Biography
Nguva yekutonga kweiyo "Mambokadzi-mhandara" kana mambokadzi akanaka weBess, seMuscovy, iyo varwere, ivo vanonzi "makore egoridhe weEngland". Wokupedzisira wemadzitaro eDynasty Dynasty akakwanisa kusimudza Britain kusvika padanho idzva rekusimudzira uye kusimbisa chinzvimbo chenyika yepasirese yepasirese. Munguva yekutonga kwemwanasikana mudiki Henry VIII, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlo naFrancis Bacon. Ivo vanonzi "Elizabetinians" nekuda kweiyo patronage yemambokadzi art uye tsika.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Princess akaberekerwa munaSeptember 1533 kumabvazuva kweLondon, mukugara kweumambo muGreenwich. Paamai vake, Ana Boleyn, Heinrich Viii akaroora uye akatarisira kuti mukadzi womurume wake aimupa mugari wenhaka. Mushure mezvose, mukadzi wapfuura, Catherine Aragon, haana kubereka mukomana, wakaita chinzvimbo cheimba yakashatiswa.
Anna akazvara mukadzi Mariya, uye shure kwamakore 17 Erizabheti akazviratidza. Mambo haana kuwana mufaro kubva pakuonekwa kwemusikana wechipiri, asi rubhabhatidzo rwavo rwakaiperekedzwa nemhemberero dzinovhenekera. Zita remuchinda rakapihwa mukuremekedza Amai vemamambo Elizabeth York. Mwana akagadziriswa muHatfield Houshi Imba Yemuzinda, iyo idzo dzakatenderwa pedyo neLondon, kwaigara kwenguva pfupi nevabereki vake.
Erizabheti haana kuzadzikiswa uye ane makore matatu, sezvisina kuitwa naamai: Ana, uye haana kuita kufara kwemukadzi wake ne mugari wenhaka, achipomera mumurume wake uye muHurumende kumukira. Vanyori venhoroondo vanoshandura mune zvekufunga kuti kubvisa Bolein Heinrich akafunga kuroora uye aberekwe mwanakomana nekukurumidza, uye chiratidzo chekuchinja chiri cheshanduko. Kuitwa kwaamai kwakaunza Opal pane ane makore matatu ekuzvarwa: mwanasikana wacho akanzi zvisiri pamutemo. Zvakafanana zvakaenzana zvakanunirwa hanzvadzi yake Maria.
Zuva rakatevera kuurayiwa kweBolein, iwo monarware muchivande akafamba akatenderedza neanofarira Jane Seymour. Kwapera gore, mambokadzi akazvara murume wake womwanakomana wake akamirira kwenguva refu Edward. Kuva mukadzi akanaka, Jane akaedza kuyananisa mambo nezvevanasikana, asi Henry aive asina kusvibiswa: mwanasikana we "Bheti" akasara muimba yeHatfield, kunyange mwanasikana mudiki uye akaunza pekugara kweumambo.
Mazuva gumi nemaviri mushure mekuzvarwa kwaSeymour akafa. Heinrich akaenda pasi pekorona katatu nguva. Nomumwe wevakadzi vake, akarambana, wechipiri, Catherine Howard, seAnna Boleyn, akaurayiwa. Kuurayiwa kwembeu yakashamisa Elizabeth ane makore 9, achisiya chiitiko chenguva yemberi cheMambo: Haana kuroora, saka zita rake rekuti "mambokadzi - mambokadzi". Mafungiro anodziya anobva kumuchinda akasimuka nemukadzi wechitanhatu waBaba - Catherine Parr.
Mambokadzi weEngland neIreland pamakore gumi akapedzerwa paFrench, chiGiriki, Italian, uye kurapwa kweVanyori venhoroondo - VaRoma vanoverenga zvirongwa zvevaRoma uye vakanyorwazve nevanotevera Catherine Parr. Kunyangwe musikana uyu aionekwa zvisiri pamutemo, asi kuumbwa kwakapihwa zvakanaka: makirasi nevadzidzisi veCambridge, vateveri vekuchinja, vaive vasina pasina.
