Biography
Mayakovsky muNhetembo yakati:"Idya zvina mapini, marimi, zuva rako rekupedzisira rinouya, Bourgeois."Pfungwa yakakurumbira yekuenzana uye proletariat paPreaches yeSoviet nzvimbo yakagadzirwa neichovhu pasi pesimba reGerman reruzhinji - Friedrich Engels uye Karl Marx. Kudzidzisa kwavo uye kwaive muutopian, sezvakaratidzwa nemuenzaniso unosiriridzwa weUSSR, asi vanhu ava vakasiya mucherechedzo munhoroondo, uzivi nehupfumi uye hupfumi.
Hudu uye Vechidiki
Muvambi weMarxism akaberekerwa dangwe (9 vana vakakura mumba) musi waNovember 28, 1820 mutaundi reBartender, uyo nhasi idunhu rekutonga reguta reWuppertal (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany). Zvemberi zvezvematongerwo enyika zvakarererwa mumhuri yemuchero wekotoni Fritrich ari muguta rakanzi muguta reBergish-fritbach muzana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu, uye akasiyaniswa nemaonero ehupenyu.
Amai vevandimiriri veElizabeth Elizabeth (Haar) vakabuda munharaunda yevaremekedzi vairemekedzwa, vaive vakadzi vane moyo munyaradzi, vakapenya, vakadzidza uye vane tarenda. Pamun'i wake mukuru, Erizabheti aive nemhedzisiro chaiyo. Engels-sr. Aive mutendi, savabereki vake, aive akatsamira kuChietism, iyo yakamuka kubva kudzidziso dzaGature. Mahyori aive asiri vatsigiri vematehwe emharo vakaremekedzwa nevalerora, asi vakakurudzira kutaura kwekugara naMwari uye kutya. Friedrich Jr., akakura mumhepo yechitendero, akatora kureurura kwechiPurotesitendi kuti akabata ushe mumba.
Asi zvikaita zvikaitika zvikaitika, akatanga kuramba kutenda munzira dzose kuenda kuvapo kwevamwari: mafungiro anonakidza akaenderera mberi gore rega rega. Izvo zvese zvakatanga mushure me murume wechidiki uyu akasangana nezvakasikwa zvaDhavhidha - vabati vezvechitendero. Pashure pokunge kuverenga basa rake rinokosha "hupenyu hwaJesu", vanwedera chaizvo vakatanga kusahadzika pfungwa yekutenda. Mune ramangwana, "kunetseka" Friedrich kwakava chigumbuso pakati paBaba neMwanakomana.
Remangwana mutemo une hukama hwasekuru hweMazwi emutsara weGerrard Bernhard van Haar, philologist yedzidzo, iyo panguva imwe chete yaive chinzvimbo chepamusoro-chinzvimbo cheRuzivo. Gerhard akaunza muzukuru neenyika yakajeka uye yakasimba yemabhuku, kunyanya neepicent echiGiriki. Iye mukomana aifarira "Ilia" Homer, uko mesoli akashinga kwakapinda mukusangana neruoko nemwoyo weElena. Iyo yechidiki Friedrich inonakidza nyaya nezvehondo yeutsinye yeTrojlless, umo magamba akapatambadzamwa, akarwa neupenyu, asi akafa.
Engels vakatanga kuenda kuimba general yedzidzo muNative Bartender, uko barani pamusoro pezvinyorwa muzvinyorwa mufizikisi uye chemistry, uye zvakare yakaratidza kugona kwake kuziva mitauro. Gare gare, Friedrich akave mudzidzi weGymnasium elberfeld. Mukuvhuvhu wa 1837, jaya rakamanikidzwa kusiya bhenji rechikoro nekuomerera kwababa vake, avo vaida kuti vana vaende kunhabvu dzake uye kusunganidzwa nehupenyu hwemhuri.
