Biography
Protopop avvakum - hunhu hwakajeka uye hunopesana. Mupristi, uyo vatendi vekare vakagadzwa munharaunda yeSerk, havana kuziva iyo hafu uye vasingabvumiri. Kune hunhu hutsinye uye kugadzirira kwe "mweya wekuisa makwai, aivenga vavengi nevateveri vakatoda.
Chiremera chake muCentine centurity yakanga yakakura: Vateveri vanonzi Avvakum neakarurama uye mufambiro unotambudzwa. Velmazbi nevashoma, vanoomerera pane zvetsika dzemahara vakavenga hupfu hwenhaka. Mupristi akarohwa, akakanda mumakomba asina chikafu nezvokupfeka, akataura nehasha Siberia, asi mweya uye zvaunotenda haana kuputsa chero munhu - kana madzimambo kana madzimambo kana veVermazby.
Chimwe chisikwa chose, mutambi ane tarenda uye muparidzi wechokwadi weOrthodoxy uye uzivi hwekare hwezvivakwa - airatidza muenzaniso, zvinoreva kurwira kusvika kumagumo.
Hudu uye Vechidiki
Avvakum Petrovich Petrov akaberekerwa mumusha weGrigorovo Nizhny Novgorod County muna 1620. Muenzaniso wemuparidzi wenguva yemberi uye Mupangariro wemweya wevatendi vekare vaive amai. Maria (gare gare ini ndakanga ndiri muNun uye ndakatumidza zita reMarfa) rakaunza avwakum mukuomarara uye kuchena kwemweya. Kuomerera kuChinyorwa chekare cheOrthodox, vachitaura muminamato uye zvikwangwani zvisina kubva panguva yebasa, mukadzi akasimudza mwanakomana wake muku "kutya Mwari."
Baba - Mupristi wenhaka weparari - akafa Mwanakomana waakavhura makore gumi nemashanu. Sekureva kwaVvaka, baba vake vaida kunwa, icho chaive chakakonzera rufu rwekutanga.
At 22, Avvakum Petrov kuti ave neushingi mukutenda uye kuomesa kuomesa mutemo waMwari kwakagadzirwa nemaoko muDeacon.
Hupenyu nedzidziso
Mushure memakore maviri, avvakum zvakapa chechi pareme mune lopads - musha weNizhny Novgorod Province. Mudiki pop, achizvidira kwaari uye neboka, achirova zvakashata zvevanokoshesa, kuranga kunyange zvivi zvidiki. Pakanga pasina kudzikisira, hapana murombo, kana veelmes, avo vakabayira mari yakawanda patembere.
Rimwe zuva mufambiro wechidiki wakauya kuAkakum kureurura. Maererano neChechi yeChechi, akarondedzera zvakadzama zvivi, uye kana pfungwa dzaisiya mupristi, munyama wakapanduka. Kumurambidza iye, pop mushure mekureurura shifty muchindwe pamusoro pemakenduru anopisa. Kurwadziwa kwacho hakuna zvivi zvakaipa, nevarume vane hanya vanoremekedza mupristi vakapetwa kaviri, vakasvikwa avvakumi.
Kune vakarurama mabasa uye kuomerera kwakasimba kune mitemo yeOrthoory avvakum kwakapa musoro weChiratidzo Chemuperekedzi - protopopa. Runyerekupe pamusoro pababa vane hutsinye, vakasarudzika nekunyanyisa plump, vakatenderedza dunhu. Mapoka evatendi kuti uwane zano uye makomborero akaenda kwaari.
Protopop avvakumi yakava mukurumbira seyekuwedzera. Akapihwa kurwara nepakati uye anopenga, umo mweya wetsvina wakabatana. Kazhinji muprista akavasiya "kurapwa" mumusha wake.
Chikomborero kubva kuAva avvakum protopopa yakanzi mufaro nemapemhi, uye vapfumi. Kamwe chete voi vasily sheremethev, vaifamba pamwe neVolga muchikepe, vakashuva kuona baba vakakurumbira. Mupristi akaendeswa muchikepe, uye mushure mekutaurirana kwekutaurirana kweVoivo vakakumbira chikomborero chevadiki. Matthew Sheremetyeva akaunza kuProtopope Avovakum, asi akaona "croup" rudzi rwemurume (akaedza ndebvu dzake), akaramba kusiya necoreston.
