Biography
Gregory Zinoviev - Yakakurumbira Soviet Zvematongerwo enyika, Revolution uye nhengo yeBolshevik Party. Munhu uyu akapindawo nyaya kwete chete semutungamiri wekutanga uye mutungamiri wepfungwa chete weCommuniscial International, asiwo somutongi akashata aJoseph Stalin, mudzvanyiriri wake akafungidzira kuti simba racho riite simba guru.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Iyo biography yeyamangwana rekuchinja kwakatanga muguta reElisavetgrad (zvino rave kuUkraine Kropyvnytsky). Grigory Zinoviev akaberekwa musi waSeptember 11, 1883. Izita rakapihwa kumukomana kubva pakuzvarwa - everi-herch. Baba Zinoviev, Aaron Romayslsky, vaive nePurazi rake reDairy.
Pazita chairo, earonovich akapindura chete muhuduku uye kuyaruka, ipapo bato pseudonyms ye grigoriev, shinovie, zinoviev, yakashandiswa. Iyo yekupedzisira yakagara nezvematongerwo enyika nekusingaperi.
Grigory Zinoviev akagamuchira dzidzo yakanaka kwazvo yekugara, sezvakanga zvetsika mumakore iwayo pakati pevagari vemo vakachengetedzwa. Mujaya hwake, jaya rakatanga kufarira uzivi, zvematongerwo enyika, wenhoroondo yepasirese, uye kare muna 1901 vakatanga kunzwisisa sainzi yezvematongerwo enyika muhupenyu, uye kwete pamapeji emabhuku, uye kusabatana nekufamba kwesangano rekushanda.
Shanduko
Zvinokosha kuti atova muna 1901, kuve mudiki kwazvo, Zinoviev aive akananga kubroyi akati wandei uye kuratidzira muNotrossiya. Kutambudzwa kwemapurisa kumanikidza Gregory Zinoviev kwechinguva uchisiya nyika. Muna 1902, iyo shanduko inofamba kuenda kuBerlin, ndokuenda kuParis uye, pakupedzisira, inomira muSwitzerland baern. Iko kuZinoviev inosangana Vladimir Lenin. Musangano uyu wazove unofara: kwemakore mazhinji, makore mazhinji, Grigori Zinoviev ichave imwe yeiyo yakabatanidzwa kumutungamiri, Gweta rake uye mumiriri weMvumo.
Muna 1903, Grigori Zinoviev akabatana neBolshevik pati, inotsigira Lenin. Shure kwaizvozvo, Shanduko yakadzokera kumusha kwake kuti itungamire basa rekushandira pakati peboka rekushanda. Kwapera gore, Zinoviev zvakare akasiya nyika iyi, panguva ino nekuda kwemamiriro ehutano.
Kudzokororwa Kudzoka kuVanaland kwakaitika muna 1905. Zinoviev akakurumidza kusarudzwa nhengo yeDare reRSDLP muRs. Petersburg, vakatora chikamu mukugadzirira uye kubata shanduko ye1905. Kurwira kweBolshevik zvibodzwa zvakagara zvinopfuura gore rimwe chete. Muna 1908, Gregory Zinoviev akatanga kuiswa muhusungwa, asi mushure memwedzi mishoma yekuchinja kwakasunungurwa parusununguko nekuda kwehutano hwekuwedzera.
Uku kusunungurwa kunobvumirwa Gorregory Zinoviev kuti ubve munyika: pamwe chete neVladimir Lenin Zinovi akaenda kuAustria. Kutamiswa kwekufambisa kwakagara kusvika 1917 - muna Kubvumbi Ginoviev uye Vladimir Lenin nevanhu vazhinji vakafanana vakafanana vaiva zvakare muRussia nenjodzi muRussia chitoro chechitima chakakamurwa.
Kurwira kwesimba kwakarongedzwa mukuzara kuzere. Hurumende yenguva pfupi yakaita kuti kuedza kwazvino kuedza kuchengeta hukuru, asi kusawirirana kwakatanga muBolshevik nharaunda. Pamusangano wakatevera weDare reCrigori, Grigori Zinoviev uye Revhitiko Kamenev akapokana nekumanikidza kuganhurisa kwehurumende yenguva pfupi, iyo yakakonzera Vladimir Lenin kusagutsikana.
