Biography
Nheyo dzakakosha dzeuzivi dzakaumbwa panguva yekare. Pythagoras, Socates, Plato - vanyori vane ruzivo, masayendisiti uye anofunga nezvenguva yavo. Vese vakabatsira mukuvandudzwa kweuzivi, uye nezvePlato, yeBritish Litfed Whitehead yakazoratidzwa kuti European ese eEuropean yeEurope, akazivisa mabasa echiGiriki chekare, icho chakazova muvambi wekunyepedzera.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Iro gore chairo umo muzivi akaberekerwa, zvisingazivikanwe. Pane fungidziro yekuti zvakaitika muna 428 kana 427 BC. Bhavudhe anoonekwa seMay 21 (7 Forguelion), musi uyu vaGiriki vakapembera zuva rekuzvarwa kweMwanakomana waZeusi uye neTitonides zhizha - Apollo.
Iko hakuna ruzivo rwekongiri nezve nzvimbo chaiyo yekuzvarwa. Vazhinji masosi anonzi kumusha kwePlato Atene, asi pane imwe sarudzo. Maererano naye, Biography yerudzi rweramangwana yakatanga pachitsuwa che erngin, iri muSronikos Bay, uye muAtene, mhuri yaPlato yakatamira kuitira kuti vape vana dzidzo yakanaka.
Nenzira, kwete gore chete nenzvimbo yekuzvarwa kwePlato inoonekwa nharo. Pane mafungiro ekuti muzivi anonzi Aristoclon, uye Plato zita raakagamuchira kubva kumurairidzi, iro rwizi rweArgos, nekuda kwemapfudzi akafara ("plotos" yakadudzirwa kubva muGreek "rakareba" ). Kekutanga, izvi zvakataurwa nemunyori wekare wekare diogen Laurotsky.
Vabereki vaPlato vakabata aristocrats. Baba vemuzivi wenyika - wedzinza raMambo weAtti, naamai veTefia Reformer weSalon. Naamai vaPlato, Plato aiva nemaguta maviri, akaoma uye anowirirana, nhengo mbiri dzeboka revakuru vatongi "makumi matatu tiranans". Pamusoro pePlato, ariston naPerkoni (saka vakadaidza vabereki vake) pakanga paine vamwe vana - vanakomana vaGlavhuku uye vanomerera, uye nemwanasikana wePekon.
Vana vakagamuchira mimhanzi yemumhanzi yemimhanzi - inonzi dzidzo, iyo inosanganisira yekunyengera, yetsika nedzidzo uye yepfungwa dzidzo muhurongwa (inonzi Muz). Akadzidzisa Plato panguva iyoyo vafundisi vanonzwisisika vaipendwa, vateveri veHercecelite EFESSE. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwake, ramangwana rakafunga remangwana rakadzidza mabhuku, rhetoric, tsika, zvekutanga zvesainzi uye zvimwe zvinorumbidzwa.
Paunenge uchidzidza zvakanakisa mhedzisiro, Plato akawana mumabhuku, hunyanzvi hwekuona uye kurwa, akazotora chikamu mumitambo yeOlympic uye yeMeaani.
Huhu nehudiki hwepedyo hwakawira masikati, apo kutya, tepi uye Korestolubiyiya yakapararira pakati pehuwandu. Mamiriro ezvinhu chete akasimbisa kupokana kwemauto pakati peDossky Union uye peloponesky.
Kuziva nezvezvematongerwo enyika kwakaedza kumisikidza hupenyu hwevamwe vagari. Naizvozvo, aida Mwanakomana wake mushure mekugamuchira dzidzo, zvakare, akava wezvematongerwo enyika, asi Plato pachake akaomerera kune mamwe maonero. Akazviyedza nekunyora hunyanzvi, kunyora nhetembo uye dramas.
Muna 408 BC Ns. Plato mudiki akafunga kuti zvakaverengerwa ivo dambudziko iri kunzvimbo yemitambo yemunharaunda. Vari munzira, akamhanyira mune akura, asi murume akasimba. Vakanga vane hurukuro yakashandura hupenyu hwemukomana kubva pamakumbo ake pamusoro wake, uye akapawo kutanga kwehupenyu hutsva. Uyu murume aive Socrate.