Iyo yakatsamwa yakarairwa kuti ibve mu avwakum murwizi, uye chishamiso chakachengetedzwa kuponesa hupenyu - vabati vehove vakasvika nenguva.
Ascetic uye mudzvanyiriri wemhando dzese dzevaraidzo, Avvakum akauya kuFrenzy, achiona veruzhinji muLopatria. Gircuscchi paine mabheya uye zviridzwa zvemimhanzi zvauya kumusha, protopop yakamhanyisa kukambani inosetsa nezvibhakera. Circus yaurawa, gandira uye rodhira yakatyora, imwe yakakuvadzwa, uye yechipiri yakatiza musango.
Iyo Avokurm protopop haina kutya kuregerera varombo, vachisheya uye varombo. Kana chirikadzi yakanyunyuta kuti mwanasikana wake akatora mwanasikana wake, mupristi, asina kufunga, akanyengetera. Venels Beat avwakum Petrovich kusvika hafu yakafa uye akaparadza imba.
Kwechinguva chidiki akashanda protopop uye muAviyvts-Pobetsky, kwaakadudzirwa kubva kumusha kweLipatinets. Iyo yakanyungudutswa yemuparidzi uye pano ndiyo yaive chikonzero chekupokana nevako vaisvika vaisada kuomerera kune vekare maCanoni uye kwete mirayiridzo yemufudzi. Avvakuma akarova Batoga uye akatsika-tsika, akamutyisidzira uye mhuri. Vatendi vekare vakamhanyira muMoscow muna 1651.
Muguta guru, protopop avvakum, akararama panguva yaMambo, akaita hushamwari nemamambo weMambo weRusununguko uye nemangwana wetatu NiMon. Natateguru Josefa Josefa, mupristi akatora chikamu mubhuku kuburitswa. Pakazopwanya kweOgann yeKazan Cathedral yeJohani yakabviswa pachechi yeChechi, mumba mazvo Avvakum akamira, Mupristi wake akamutsiva.
Nenguva isipi, kushamwaridzana naNikoni kwakatenderwa kuve kuvengana: Uzivi hweOkavakum Aorse chiGiriki chakaonekwa muMoscow. Nikon Zvido nemabhuku echiGreek Litrolery, nepo avvakum yakaudzwa nekuda kweiyo yekare Russian Orthodox. Avvakum Protopop akatendeukira kuna mambo nechikumbiro, apo NIKON yakashoropodza uye tsika dzechiGiriki.
Mukuvhuvhu wa 1653, zvinhu zvekare zvakatambudzwa - Akadzingwa kuna Andronikov Monastery. Muchizi pachigadziko, Avvakum akapikira kwemazuva matatu, asi haana kukunda. Nikon akaraira kuti gadziriswe zvekupanduka, asi mambo haana kubvumira, kutsiva kunyimwa kweSana kubatana kuTobolsk.
MuTobolsk, protopop avvakum vakaenderera mberi nekukasira uye kushoropodzwa kwen'iko kwaaibva kuTransbhalia. Ikoko muparidzi akatsoropodza muridzi wedunhu - iyo Nerchinsky rwendo Pashkov. Akarova avavakum uye akaisa muhupamhi hwechando.
Muchirimo, kupanduka kwacho kwakange kwakatongwa muungano, iyo yakatarira kumabvazuva kuburikidza nebabal ,.Nor uye shale. Vana vadiki vaAvavaku vafa mumugwagwa uyu unorema. Muna 1663, protipop yakadzokera kuMosiko, kwaiita mambo. Chikonzero chenyasha isingatarisirwi yaive Opal Nikon. Monarch akakurudzira vatendi vekare kuti vave vabvunzurudza, asi akaramba kuona muna Mambo kuzvipira kune ma canons of orthodoxy.