Friedrich yekuwana dzidzo yeteni yekuyunivhesiti, asi yaisakwanisa kuteerera kuda kwemubereki wake, saka akatanga kushandira mumigwagwa, asina tsika yekupinda mumabhizimusi. Kana murume wacho aive nesarudzo pakati pebhizinesi nekunyora, ipapo iye, zvechokwadi, aizozvidza zvekupedzisira. Friedrich Jr. Rakarota mabhuku uye nhetembo, pamwe ari engirii aizove gonhedhi yechipiri kana schiller, asi fate yakagadzirisa. Kunyangwe ari mumahara 1838, mushure mezvose, akazova munyori weBalla anonzi "Bedouins".
MunaAugust 1838, Friedrich, pasina kukanganisa musoro wemhuri, akaramba achidzidza mumushandi wekutengeserana muguta reBremen, iro riri kuchamhembe-kumadokero kweGerman. Semudzidzi, itsimudziro yakawana mari madiki, mumwe murume wechidiki akanyora zvinetso zvehunyanzvi hwekusamhina mupepanhau remangwanani uye ne "Augsburg General Pepanhau" pasi pePseudomonym Oswald. Friedrich aisada kuti vaverengi vazive kuti aive abva kubva kumhuri ye capitalist.
Yemahara kubva pakudzidza uye kushanda nguva yeramangwana Rinobatsira Yakashandiswa Nekubatsirwa: Akaverenga mabhuku ezvinyorwa, akaedza kupunzika, nhetembo dzakanyorwa uye akanyora zvinyorwa zvakaoma. Uye zvakare, zvikaita zvishambwe zvaive fane anoshingaira yemitambo: Aive akaita zvekushambira uye kutasva mabhiza. Friedrich akatakurwa nemabasa emuvambi wechiKristu asinganzwisisike uye Sophiology aJacob, asi kupindwa muropa kupedzisa kwenguva pfupi.
Kupfuurirazve, jekiseni raidavha rakava mudzidzi wezvechitendero uye muparidzi Schelermshiviv gadziriro, uyo aive anonyadziswa uye akarambidzwa kuunganidzwa kwemitendero. Ipapo Friedrich akatanga kudzidza manyoro ehunyanzvi hweGerman GeGeGeGerme Hegel, uyo airatidza nezve chiitiko cheMweya, pamwe nezvitendero, zvakanaka, nhoroondo, nhoroondo, nhoroondo,
Muna 1841, Engels akatanga kushanya uye akananga kushumiro kuhondo muBerlin, kwaakava ari mubato muhuremu hwemhizha. Frederick haana kungoita basa remauto chete, asi akapindawo kuyunivhesiti yehukama, kwaakaenda kunhepfenyuro pamusoro pechiHufu, akabatana neboka revaGeorge, asi haana kutora chivarira. Friedrich yaive yegoridhe pakati kuruboshwe uye kurudyi, nekuti yakadzivirira Hegel kubva kuHegell kurwiswa.
Marxism
Engels uye Marx Containtainance yakaitika muna 1842. Vanhu vaviri vane hunyanzvi vakasangana muCologne, muhofisi yeiyo yeRHine yeRhine. Pakutanga, Friedrich haana kukonzera kunzwira tsitsi kubva kuMarx, nekuti muzivi anofungidzirwa nenhamba nenhamba kune vanyori vadiki, vaakabvumirana navo. Kupfuurirazve, Engels mugwagwa akateverwa kuManchester, kwaakadzidza iyo Azam yebhizinesi rezvematongerwo enyika. Muguta rakakura reNorth-West England, ramangwana remberi rakagara kwemakore maviri. Munzvimbo dzinoyevedza dzinoyevedza dzeUnited Kingdom, Engels dzakasangana nehupenyu uye nehupenyu hwevanhu vepakati vanoshanda, uye izvi zvine chekuita zvikuru nekwavo pasi rese.