Hupenyu Hwako
Plato Plato Plato isinganzwisisike kunyange kune vanyori venhoroondo vakadzoreredza chokwadi chezviyo zvake zvezviyo. Muzivi akaparidza kuramba kwenzvimbo yakavanzika, pamwe nenharaunda yevakadzi, varume nevana. Naizvozvo, hazvibviri kugovera mukadzi mumwe Plato, sezvinoita zvisingagoni kunyatsodaidzwa kuti vana vayo vekubereka.Zviri pamutemo, Plato haana kumbobvira akaroora. Iye pachezvake akapa pfungwa yerudo rwePlinatonic, vachitsanangura manzwiro aya nezvekuremekedza uye nekuchengeta pakati pevadzidzi uye mudzidzisi, vachitsanangura kuti hazvidikanwe kuda muviri wemunhu, asi mweya wake. Manzwiro aakafunga nezve chimwe chinhu chakaderera chaunoda kuti ugone kuchengetedzwa.
Uzivi uye maonero
Dzidziso yeSocrates yaive shanduko, yakanga yakasarudzika kubva pane izvo zvaimbove pakutanga. Muchuzivi wake, tarisa pakudzidza kwerunyararo nezvisikwa zvakatenderwa kumunhu. Maonero uye mazwi eSocrates akafadzwa neyechidiki Plato, ayo mabasa ekupedzisira anodaro.
Muna 399 bc Ns. Socrate ori mhosva uye akatongerwa rufu. Muzivi akapomerwa mhosva yekusavakudza vamwari, vakaremekedzwa nevagari veguta, uye panzvimbo iyoyo vakagovera kutenda kutsva, nekushatisa vanhu. Zvekuremekedza kwekukodzera kwekare, kusanganisira kutora chikamu muhondo yePeloponess, SoloPurate vakatenderwa kutaura nekutaura kwekudzivirira (pahwaro hweSocrates "the Socrate" of Plato rakanyorwa), uye mutongo werufu wakaitwa na Kunwa muchetura kubva mundiro.
Kuurayiwa kwekuurayiwa kwakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya naPlato, zvichikonzera kuvenga kwerudzi rwe demokrasi. Mushure mekufa kwemudzidzisi, anofamba parwendo, zvinangwa zvacho zviri kujairana nevamwe masayendisiti, kuchinjanisa kwakaitika navo uye kuziva kwezvirevo zvekuve. Kwemakore anotevera gumi nemashanu, muzivi akashanyira Megahar, Kypreu, Finaika neIjipita. Pakati peino nguva, akakwanisa kusangana nekutaura nekuzvidzivirira kweTartani, nevamwe vadzidzi veSocrate Eucrate uye feodor, pamwe nevarwi vekumabvazuva naHaldia. Iyo yekupedzisira yakamanikidzwa plato zvakakomba kupinda muhunyanzvi hwekumabvazuva.
Mushure mekufamba kwenguva refu, Plato akasvika naSisily. Muzvirongwa zveiyo muzivi ndiko kusikwa kweNyika Itsva pamwe chete nemutungamiri wemauto emunharaunda Dionisia Dionisia (anozivikanwawo seSirakuse). Zvinoenderana nomurume uyu, mumamiriro ezvinhu idzva, vazivi vanofanira kutonga, uye vasingamwi uturu hwenduru pasi pezvibereko zvekuputa. Asi zano racho harina kuzomboonekwa: Diforsius rakazova mudzvanyiriri, iro pfungwa dzePlato dzakakamurwa.
Mushure meizvozvo, vaFiresi vakasarudza kudzokera kuAtene. Guta rakamanikidzwa Plato kuti dzidzorere mamwe mazano nezve mamiriro akakwana. Mhedzisiro yeaya mafungidziro aive akavhurika muna 387 BC. Ns. Chikoro ichi inzira yedzidzo iyo Plato yakatanga kudzidzisa vamwe vanhu. Saka mubatanidzwa wechitendero chitsva uye uzivi hwechitendero hwakagadzirwa.
Chikoro chaPlato chakadaidzwa mukuremekedza nharaunda umo izvo zvidzidzo zvakaitwa (paki kunze kweAthens), uye nzvimbo yacho yakatumidzwa zita rakatumidzwa zita remazano raHehtic gamba reHehic. MuPlatonic Academy, vadzidzi vakadzidza masvomhu, uzivi, sainzi yakasikwa, nyeredzi uye dzimwe sayenzi. Kudzidziswa kwakaitika kuburikidza nehurukuro: Plato akafunga kuti iyi ndiyo nzira yakanakisa yekuziva kukosha kwezvinhu.
Imwe yemitauro yake yakabudiswa pasi pezita rekuti "Pier", inomiririrwa nenzira yekutaura kwevaGiriki vekare, inorumbidza Mwari Erota. Rugwaro rwechizivi runotaura nezverudo, izvo mhando uye ruzivo rwekunzwa uku. Iyo nzvimbo yepakati inogarwa nemazano eSocrates pane yakanaka, iyo yakakosha yezvakanaka.
