Biography
Prince of Moscow Ivan i Danilovich Kalita akave akakurumbira munhoroondo somutongi wekudyidzana, achiwedzera nzvimbo yehunyanzvi hwehunhu. Akasimbisa hukama naOrti Khan. Muna 2001, Ivan Kalitu akaiswa pamberi penzvimbo yeSants Moscow.
Hungu Yaive yakajairwa Yunet, Grew Mhuri yeChiTomu DanilleAndrovich newawakaroorana naye mutongi. Semwana, mukomana aigara achinzwa nyaya dzemapeturu, ayo uye akabva apamba kuRussia. Vakuru vazhinji vakasangana nekutya. Kunzwa kusingafadzi kwakapihwa kune diki Ivan, zvakanyanya kunyange kutanga kweudiki mukomana akapupurira kubatwa kweMoscow.
Sezvo mucheche vacheche, baba vake vakaudza mutongi wechiuya nezve izvo zvaiitika mudunhu. Mumakore matatu, mwana akaiswa pane bhiza uye akatanga kudzidzisa kutasva bhiza. Pangobva mutambo uyu, mukomana akaendeswa kune vanochengeta vanhu. Vadzidzisi vakanyanya kutarisisa kune zvekutanga zvebhodhi, semuchinda Dhanyeri Dhanyeri Moscow kuti vaone pamusoro weIvan, kwete mwanakomana wedangwe weYuri.
Ivan Kalita akafamba akangwara uye mutongi wechiJunc akapesana nemunun'una wake, ayo aisiyaniswa nehasha dzisingatarisirwi, yakapinza. Muna 1603 Danieri anofa. Yuri ane makore makumi maviri nemashanu achakumbirwa chigaro, uye Ivan ane makore 15 akazova mubatsiri kuna muchinda. Kunyange mukoma mukuru waibva mukubva, Ivan aifanira kudzivirira Pereslavl. Hard hunhu, kugadzirira kwakanaka kwakabatsira kurarama, kunyangwe nhamba diki yeuto.
Deplomatic kutaurirana naKhana kunotungamira kumhedzisiro inotyisa. Munguva yerwendo rwekuenda kugoridhe, mutongi mutsva anourayiwa. Chigaro cheushe chinopfuura, sezvakarongwa naDaniel Moscow, mwanakomana mudiki - Ivan Kalita.
Dare Rinodzora
Ivan Kalita mutongi asina kujairika. Kubva pamazuva ekutanga, muchinda haana kukunda nharaunda itsva, asi akatanga kusimudzira orthodoxy. Panzvimbo yomutongi kubva kuVladimir, Metropolitan Resident yakamiswa kubva kuVladimir. Saka, guta rakashanduka kuita guta guru remweya reRussia. Chiremera chaMoscow chakawedzera.
Matambudziko okupatsanwa kwenyika akatanga muna 1327, vanhu vakapanduka muTiver, uye vakazouraya mumiriri wedhiri. Ivan Kalita akaenda kuna Khan, uyo akapa chinyorwa kumutongi kusvikira kuhunhu hwakajeka. Pamwe chete nevaSuzdaans, muchinda akachekwa mikhailovich tver akapunyuka kubva pakurangwa kweNovgorod (akazowanikwa muPSKOV).
Mushure megore, Khan Uzbek akafunga kupatsanurana hunyanzvi pakati peIvan naAlexander Vasilevich Suzal. Novgorod uye Kostroma akatamira Kalita, uye muchinda wechipiri ndiNizhy novgorodhi uye goroodets. Muna 1331, Alexander Vasilevich anofa, chigaro choushe chinogara Konstantin. Panguva ino, ndima dzinotaura kuti zvimedu zveSuzaled Suzdal akadzokera kuGrand Duky.
Munguva kubva muna 1328 kusvika ku1330, IVAN KALita inopedzisa michero mbiri dzakanaka - vanasikana vanoroora Varoslavsky uye konstantin rosostivsky. Misungo inobatsira kumutongi, nekuti kufa kwacho kwapfuura kuva chiremba wemuchinda. Kunetsana pakati peMoscow uye Novgorod yakasvika perek muna 1331.