Muna 1843, Friedrich anopinda mumavhesi evandudziro yeGerman, vaakasangana navo muLondon. Panguva iyoyo, Engels airamba achishanda semutori worunyorwa, achitumira basa rake, uko kupokana kwake, mune mapepanhau akawanda, kusanganisira bhuku reGerman - iro rakabudiswa naMarx neshamwari yake yeRuga muParis. Kuenzanazve kwakatanga pakati pematambudziko emangwana, hukama hushamwari uye hushamwari hwakatanga kukura, vaiwanzo kusangana nekukurukura mazano anowanzoitika.
Muna 1845, zvitsauki zvinodzokera kumusha kwake uye zvinogamuchirwa nekunyora basa resainzi "nzvimbo yekirasi inoshanda muEngland". Panguva imwecheteyo, kusawirirana kweiyo Friedrich naBaba vakatanga. Engels-sr. Chaizvoizvo havana kunzwisisa zviitiko zveMwanakomana. Muzvinabhizinesi weruoko rwakawanda haana kugoverana uzivi hwenhamba dzekushamisira dzeProletariism neBourgeoisie, iyo hama yake yaifarira kwazvo. Frederick haana kungotanga kuramba zvese zvinoratidzwa zvechitendero, asiwo matambudziko akakwereta nemapurisa, ayo akaparadza mukurumbira werukova rukuru.
Chokwadi ndechekuti shamwari yeKarl Marx haina kuzeza kuratidza maonero ake uye kukurukura nezvechikominari paruzhinji. Naizvozvo, varindi vevakuru vemutemo vanozviisa padhuze nemutauri wechidiki. Hazvishamisi kuti Marx akatangawo kururamisirwa, zvisinei, nemutemo wechiFrench. Pakupedzisira, manhamba eruzhinji akatamisirwa kune imwe guta remahara reBelgium Brussels. Zvino muna 1845, vaishanda navo vakadzokera kuEngland, uko mumakore maviri vakagamuchira tikiti "mubatanidzwa wakanaka", sangano rakaburitswa.
Mushure mekutorwa kweMarx uye vanomisikidza mumagariro avo, iyi denderedzwa yekuda yakatsiviwa nezita rekuti "mubatanidzwa wevakomunistisiti". Gare gare, kusonganirana kwakabviswa mushure mekuedzwa kwevatori vechikamu gumi nemumwe muCologne. Munguva yechando, gore gare gare, vazivi vakadzokera kuBrussels, kwavakazova vatambi vechiridzwa chainzi "Communist Commundu anoenderana", izvo zvakagadzirirwa kubatana pakati pevatsigiri vezvemagazini.
Kubva munaNovember 1845, genile yechidiki akatanga kushanda pane maviri-vhoriyamu "pfungwa yechiGerman", iyo yakava iyo Key Arch yeMarx uye Inosheja Uzivi. Nekudaro, vanyori vakatadza kuwana muparidzi, saka bhuku rakakosha rakabudiswa chete muna 1932 muMoscow rakarongedzwa neDemocrat David Borisovich Ryazanov. Kunyangwe vazhinji vakajaira itsika semumvuri uye yechipiri vilin yeKarl Marx, Friedrich akaita seyakagoverana kupa nhungamiro yekunyanyisa kunzwisisa kwenhoroondo. Lenin akati:
"Hazvibviri kunzwisisa marxism uye hazvigoneke kuzvikumbira, kusatenda nezvakanyorwa zvese zvenyaya."Marx uye Engels akagovana fungidziro yeProletariat, uye zvakare yakanangana nekudikanwa kwekugadzira iyo yekudzokorora partember. Inofanira kufungidzirwa kuti zvakasiyana pfungwa huru idzi dzaisazadzisa kubwinya kwakakodzera. Mumakore achangopfuura, Engels ave anoshingairira kurwa kodzero dzekushanda makirasi, mubasa rayo "Capitalism" muzivi akatarisa kumeso kwakavanzika. Mu "Manido yeCommunist Party", Engels uye Marx Revolism Revolution senzira chete, ichisimbisa muganho pakati peProletariT uye Bourgeoisie.