Zvekuita izvi, mutungamiri wekuchinja akafunga nezvevatengesi vepfungwa dzakajeka uye vakatodza nyaya yekuburitsa zinoviev uye kamenev kubva kugungano rebato. Izvo hazvina kuuya kune zviito zvakadaro zvemakadhi, asi vaviri "vanopikisa" zvakarambidzwa pamisangano panzvimbo yeDare repakati.
Iyo shanduko panguva ino akafamba achifamba yakazara - iyo Bolshevek yakakwanisa kutora simba muguta rekuchamhembe. Pasinei nekuita sekuratidzira kwekuchinja kwakatanhamara, pakanga paine kutambudzika kwakanyanya mukati mehutungamiri hweBolshivhosi: Matare evashandi vakada kusikwa kwemuviri mumwe wemagariro, ayo aisazove chikamu cheVladimir lenin uye leo trotsky.
Manzwiro akafanana akakurumidza kutora mukana weGivory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, pamwe nevatsigiri vavo Viktor Nogin na Alexey Rykov. Iri boka rakatsigira zvinodiwa rinotaurwa, vachipokana nemafungiro ake nekudikanwa kwekubereka kune vese vatsigiri vehukama hwesangano rekuchinja. Pakutanga, zvaiita sekunge vatsigiri vaZinovyev vaizoteerera, asi Lenin naTrotsky munguva pfupi vakakwanisa kudzoka kudarika kwake.
Zuva rakatevera racho, Zinoviev uye vatsigiri vemafungiro ake vanoratidza kusiya dare repakati, richinyora zvirevo zvakakodzera. Achipindura, Vladimir Lenin anonzi aimbova vatengesi vevakanaka vevanopenya uye magezi.
Zvaiita sekunge basa rezvematongerwo enyika reGinevi dzezvematongerwo enyika raguma. Nekudaro, shanduko dzevhariridzo dzakatanhamara dzakanangana nevatungamiriri vane ruzivo uye vane ruzivo, uye Zinoviev akadzoka kune zvematongerwo enyika. Kusvikira iro ririmo ra1918, raive rakatungamirwa nePetrograd Bolshevik Council, akabva aita zvimisikidzwa zvechikwata chePeterograd, musoro wehukama hwenzvimbo yekuchamhembe uye sachigaro yeDare repamusoro rekuchinja kwekuchinja kwePetrograd.
Iyo fungidziro yeZinoviv ine Lenin yakaenderera mberi: Grigory Zinoviev haina kutsigira pfungwa yemutungamiri kuti atange "kutyisa kwetsvuku" mushure mekuponda kwaMoses Uritsky naV.Vodedar. Mukuwedzera, Zinoviev akataura achipesana nepfungwa yeVladimir Ilyich kuti atumire guta guru renyika kuenda kuMoscow.
Panguva imwe chete, maererano neuchapupu hwePitima Sorokina, rondedzero yezviitiko, iyo yakadzoka nzvimbo yeVladimir Lenin mumugumo, yakava musangano mukuru wezviitiko zvinotyisa zve "kutyisa kwakanyanya ". Sekureva kwemirairo yeZinoviev, vakangwara uye vanokudzwa vakapfurwa, iyo panguva iyo "iyo kirasi ye" boka revatakuri ".
Kubva 1921 kusvika 1926, Girrey Zinoviev yaive chikamu chenhengo dzezvematongerwo enyika. Politiki yezvematongerwo enyika yaigara ichiramba nemishumo uye kutaura uye kutotanga kushanda mumabasa akaunganidzwa. Muna 1922, Zinoviev ndiye akatanga kupa zano raJoseph Stalin kune iyo post yerunyoro, ine chinangwa chekuchinja leo trotsky.
Nekudaro, muna 1925, Grigory Zinovie yakaratidza kusagutsikana nezviito zveStalin, kusanganisira muchinyorwa chinoti "Uzivi hweEpoch", rakadhindwa mu "Pravda". Mhedzisiro yacho yaive kubviswa kweZinoviev kubva mumatongerwo enyika zviitiko, uyezve kunze kwemabiko.