Kunetsana kwakatanga nekuramba kweMetropolitan Feuganos kuti vaise iyo Archbishop ye novgorod areni. Iyo posvo yakapa zvisizvo kasily kalics. Panguva ino, Kalita anoratidza zvinodiwa pakubhadharwa kweDani. Kuramba kwacho kunotungamira pakutsamwa kwemutongi - Muchinda anoiswa mberi nehondo munharaunda yeNovgorodhi. Izvo hazvina kuuya kune kuvigirwa, sezvo Ivan yakaronga kugadzirisa nyaya yenyika.
Maitiro eKalita, akanyorwa, muchato weMwanakomana waSyioni ane hukuru, mwanasikana weGedimini, aive nehanya nekutya kweNovgorodhi. Vatongi vakafunga kuita: Kukokwa kwacho kwakateverwa nekukoka kwaNarimunta, akapihwa nhare yeNuts, Ladoga, koroga, hafu yeCorgana. Mukudzoka, Alexander Narimuntovich akauya kuzotora, baba vake vakasara muLithuania. Tsigiro kubva kune yakadaro mubatanidzwa Novgorod haina kumirira. MuMarmarist haana kuuya kuzorwa navaSedhi uye achibvisa Mwanakomana kubva kunyika dzichibva.
Muna 1336, mushure mekunge metropolitan feoganut yakapindirwa, nyika inouya pakati peNovgorodhi naKalita. Prince Ivan anogamuchira iyo yaunoda mutero uye zita remukuru weiyo Novglod. Gedimine akaedza kutsiva kune Livgorod Land yePasi Pasirese naMoscow, asi hondo haina kuzombotanga.
Muna 1337, Alexander Tiver, pamwe chete nemwanakomana wake vakauraya. Khan akabvuma sarudzo yakadaro mushure meIvan Kalita. Nenguva isipi muchinda anodzokera kuMoscow. Nekurongeka kwemutongi, bhero rinobviswa kubva kukereke yeSt. Muponesi uye anotakurwa kuenda kuguta. Kalita subordinates Mukoma Alexander Mikhalovich.
MuBiography yeKalita pane kambani yakawanda inokunda pamusoro pevachinda vaparidzi. Muna 1339, mauto eMova akaendeswa kuSolensk nekuda kwekusada kubhadhara mutero kuna Horde. Kunetsana pakati peBovgirodhi neMosiko kunozvarwa zvakare. Izvo zvaive zvisingaite kugadzirisa gakava reIvan kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu.
Policy Ivan Kalita anonzi anofarira. Muchinda wenyika yeNyika yeMoscow anovaka tembere dzinoverengeka: Muponesi ungangoita bor, funny Catcher, Arkhangelsky Cathedral, Chechi yeJohani mutsauko. Munguva yekutonga (kubva muna 1328 kusvika 1340), iyo New Moscow Kremlin kubva Oak inodhonza Kalita. Mutongi anotaura njende nekutenda. Nguva pfupi yekufa kwaIvan yakurumidza kunyora Siya evhangeri. Iye zvino Rugwaro rwuri muraibhurari yeiyo Russian Academy yesainzi.
Vakararama panguva yeKalitis vanoratidza mutongi seanochinjika uye anopfuurira muchinda. Han Horde anoremekedzwa uye akavimbika Muscovite. Yakabatsira kuchengetedza Moscow kubva pamapamba evahedheni. Kugara kwezvinhu zvidzidzo kwakawedzera, kusagutsikana kwakanyangarika. Ivan Danivlovich yakabvisa mambokadzi kubva pakubata uye nehondo kwemakore makumi mana. Kalita utsinye hwakatwasuka nevapikisi, mufambiro wekusarongeka wakamiswa nekuda kweDani.
Ivan ndasvika pane imwe nyika isina kumboitika pane imwe nyika, kusanganisira novgorod, tver uye pskov. Mumakore ekutonga, muchinda waunganidza pfuma, ayo akagara nhaka nevana, kusanganisira Dmitry Donskoy. Yekuzivikanwa kwemugari mugirwi, zvaive zvakafanira kuti Kalita akawana nyika mune mamwe machinda.
Hupenyu Hwako
Ivan Kalita akasanganiswa neanozvidzora kaviri. Muna1319, Elena akazova Mutongi. Nhoroondo yedata pane iyo yakatangira musikana haina kuchengetedzwa. Vakanga vane vanakomana vana - Simioni, naIvhani naAreri. Chirwere chisingazivikanwe chinoyamwa hutano hwemunhu wamuchakamurwa.