Hupenyu Hwako
Fredericick Engels aive akanyanya akadzidziswa akangwara nehunyanzvi hwepfungwa. Muzivi wemitauro misere: aigona kuratidza muRussia, Chiputukezi, Irish uye mimwe mitauro. Iyo shanduko yaiwanzo kuronga mapato eLondon shamwari dzaive nemanheru eSvondo. Uku kuungana kwoushamwari kwaiwanzopera mumaawa maviri kana matatu usiku.
Rimwe zuva Jenny Long (Karl Marx mwanasikana) Dala Friedrich Zadza Mubvunzo - Iyi mibvunzo yemubvunzo yakanakidzwa isina kuzivikanwa pakati pevasikana kuchikoro. Engels vakapindura akati wandei mibvunzo chaiyo. Saka, vabati vezvemagariro vakaona kuti Socialist vakaona kuti Socialist charles charles purogiramu, asi verenga Shakespeare, goethe uye kushoma. Mune vanhu, muzivi aida munhu anofara, akavenga unyengeri uye mukadzi anozvikudza. Izvo zvinozivikanwa zvakare kuti huwandu hwevanhu veruzhinji hwaive hwezvinhu zvese muhupenyu zviri nyore, asi, senge chero rufu, rwaitya chiremba wemazarisi. Pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu, Engels Adred Chateau Margo 1848 Spill, Irish Stew yekudya kwemanheru uye fox kuvhima.
Kana vari hukama hwerudo, mukuru waMary uye hanzvadzi yake Lizzy Burns Friedrich akasangana pa 1843. Engels aisada kuita hupenyu hwake paruzhinji, saka nezveMhedzisiro yeruzivo rwake rwediwa inotyisa zvakanyanya. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Mary aive mwanasikana wedyeya mufekitori yemifananidzo uye akapatsanura pfungwa dzekudzokorora kwake. Zvakare, nerunyerekupe, Mary haana kusiya zvinwiwa zvinopisa, gare gare chido chake chewa doro rwakashanduka kuita doro.
Mamwe masayendisiti anoenderana nenyaya yekuti tsika inokuvadza yaive chikonzero chekufa kwake kusingatarisirwi. Muna 1863, maawa mashoma kufa kwaMary friedrich, mupikisi wemichato, hukama hwake hwepamutemo hukama hwake nemhosva yekufa. Pashure porufu rwemukadzi wake, vaenda kugunun'una nehanzvadzi yake - Ridhiya, mudiki, asi akangwara mukadzi aizivikanwa se lizzy. Muna 1878, lizzy akarwara uye akabhururuka mumubhedha. Mukadzi wacho aisakwanisa kupora uye nekukurumidza akafa. Kunyangwe zvisizvo zvaisatenda kuti kuna Mwari, airemekedza manzwiro echitendero emudiwa wake, saka akasainawo naye paari afa.
Rufu
Musi waNyamavhuvhu 5, 1895, Grand Costutionary akafa. Chikonzero cherufu ndiyo kephagus cancer. Muviri wehurudziro wakapetwa. Rurs neguruva rakabviswa mugungwa pamhenderekedzo yeLa Manha.Mukuremekedza Marx nemahwenga, migwagwa inonzi mune mamwe maguta eRussia, pamwe chete nezvimedu. Muna 1985, iyo State Bank yeSoviet Union yakaburitsa mari yekubatira inoratidza Friedrich.
BHAIBHERI
- 1845 - "Nzvimbo yekirasi inoshanda muEngland"
- 1848 - "Mucherechedzi Communist Party"
- 1878 - "Anti-Dühring"
- 1883 - "Diacics yeSisce"
- 1884 - "Kwakabva kumhuri, zvivakwa zvakavanzika uye nyika"
- 1886 - "Ludwig FeyerBach uye kuguma kweiyo yekare yeGerman uzivi"