Opolis yezvematongerwo enyika aisazofanira kuGinoviev pane iyo Tsika: Iyo yekuchinja yakatendeuka mumaboda ake uye muna 1928 akawana kupora mumapoka ebato. Kwemakore mana, Zinoviev akadzidzisa kuKazan University, kutora chinzvimbo cheRector, zvinyorwa zvakaburitswa uye zvakanzwa zvakachengeteka.
Nekudaro, muchina unotyisa, wakatangazve kubatsirwa, wakasvika kwaari. Muna 1932, Grigory Zinoviev akasungwa uye akatongerwa makore mana ekureva. Kwapera gore, mutsara wacho wakadzimwa. Zvaiita sekunge dutu rakaitika nebato, asi muna 1934 zinovied akamirira kusungwa kutsva uye mutsara unotyisa.
Hupenyu Hwako
Kutonga nemufananidzo wakachengetedzwa, Gregory Zinoviev aisava murume akanaka, asi ini ndaive nechimiro chemurume wekuzvivirira. Mukadzi wekutanga weGrigory Zinovior akave Sarah Ravich, muBolshevik Circles, ndiye akatumirwa Olga. Mukadzi akatsigira mumwe wake mumabasa ekuchinja uye kunyange kwenguva yakati yaive iyo commissioner yemukati yenzvimbo yekuchamhembe.
Ukama mumuchato wekutanga hwakafamba, uye gigiory zinoviev akaroora zvakare. Panguva ino mutemo waive mutemo weLilina, anozivikanwa pasi peParty pseudomonym Zina Levin.
Levin akagovanawo mazano ezvekushamwaridzana aive akasindimara akasindimara, kuve mushandi wepepanhau "nyeredzi" uye "ichokwadi". Muwanano yechipiri, Grigory Zinoviev yakaberekerwa mwanakomana stevan. Jaya racho akararama hupenyu hupfupi - aine makore 29, Stefano akapfurwa.
Wechitatu shamwari inoomera zinovior yakava Evgenia Lasman. Mhedzisiro yemukadzi zvakare isingazivikanwe zvakare: Eugene yakovvlevna yakadzokorora kusunga uye akapedza makore angangoita makumi maviri mutorongo.
Rufu
Zvita 16, 1934 Gregory Zinoviev akasungwa. Iyo yekuchinja yakabuda kunze kubva pamatanho ebato uye akatongerwa makore gumi mutorongo. Tsamba dzaZinoviev dzakachengetedzwa, dzakanangidzirwa kuna Joseph Stalin, mune iyo ginovior yakakumbira ngoni uye kuvimbiswa kuti yakapfidza.
Makore maviri gare gare, muna 1936, Zinoviev akatongerwa kurangwa kwakanyanya. Nyamavhuvhu 26 yegore rimwe chete rekare marongero akapfurwa. Vakaona zviono zvezvakazoitika munguva pfupi zvichanyora kuti kuchamhembe kweanenge kwatungamirwa nekuchinja kwemaminetsi ekupedzisira: Kutongerwa kuurayiwa uye kukwanisa kutokwira nekukwira nhanho.
Kuurayiwa kwakapindwa nemusoro weiyo NKVD Henry Berada, pamwe nevashandi veDhipatimendi rimwechete Nikolai Ezhov and Karl Puker. Iyi nhamba nhatu idzi dzenje dzekutenderera dzapera kuita zana ravo pamwe neGivory Zinovie: Ivo vakapfurwa nemakore akati wandei.
Zita reGivory Zinoviev rakagadzirwazve musi waChikunguru 13, 1988 nesarudzo yeDare Repamusoro reSoviet Union.
Mafirimu
- 1927 - "Gumiguru"
- 1951 - "Chisingakanganwiki 1919"
- 1983 - "Mabhero Akatsvuka"
- 1992 - "Stalin"
- 2004 - "Vana veArbat"
- 2013 - "STALIN Nesu"
- 2017 - "kukohwewa kukuru"
- 2017 - "Revolution Revolution"
BHAIBHERI
- 1918 - "Austria neHondo Yenyika
- 1920 - "Hondo nenhamo yeSocialism"
- 1925 - "Bolshevization-Stabilization"
- 1925 - "Nhoroondo yeKudziyo Yekutanga Russian Revolution"
- 1925 - "Leninism"
- 1926 - "Hondo, Shanduko uye Chemeneshism"