Vadzidzisi nevadzidzi veChikoro cheChikoro vaigara pamwe chete, murume uyu akatorerwa muvateveri vePythagora. Vadzidzi vacho vaive venyeredzi evdokh (uyo aive pedyo naPlato nedzidziso dzekuMabvazuva nezvitendero) uye muzivi Aristotle.
Muna 366 uye 361 BC. Ns. Plato anoshanyira Sicily pakukoka shamwari yeDion - Mutongi Syracuse uye Shurin Dionsius Senior. Dioniraa haadi iyi kubatana, izvo iye anopa pachena kuti anzwisise kuponda kwekuda. Kufa kweshamwari kwakashungurudzika Plato uye kumanikidzwa kudzokera kuAtene, uko muzivi akaramba achifunda vateveri zuva risati rasvika.
Gare gare, muchishuvo chekugadzira pfungwa yakabatana munhu nenzvimbo, muzivi akauya kune chinangwa chekufunga. Mune zvakanyorwa, airatidza nezvemweya uye kusafunga, kutenda kuti zvinhu zvese zvakakomberedza munhu zvakakonzerwa nekubatana kwechinhu chisingaoneki, mazano nemweya. Plato aidavira kuti pane nyika yakanaka yezvinhu. Zvinoenderana naye, zvinhu zvese zvepasi rino samples dzakakwana, prototype yezvinhu zviripo.
Kusvika parizvino, hapana kana basa rekutanga rePlato rakachengetedzwa, asi kune makopi. Kopi yekare yebasa rePlosopher inowanikwa muguta rePemba (160 km maodzanyemba-kumadokero kweCairo), yakanyorwa muEgypt yeEgyptrus.
Mabasa aPlato anoumba pekugara platonian. Nekuchengeteka kwemabasa aunganidzirwe kwerudzi rwechizivi, tendai muGreek ekare echiGiriki Aristofana Byzantine. Nenzira, iye kekutanga uye akarongedza mabasa aPlato, achivamanidzira murikuri.
Gare gare, kugadziridzwa kwakaitiswa muzivi trasl kubva kuMenda, Dare Vazivi venzvimbo Tribheriyo Julia Kesari Augusto. Trasill akafunuka kuumbwa kwePlato muTetralogy, kuparadzaniswa kwakadaro kunoshandiswa izvozvi.
Paive paine kuedza kudzora uye kuunganidza zvisikwa zveiyo muzivi. Iyo vhezheni yeRussia Antiquity Alexei Fedorovich Lessev inozivikanwa. Maererano nebhuku racho rikarasikirwa neBhuku raPlaton, rakakoshesa rakakamurwa nenguva - mangwanani ("makroni", "Hartons", etc.), Transish ("etc.), et." Nyika ", nezvimwewo) uye kunonoka (" mitemo "uye" post-ndege ").
Imwe nguva yeruzhinji yaive iripo kune chimwe chigadzirwa chePlato "Timky". Mamiriro ezvinhu akagadziriswa neuzivi hweItaly Martilio ficino (1433-1499), iyo yakashandurudza iro rasara rebasa kubva muchiGiriki chekare kuenda kuLatin.
Rufu
Mushure mekuponda kwekudaira kweSyracuse muna 354 BC. Ns. Plato akadzokera kuAtene, kwaaigara kusvikira pakuguma kwemazuva. Mumazuva ekupedzisira ehupenyu, akatanga kushanda pabhuku idzva "pane zvakadai." Iyo nheyo yeVashandi Plato yakatodzikwa uye yakazvitevedzera nevadzidzi. Nekudaro, yakafambisa pfungwa papepa uye haina kubuda.Vanyori venhoroondo vakanyora kuti mudzidzi weSocrates anga asati amboona kuseka, paakaenda kunorara naTomik Arristophan, mudetembi mukuru. Kunyangwe zvinorehwa naPlato muuzivi, zvinozivikanwa nezvehupenyu hwake hwezuva nezuva, mune dialogue dzaaingozvitaura nezvayo, achirondedzera zvimwe zviitiko zvidiki.