Muna 1332, Elena akafa, uye gore rakatevera Ivan akaroora. Sarudzo dzacho dzaive Ulyana. Vanasikana vana vakaoneka muwanano - Maria, Eudokia, Ferodosia, feotinia. Kalita ane mukana wako pachako zvakaburitsa vasikana vakaroora. Muchinda akasimudza chete mamiriro - Mutongi anozvimiririra hurumende iye amene.
Rufu
Mwedzi mishoma kufa kweIvan Kalita akatora post. Kudzivirira kugoverwa pakati pavanakomana, mubati akagovera pfuma mukati mehupenyu. Simiyoni anodada akava muridzi wenhaka mbiri dzakatenda. Baba vakamusiya sedare revana vadiki. Kalita pane inofa ichiridzwa yeHurumende. Kupararira kwakadaro kwakaita kuti tirege kupwanya hunyanzvi hweMoscow. Rufu rwaMuchinda rwakauya munaKurume 1340. Mariro akaitirwa muArekngelsk katatu, akavakwa pamirairo yeIvan I.
Iyo nyaya hainyatsoziva mumwe mutongi akadaro, sekureva kwayo kweMoscow. Guta racho rakashandurwa panguva yekutonga kweIvan Kalita. Kuuraya kwehutsinye hwevapikisi hakuna kuita muchinda mumakore ehurumende, kusiyana nehama yake. Kubva kuIvan ndakafamba netsika kuti ndipe zita rekuti Mutongi. Kalita zvinoreva chikwama kana bhegi rematehwe rekuchengeta mari.
Ngano
Kune ngano, maererano nezvakanzwa kuti muchinda wakanzwika kuva munhu ane rupo.
"Muchirimo 6837 (i.e. in 1329 - approx. Vakauya kwaari, nokunyepa kutsvene vachimuchengeta nendiro, varume gumi navaviri pamutambo. Uye vakademba varume gumi nevaviri, vachinyepedzera kusava neSaint Savory: "Mwari vanopa zhizha rakawanda kuenda kuGreat Prince Ivan Danilovich rose. Vasika, ichidyisa yavo. " Uye muchinda wehama yakabvunzwa vanomwe vakabvunzwa nevarume veAvoti: "Vanhu ava vakauyirei kwandiri?"
Vakamuudza vakomana vaNovotorzetsani: "Uyu ndiye Mr., achinyepedzera kumuranda, uye mukombe wakavapa kufona 40 kubva kuJerusarema." Muchinda weGuru akatarira ndiro yavo, akati, "Chii, hama, tora mupiro wangu kune ndiro iyi?" Prente yakamupindura kuti: "Chii chatinozvidemba, ndokutora." Uye muchinda weGuru akavapa Hryvnia chitsva chipo: "Uende kwandiri vhiki imwe neimwe unonditora mbiya mbiri dzebhegi, wechitatu, huchi. Fambai kuna ivo vabati vangu uye kuti mufarire michato, uye muzvitore ndiro nhatu dzebhegi. "
Ndangariro
Mumazuva iwayo, vatongi vakaratidzwa mumifananidzo, kuti iwe ugone kufunga kuti Ivan Kalita akatarisa mumufananidzo. Kuonekwa kwekuonekwa kwevanhu vakararama nemuchinda hakuna kuita, asi kwakarondedzera hunhu uye maitiro. Semuenzaniso, Kalita ari kuverenga murume, akasiyana nepfungwa. Mutongi akanzi ane ngoni. Kalita kazhinji aisvika kune varombo panguva yekufamba muRussia. Zvikumbiro zvevanhu vakaedza kuita. Iye murume mumwe chete ini ndakaisa kakawanda.
Munyika yemazuva ano nezveMutongi weMoscow haakanganwe. Semuenzaniso, nyanzvi dzakatanga mota yakasarudzika kuChidimbu cheMoskvich. Mota inonzi "Moskvich" Ivan Kalita ". Muna 2006, muDunhu reMoscow kekutanga, kurongeka kweIvan Kalita kwakaratidzwa, menduru yekuraira kweIvan Kalita.