Kutenda kuParr uye kutaridzika kwemugari wenhaka mumhuri yeumambo, nyika yakadzorerwa. Baba vakauya ne "zvisiri pamutemo" "vanasikana, kunyangwe mamiriro ezvinhu ekushambadzira asina kudzima. Mukutanga kwa1547, Heinrich akafa. Mukuda, mambo akadana musoro wechigaro weEdward. Panyaya yerufu rwake uye nekusavapo kwekugara nhaka, chigaro choushe chakabvumidzwa kutora Maria naErizabheti. Ipapo tarisiro yekumira mumusoro kweNyika yeVakunda vaHeinirich yakanzwika, asi Testamende yakataura nezvekuzivikanwa kwevanasikana uye yakabvumidzwa kuroora machinda eEuropean monarchies.
Mushure mekufa kwaBaba vake uye nekuroora kwake, amai vekumira vakatumira vechidiki Erizabheti kubva pakugara, mune nhaka muHartfordshire. Musikana akaramba achidzidza pasi pekutarisirwa kwemudzidzisi pamwe neEcyclopepepepec ruzivo rwe roger Eshamom.
Mukuvhuvhu wa1548, amai vokurera vakafa nechipatara chehuseni, uye mumwe wake Thomas Seymas akaita kunge asina kubudirira kuedza kwerudzi rweHurumende. Pakutanga kwegore rinotevera, akaurayiwa, uye chigaro cheushe chakatora mugari wenhaka kuna Eduard vi. Mukoma vakakoka kuti vagare nemunin'ina wedare, waakadzinga. Rufu rweEduard muzhizha ra1553 vakatanga kurova Erizabheti.
Kuedza kwaIshe-Dziviriri waJohani Dudyley Pfeka korona pamurwo muchengeti wemakore gumi nematanhatu, ane makore gumi nematanhatu Jane grey, akapera bundu. Kumutswa kwacho kwakapfuurira kuita kurwa kwemauto pakati pevatsigiri veGrey naMambocces, mwanasikana wedangwe Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry Henry HENRY Chigaro cheushe chakatora Maria. Nekuti Erizabheti, mativi emativi maviri akatsamwa, kana akakunda, vatsigiri vaJaneyi, akanyimwa kodzero yechigaro cheushe, asi aigona kuramba achitevedzera kutenda kuchiPurotesitendi. Kukunda Catholotchka Mary kwakabvunzurudza Erizabheti, asi akasiya kodzero yekugara nhaka yekorona.
Maria ane makore makumi matatu nematatu andakachemerwa korona muna 1553, kunonoka kusimuka. Kubva pamazuva ekutanga-ekutanga ebhodi rambokadzi vakatora kudzosera nyika kuCatholic. Vazhinji veBritish vakareurura kutenda kwechiKatorike, asi vaPurotesitendi vaivhunduka. Pakutanga kwegore rinotevera, VaPurotesitendi Thomas Whit Whitet vakasimudza mhirizhonga, tichida kudzivirira kuroora kwaMariya naMambo Firipi. Pane shanduro yekuti mupanduki akafanotaurwa pamusoro pechigaro cheushe Elizabeth.
Kumutswa kwakapihwa, uye Whitet akaurayiwa. Asati afa, akapika kuti Erizabheti aisaziva nezve mbeveve uye haana kutora chikamu mukugadzirira kumukira. Mambokadzi akapinda muimwe hanzvadzi yechidiki muSound, asi akasiya hupenyu hwake. Muzhizha ra154, Maria akaroora mumiriri weAnusus of Habsburgs uye akasunungura Erizabheti kune kuda, asi akazvitumira kuzhinji kuenda kuhuni.
Mushure memakore mana, Elizenenen akadzoserwa kuLondon. Muchato waFiriya naMaria wakazova asina mwana, mambokadzi weRug. Paakanzwa amburenzi kupera, pasi pekumanikidzwa kwevanopa mazano anonzi hanzvadzi iyo korona mudyi wenhaka. "Ropa" Maria, saMambokadzi anonzi Mambokadzi, aisada kupa chigaro cheushe wechigaro, nekuti aitya kudzoka kwechiPurotesitendi. Asi achitya nyonganiso uye mhirizhonga mushure mekufa, aifanira kuuya korona Elizabheti.
Kutanga kwebhodhi
Mazuva matatu mushure mekufa kwaMariya, paDare rekutanga raMambokadzi Erizabheti akatenda avo vakamubatsira panguva dzezvipiri. Thomas Perry akagamuchira The Preurest post, Robert Dudurley akazova Keen, William Cecil akagara mumunyori wechinyakanyirwi. MunaNovember 1558, mambokadzi ane makore makumi maviri nemashanu akasangana nemapoka evagari vemuLondon.