Nenguva isipi nguva yakakurumidza kufunga, uye ini handina kufunga kuti kudzidza kutsamwa kusingadzivisike uye chishuwo chekutaura zvese zvaanofunga nezvazvo, ndisina hanya nemhedzisiro yacho, yasvika yekuti vavengi vatsva. Iyo yekare Co-Muridzi weCenty akapokana neChechi shanduko, akabhapatidzwa nevaviri, uye kwete minwe mitatu, airidza muchinjiko 8-wakapinze. Kwapera gore, ngoni dzamambo dzakatsiviwa nehasha nekupanduka, ivo vaireva nzvimbo yeAkhngerlsk.
Muna 1666, avvakum petrovich zvakare yakaonekwa muMoscow kudare pamusoro peNikon. Mushure mekutya kukuru, akange akamirira vanhu, asi Muparidzi akamira paari. Dare reChechi rakatumira avwapamu kubva kuChechi uye vakatora degree dzvene, richikonzera kutsamwa uye kuiswa kweAnatherema kune hutungamiri hwepamusoro cheChechi.
Gore reSando raichengetwa mumamongi padyo neKaluga, asi haana kutyora. Ipapo Avvakum akataurwa nemoortorsk, ari mudenda. MuSrub, hafu yakanyudzwa munzvimbo yakasimba, mupristi akasiya makore mazhinji gumi nemana. Kuparidza hakuna kukanda: pasina kuve nemukana wekutaura nevateveri, mutungamiri wemweya akatumira nyika kuburikidza nevanhu vakatendeka veEpistle. Saka "hupenyu" hwakakurumbira hwakaratidzwa, hwakazotumidza zita rekutanga maauti autobiography.
Mhembwe dzinoyerera dzakaenda kumuparidzi, akadaidzwa kuti iye Mutsvene. Kubva kwaari akasiya, akaviga tsamba mudonzvo. Zvirevo zvemutauri zvakachengetedzwa nekuda kweaya akavanzika mameseji.
Hupenyu Hwako
Zita revakuru vane mukurumbira vanosanganiswa nevakadzi vaviri vekare - Feodosia Marozova, aiziva vanhu vakadzidza panguva imwe chete semukomana Morazov, uye mukadzi weNastasya Markovna.
Wokutanga mudzidzi wemweya weAvivakum protopa, saiye, akabatwa nekutenda uye kufungidzira. Ake - akatsamwa, nemaziso anopisa - airatidzira Vasily Surikov. Kufanana neangariro yemweya, Morozova akafa, asingade kuchinja zvitendero.
Wechipiri ndiye murume womurume akatendeka akazvara murume wake evana vapfumbamwe. Kuchena kwemukuru weroomano imba mbiri akatsigira hupenyu hwake hwese. SaAvwakum, Nastasya akareurura zvekare. Vakaroora zviyero zvazvino zvevechidiki: murume wake aive 17, mukadzi wake ane makore gumi nematatu. Kubva pamunhu mumwe chete, emhuri dzevarombo, hafu nherera.
Vakaroorana vakararama, sezvakarairwa kuPortroy: Muparidzi wenguva yemberi aive akaroora musikana achirwara naamai. Asi wanano yakatsauka rudo: Mukadzi uyu akateedzerwa nemurume wake munongedzo uye kudzungaira. MuSiberia, munzira inoenda kunzvimbo yekutaura nezvaTobolsk, pasina kugadzirira mamiriro ezvinhu akaomesesa, vana vadiki vaviri vakafa.
AVVAKUM PETROVIC yakaona yakanaka yemukadzi wechiOrthodox mumudzimai wake uye anonzi Nastasya "mubatsiri kuruponeso." Nastasya Markovna yakava muenzaniso wevakadzi vevakavanzika, vabatsiri uye vese vanotapwa, kwevakadzi vakanyorwazve kubva kuhupenyu hwakadzikama uye hwakateverwa nevarume varo.
Mubhuku rinonzi "kuranga pasina mhosva", Alexander Allenko akarangarira nyaya yakanga yasvika vanhu vakararama vachiratidza hukama hwevaviri vacho. Akasiiwa nerimwe rehurukuro, Nastasya akabvunza murume wake, angatambudza kuti mupristi akazopindura kuti:
- Markovna! Kusvikira parufu."Zvakanaka, petrovich, io kunyange kumusoro."
