imba. Kudzoka, munyori akatadza kunyorerazve kunyora pamusoro pevanasikana.
Kufa kwemwana wekupedzisira - Vanya ane makore manomwe-ane makore - pedyo nevakaroora. Asi munguva pfupi, kusanzwisiswa uye kusanzwisisika kwakazara zvachose. Sophia Andreevna akawana nyaradzo mumimhanzi. MuMoscow, mukadzi akatora zvidzidzo kubva kumudzidzisi aionekwa nemanzwiro. Hukama hwavo hwakagara hushamwari, asi girafu haina kukanganwira "hafu-vasere" mukadzi.
Dombo kupopotedzana komukadzi waitika pakupera kwa Gumiguru 1910. Shumba tolstoy yakasiya imba, ichisiya sofa imwe tsamba. Akanyora kuti anomuda, asi zvimwe hazvigone kuita.
Rufu
82-makore-eshumba eshumba tolstoy, inoperekedzwa nachiremba wega D. P. makovitsky akasiya kujekesa kwakajeka. Vari munzira, munyori akarwara ndokubuda muchitima kuchiteshi chechiteshi chechitima. Mazuva manomwe ekupedzisira ehupenyu lev nikolayevich anopedzerwa mumba yekutandarira chiteshi. Yenhau nezve mamiriro ehutano hwehutano akatarisa nyika yese.Vana nemudzimai vakasvika pachiteshi sekutara, asi shumba tolstoy yaisada kuona chero munhu. Pakanga pasina Classic musi waNovember 7, 1910: akafa nekuzvimba kwemapapu. Mumwe mukadzi wake akapukunyuka kwemakore 9. Kuvigwa mulstoy mune yakajeka glade.
Quotes of Shumba tolStoy
- Wese munhu anoda kuchinja vanhu, asi hapana anofunga nezve nzira yekuzvishandura.
- Zvese zvinouya kune uyo anogona kumirira.
- Mhuri dzese dzinofara dzakafanana nedzimwe, mhuri yega yega isingafadzi haifadziri munzira yavo.
- Vese ngavarege kutsvaira pamberi pesuo. Kana munhu wese akadaro, mugwagwa wese uchave wakachena.
- Pasina rudo, rarama nyore. Asi pasina izvozvo hapana pfungwa.
- Ini handina zvese zvandinoda. Asi ini ndinoda zvese zvandinazvo.
- Nyika inoenda kumberi kune avo vanotambura.
- Chokwadi chikuru mukurusa.
- Zvese zvirongwa zvekuvaka, uye hapana anoziva kana ararama kusvika manheru.
BHAIBHERI
- 1869 - "Hondo nerunyararo"
- 1877 - "Anna Karenina"
- 1899 - "Rumuko"
- 1852-1857 - "Mwana". "Kudzivirirwa". "Vechidiki"
- 1856 - "Vanhu vaviri"
- 1856 - "Morning Landlord"
- 1863 - "Cossacks"
- 1886 - "Rufu rweIvan Ilyich"
- 1903 - "Zvinyorwa zveVanopenga"
- 1889 - Creishhars Sonata
- 1898 - "Baba Sergius"
- 1904 - "Haiji Merat"