Pazuva rako rekuzvarwa mu 348 (kana 347) BC. Ns. Plato akasiya nyika ino nekuda kwezvikonzero zvechisikigo, achifunga nezvezera rake. Iko hakuna shanduro imwe yezviitiko izvi. Nekuti mumwe wavo, murume uyu akafa padhesiki, mumwe pamutambo womuchato. Zvakare, chimwe chezvikonzero zvekufa kwechizivi chinonzi Pediculosis, asi zvine nhoroondo kune izvi mu "nhoroondo ye" Thomas Stanley yakanyora kuti vanhu vachiparadzira runyerekupe rwakadai rwakamutsa plato vakamukuvadza. "
Muzivi akavigwa mune ceramics, kwete kure neyaya. Pamazita ake akavezwa mazwi:
"Vanakomana vaviri vakapa Apollo, eskulap naPlato. Mumwe anoporesa muviri, uye mumwe - mweya. "Mukurangarira Platon, pendi dzakanyorwa uye kunyora. Somunhu, muzivi akazviratidza muKinocares "ropa, kupika uye kufa" (1948), "Socates" (1971), "Husiku" (1985), "Pir" (Pir "(Pir" (1989). Muna 2010, firimu refirimu "rufu rweSocrates" rakasunungurwa, mune iyo Plato anooneka.
Mazano nezviwanikwa
Pamwoyo uzivi hwaPlato ari mudzidziso yeSocrates, kuti ndezvipi zvakakosha zvekuziva zvinogoneka maererano nepfungwa dzisingateereri dzinoumba nyika yakazvimirira, inoenderana nenyika yepasirese. GENESISI is esents, eidosha (mazano), isiri-inclex nzvimbo uye nguva. Pfungwa mukunzwisisa Plato Autonous, uye saka, chete ivo vanogona kudzidza. Izvi zvinotaurwa mumabasa enguva yekuchinja uye akura.
Mumabasa aPlato "Krisen" uye "nguva", kutanga inotsanangura nhoroondo yeAtlantis, iyo ndiyo yakanakira mamiriro. Chokwadi, zvaive zvisingaiti kuziva nzvimbo yayo chaiyo. Sezvingangoitika, chitsuwa ichocho chiri kumadokero kwemakamuri ercules. Kunyangarika kwake kweuzivi kwakabatana nokudengenyeka kwakaitika, izvo zvakawirwa neyechitsuwa icho mumvura pamwe chete nevagari vayo.
Kekutanga, kufarira kwaAtlantis kwakaonekwa muRenaissance epoch, asi musainzi, mibvunzo nezvehupenyu hwayo chaipo yakaramba ichikakavara. Nezveizvi, nyaya yechitsuwa inoonekwa sengano, asi kuyedza kuwana chokwadi chaicho uye zviitiko zvinosimbisa kuvapo kwayo hazvina kuitwa kamwechete.
Plato aigaro ridzai diogen kubva kuSinoop (iye aigara mugomba uye akafamba masikati aine masikati ane mhou "mukutsvaga munhu"). Pano paakataura nezve munhu, kuti iyi imhuka inoruma, isina mitsva, Diogen yakamutsa nehuku yekuvhiringidza, ichidaidza murume wePlatia. Mushure meizvozvo, muzivi aifanira kuwedzerwa kune mazwi emutsara "aine flat (ivhu rakakura (.
Plato munhu anopikisana nekuchenesa uye kuratidzwa kwakajeka kwemanzwiro, akatenda kuti maitiro akadaro aive akaderera uye ane kutanga kwakakuvadza. Pfungwa nezvehukama pakati pevarume nevakadzi, akataura mumabasa akasiyana.
Quotes
"Socings me shamwari, asi chokwadi chinonyanya kudhura" (gare gare chirevo ichi chakatoshanduka "Plundu", asi chokwadi chinodhura ", icho chakaratidzwa Aristotle, martin Luther nemuranda)." Kana vanhu vakamanikidzwa kusarudza kubva kune vaviri vakatsamwa, hapana ari pachena kuti haana. Achasarudza zvimwe, kana iwe uchikwanisa kusarudza zvidiki. "" Kurerwa kwachaitei? " Nekudaro, zvakaoma kuwana zviri nani pane izvo zvinowanikwa kubva nguva yakareba-yakareba. Kwemuviri, iri yekumhanyisa, yemweya - mimhanzi. "" Unogona kukanganwira mwana anotya rima. Nhamo chaiyo yehupenyu, kana murume achitya nyika. "" Vaya vakangwara havana kukwanisa kukwira mune zvematongerwo enyika vanorangwa navo vanotonga vanhu vakapwanya. "Shanda
- "APOLOY SoOLates"
- "Evtifroni"
- "Protagor"
- "Gorgiy"
- "Hippius Great"
- "Mutambo"
- "Nyika"
- "Sophist"
- "Politician"
- "MITEMO"