Mhinduro yemukadzi ikava mhando yemhoti yemadzimai ese akaparadzanisa maguva evarume vake. Anastasia Markovna akafa pamberi pemurume / mukadzi wake. Rufu rwehafu yechipiri, murume akapararira zvakaoma: Iyo huru yekutsigira, Advisor uye shamwari yaenda.
Rufu
Mushure mekufa kwamambo, Alexei Mikhalovich Tron akatora mwanakomana waFyedor Aleksevich, anomhanya uye anomiririra. Rezero avvakum, achivimba kuti zvichakwanisa kudzinga mambo kubva kuGreek Greek rite, akamunyorera tsamba. Akataura kuti akaona chiroto nezveBatyushka Alexei Mikhailovic, anopisa mumurazvo wegehena nekuda kwekurudziro dzidziso yeNiconian.
PROTOP haina kuverenga kuti Fyedor Hees uye amupomerei nezve "Hula Hula kuimba youmambo" uye chechi yakatsemuka. Kurarama kwacho kwamambo kwakarangwa noutsinye. Muna 1682, vatendi vekare vane shamwari dze Epiphany, Lazar naFreodhor vakaurayiwa mumaziso eboka revanhu. Vakanga vakasungwa pamakona eSrub, vakakanda mabazi nemapazi akaoma uye akaisa moto.
Protopop Avvakum aiziva nezvekuti kuuraya kwekuita, kwakapihwa mabhuku uye kushomeka pfuma, pfeka shati chena. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti akafunga nezvekucheneswa kwemoto uye nekuzvidzokorora kunzvenga pachako. Kubva pamoto ndokufa.
Kuurayiwa kwakaitika neChishanu vhiki yekuda. Zvinoenderana neruzivo rwunodiwa, kana murazvo wakapfura mudenga, Avo Avo akasimudza ruoko nemuromo wakapetwa uye wakaita kuti:
"Orthodox! Kana muchinjiko wakadaro uchinamata - haazofi muzana remakore. Uye siya muchinjikwa uyu, uye guta richaisa jecha rako, uye ipapo kuguma kuchasvika kumagumo! ".Chokwadi Zvinonakidza
- Avvakum anonzi tateguru yeshoko remahara, kureurura prose uye mabhuku ekufananidzira. Iye anoverengerwa nezvakanyorwa 43, kusanganisira "bhuku rekukurukurirana", "bhuku reCenderedzwa", "bhuku rekududzira". Basa rakakurumbira kwazvo "hupenyu", shanduro yemabhuku eiyo yakakurumbira nhasi.
- Avvakum protopop - iyo gamba re20-seri yefirimu Nicholas yakawana "kupatsanurana". Nyaya huru yeyenyaya - shanduko dzinoitwa neTateartarch Nikon uye kuramba, kwaive kwakananga neAVVakum protopop.
- Vatendi vekare vanonzi muparidzi wekutanga wekuzviuraya zvakanyanya mudzidziso dzechitendero chepasi rese. Mumakore ekuzivikanwa kwake, huwandu hwehuwandu hwakawedzera. Mukutanga 1687, vanhu vanopfuura zviuru zviviri vakapiswa muPalosrovsky monastery. Musi wa9 Nyamavhuvhu, mugore rimwe chetero muBerezviv of Olettsky County - anopfuura 1000.
- Zvekare zvidhori zvidhori, avo vainamata Avvakum, vanosiyaniswa nekuwanda kwezvakanyorwa paminda, zviso zverima. MuXvii zana, Official Orthodoxy akarambidza kugadzirwa kwezvifananidzo zvakadaro.
- Muzvinyorwa zveAkvakum vakachengeta zvirevo zvinonzi "uporofita." Kunyatsonzwika mumakore ekuchinja uye nehondo yehondo kubva kuna Avvakum: "Russia yaSatani yakura kubva kuna Mwari, inozviratidzira neropa."
- M. Svakain muhurukuro yake mu "Yunivhesiti ye" Yenyunivhesiti "Yakatyamadzwa Grigory se" pfuti yeAvavakum protopopa "kuimba yaRomanov.
Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, chekare chechi chekare chechi chakamugadza kuti vatarise vatsvene, uye mumusha weGrigorovo pakupera kwezana reXX kuAva