Zera rematehwe panguva iyoyo harina kufungwa nechidiki - British kashoma kugara makumi mashanu. Asi Erizabheti akatarisa ari mudiki pane zera rake. Haana kuroora uye hutano hwake hwaisakanganisa kubereka mwana uye kubata zvisina kunaka, savakadzi vazhinji yenguva yake. Mambokadzi mutsva weEngland akava mutemo wekufananidzira: Pamutemo wekugamuchira muOxford, zvairatidza kare, kune iyo gumbo, magurovhosi. Yakateverwa nezvose zvinodiwa mafashoni.
Pakupera kwaJanuary wegore rimwe chetero, mambokadzi akanzwa kuomarara kwekorona: England yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvevakaipa - maPurotesitendi neKatorike. MuMweya Vitala Vitala Hondo. Kuti udzivise kuvhunduka, Erizabheti ndakazivisa "chiito chekufananidzira", tichibvumira maCatholic kuti ashumire misa.
Nenguva isipi Paramende yakakurudzira Erizabheti ini kuti ndisarudze mukadzi / mukadzi uye mupe chigaro cho mugari wenhaka. Mune rondedzero yemakoma yakazova murume wemurume wemufi Firipi, miviri yemaviri kubva kuGonus yeHabsburgs neKarronprints yeSweden. Nenguva isipi Mambo weRussia Ivan Grozny akawira mune rondedzero yevanogona kunyorera. Asi Erizabheti, kutya kwekuramba zvakananga zvakananga kuParamende, akawana zvikonzero zvekusawirirana kuti aroore chero wavo. Kwemakore mazhinji, padyo naErizabheti ini ndaivimba Robert Dudley.
Zvematongerwo enyika Zvematongerwo enyika
Kuramba kuenda pasi pekorona, Erizabheti akawana mazwi neBritish, mambokadzi akadzokorora kuti "akawana rudzi". Vanhu vakamufananidza nemhandara Maria, uye anovharirwa - ane hanya, mwarikadzi wehudiki nerunako. Chiratidzo chaErizabheti chakava chelican, chinodhonza zvidimbu zvenyama yayo kupa huku.
Ndiine mambokadzi akanaka, hutongi hwakasimbiswa, Dhipatimendi remari rakatorwazve, uye neChechi yePuricaly yeAnglication yakatangwa sechitendero cheNyika. "Mambokadzi - Virgo" akakurudzira kukwezva kwevatorwa vaitakura kuEngland. Makambani anotengeserana akagadziriswa munyika, ayo akatsigirwa naErizabheti. Zvichida chete chikamu chekurara zvisina kujairika yaive indasitiri yeAgrraageria. Mitemo yakaoma yeErizabheti yakatora kurwisa vagrancy.
Kupokana kwakaputswa neSpain kwakamanikidza hurumende kukwidza mitero yekuzadza bhajeti remauto. Kugutsikana kwevatengesi uye zvakavanzika monopeni kubva kuuter mutero wakawedzera wakawedzera. Kupera kwemamburi-mhandara-mhandara yakashanduka kuita brake, iyo isingatenderi hupfumi hweEngland. Ropot achipesana naSolurity vakawanda, kupikiswa kweparamende kwakawedzera.
Erizabheti ndakave nemukurumbira sechitubu chehunyanzvi. Nzvimbo inokosha yavaMambokadzi yakaratidza kuimba yemitambo, iri kutora chikamu muAmateur mazano. Muna 1582, Royal Troupe akaoneka aine ruoko rwekorona rwemunhu wekorona, umo Shakespeare. Kana Erizabheti ini ndakachema mari nyowani: Goridhe pound uye hafu. Pound yairema magiramu 11,146, iyo ina mazana mana nemakumi mana nendarama.
Kunze kwenyika
Pakupera kwe1550s muScotland, bunkisi yePurotesitendi vs. Frantenki Mary de Giz, vanobva vaita uye amai Mariya Stewart vakaputswa. Secretary William Cecil akakurudzira kuti vahosi vatsigire vePurotesitendi, asi haana kutsunga kubatsirwa pachena, akavachengeta mari achipanduka mari. Erizabheti aitya kurwa neFrance.
Asi iyo yakavanzika kanzuru yakamanikidza mambokadzi yekupindira: Muna 1560, mauto eChirungu akabatsira Scottish kukunda vatsigiri de Gizov. Muzhizha regore rimwe chetero, England yakasainwa muElinburgh, chibvumirano chachengetedza kukunda uye vakaunza mauto.
Sekuru Erizabheti, baba vakagadzira maratidziro emari, hanzvadzi yakatumira nzira yekutsvaga mukuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweIndia neChina. Asi pakutonga kwaErizabheti, England kwakava simba rume. Kutenga uye pirate kupambidzwa kweHowkins Hama uye mushandirapamwe weFrancis Drake akatanga.
Kubira neBritish yechikepe cheSpanish, kupaza kwavo pamakoroni eSpanish ndiko kwaive chikonzero chehondo yegungwa yeLondon uye Madrid. Asi pasina nguva United Kingdom yakakwanisa kuhwina chimiro cheimba huru yegungwa mune spaniards. Vapikisi vachinyomba Mambokadzi wePaturronal emakororo, asi musimboti we "kodzero, ane simba" akabva atongwa. Hondo pakupera kwe1580s pakati pematanho emasimba maviri aya aive pamusoro pekukundwa kweiyo hombe ruoko rwepasirani.
Erizabheti ini ndaive netsamba neyeMambo weMoscow Ivan Grozny. Pakati penyika mbiri idzi, hukama hwekutengeserana hwakatanga, kutanga kweizvozvo kwaakaradzikwa paMambo Edward, asi kuwanda kwekutengesa kwakaitika panguva yekutonga kwemambokadzi-mhandara. Erizabheti akazova iye oga mukadzi naIvev vakadzoreredza. Grozny akanyora mambokadzi kekutanga muna 1562, kupa kuti vapinde muwanano. Ventrenosa yeBritish yakaramba pane yakaunza kutsamwa kwevaRussia monarch. Mhinduro yakashata Ivan inotyisa inopindira tsamba kwemakore makumi maviri, asi akabva atangazve uye akagara pamberi porufu rwaari.
Hupenyu Hwako
Sekureva kweimwe yetshanduro, kusazeya kweErizabheti ini kuti ndiende pasi pekorona yakatsanangurwa nehunhu hwepanyama uye hwepfungwa. Pane imwe shanduro. Mambokadzi weEngland aive nemusoro waive nemusoro naRobert Dudley, shamwari yeudiki, gare gare pane aunofarira. Asi Dudyle haana kuzorora mune rondedzero yemakondo kubva kuParamende.
Izvo zvine hanya kuti muRoma wamambokadzi naShe vakagara kurufu rwaRobert Dudley muna 1588. Akava avo vaizonzi murume wehurumende nhasi. Izvo zvine chekuita kuti vaviri vacho vaitova nevana. Zvinotaurwa, Span Spanish inodzingwa kubva kuEngland yakawana mavara aakaudza nezvemurume wechidiki asinganzwisisike anonzi Arthur Dudley, uyo aive mwanakomana asiri wepamutemo Erizabheti kubva kuna Ishe.
Kusimbiswa kwakavanzika kweshanduro yekuvapo kwemwanakomana waErizabheni yaive tsamba dzemamburanga ekunze kuChivanze chevaMambokadzi, umo chirwere cheElizabeth chinotsanangurwa - chakapora, kubva kwaakapora "mudumbu." British Terevhizheni Kambani "BBC" akabvisa zvinyorwa "hupenyu hwakavanzika hwaErizabheti i", hunotaura nezve humbowo hwekuita baba vemambokadzi.
Rufu uye ndangariro
Rufu rwevadiwa rwakarerutsa hutano hwaErizabheti I. Pakupera kwa 1603, mambokadzi akawira mukuora mwoyo. Ventance British akafa muChirimo chegore rimwe chetero muRichmond. Ndakaviga vaMambokadzi akanaka Bess mu Westminster Abbey. Ini ndafa norufu rwaErizabheti ndakapera simba.
Biography's Biography, iko kupera kwemukadzi mukuru kwakava sosi yekunyora mabhuku mazhinji uye kugadzira mafirimu. Mumufananidzo waErizabheti pane Skrini, Sarah Bernard Akaoneka, Bett Davis naJean Simmons. Muna 2007, Drama "Goridhe" zera "rakaburitswa nezviratidzo, uyo akataura nhoroondo yaMambokadzi weEngland. Mumufananidzo waErizabheti, Kate Blanchett akaoneka.