Biography
Zita revaSakhararov rinozivikanwa nemunhu wese, zvisinei nerudzi rwebasa. Nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo yesayendisiti uye nzvimbo yezvido zvesainzi yakatungamira chete nezvakawanda zvakawanikwa zvesainzi, asiwo chinzvimbo chinoshanda-zvematongerwo enyika cheAndrei dmitrievich.
Vazhinji Sakhararov vazive seiyo muvambi weiyo hydrogen bhomba. Asi nezvekutora chikamu chake mukuratidzwa kwezvematongerwo enyika pakutambudzwa (iyo inonzi "Lysenkovsky") pazasi pekomiti yeMoscow, vashoma vanhu vakava muridzi weNobel Mubayiro wezvipiriso zvake zverunyararo rwekusimbisa nyika.
Zvichida chinzvimbo chakadai chaunganonzvera chakadaro, pamwe nezvido zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakonzera kusaenzana kwakawanikwa uye zvigadzirwa zvevaenzi. Kunyangwe iye amene aifarira kusimbisa kukosha kwemumwe mukadzi uyo akamufemera kuti aite zvigadzirwa.
Hudu uye Vechidiki
Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich muMoscow musi waMay 21, 1921. Sekuru vemazwi aBaba Ivan Nikolarovich Sakharich kumusoro mumhuri yemupristi, uye akazova gweta. Baba vevasekuru vakaenderera mberi nababa vevaridzi vechiesaesa Scientist Dmitry Ivanovich. Akatora chikamu mumakambani ezvematongerwo enyika, ayo anga ari pane rondedzero yevadzidzi akasiyiwa kubva kuMoscow University.
Kana Dmitry Ivanovich akabikwa, akaroora Ekaterina Alekseevna. Akawana mudzidzisi wefizikisi anotanga kuimba yeMoscow gadziriso, uyezve kuyunivhesiti yechiKomonisiti, uyo aive achigadzirira mapuranga ekutonga kwebato. Wawakaroorana naye, Ekaterina Alekseevna (mumheremu Sofiano), pakutanga kubva kumhuri yechiuto chechiuto.
Andrei Dmitrievich akarangarira kuti ambuya vake kuna baba vaBaba Maria Petrovna vakave moyo wemhuri uye muchengeti wekutarisa. Baba vacho vaishuvira nesainzi, iyo yakanga isingakwanisi kupfuudza Andrei nemunun'una wake, uye munguva yake yemahara yaive Musitis. Mhuri yaigara mukamuri ine chikamu pamwe chete neukama hwepedyo uye hwakareba hama.
Pakutanga, mukomana akagamuchira dzidzo yekumba, chete mugwaro rechinomwe raenda kuchikoro. Pasinei nekuvharwa kwaAndrei uye vasingafarire kutaura nevezera ravo, comerades akamukoka kumasvomhu denderedzwa, chikoro chekutanga, uye chinoshanda kuMoscow University.
Kunyangwe hazvo murume wechidiki uyu akabudirira mumasvomhu, aigara achigadzirisa basa nenzira kwayo, asi zvine musoro, kuva netsananguro yakajeka. Nekuti muGiredhi regumi Andrei akasiya denderedzwa remasvomhu ndokutora fizikisi. Nhoroondo dzevanhu veSakharov dzakazivikanwa kubva mundangariro dzeAcademic Akiva Moiseevvich, uyo akadzidza naAndrei dmitrievich.
Kupiwa zvido zvejaya, pamwe nekufa kweFofics yaBaba vake, Andrei vakapinda muMoscow State University kuFiziki yeFizits. Panguva imwecheteyo, hondo yakatanga, saka vadzidzi vaidziviswa kuti vakachengeteka ashgabat. Kwehafu yegore mushure mekupedza kuverenga kweYunivhesiti yeSakharov, akashanda mutaundi diki muSakharov mudunhu reVladimir pakugoverwa, uyezve sango rakakohwa nemusha weMeerekeri (yazvino dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk dunhu).
Kuonekwa neAndrey panguva iyoyo (hupenyu hwakakura hwevanhu vari nyore) vakasiya mucherechedzo wakadzika mumweya wechidiki Sakharov. Kushanda padhuze nebasa rakaoma, jaya rakanyatsoda kuve pamberi uye rakagashira patent yekutonga kwezviitiko zveArmor-kubaya mabheti akagadzirwa.
Fizikisi
PaNzira ya1945, Andrei Sakharov akafunga kushamwaridzana nehupenyu hwake nesainzi uye akapinda chikoro chezvemitemo yepamoyo. Igor EvaGenievich Tamm yakava maneja weyesayenda wechidiki. Makore matatu gare gare, Sakharov akadzivirira disseration yake pane iyo dingindira "pane dzidziso yerudzi 0 → 0 Shanduko yenyonzi nyukireya."
Ipapo Andrei pachidziviriro chemutariri vakatanga kushanda paMoscow Energy Institute, uko musayendisiti wechidiki uyu anokwezva kune zvakavanzika zviitiko zvezvinhu zvechisikwa zvezvombo zveiyo yevaimbaclear. Kupiwa mamiriro ehondo inotonhora uye kujaira maoko neUnited States, basa raSakarov rakamiririra zvechokwadi ruzhinji rwesainzi uye runoshanda.
Muna 1950, maSahars ane maneja weTamm akatanga fungidziro yemagineti termoniclear anoongorora, iyo yakaratidza zvirevo zve thermoniclear synthesis. Kuwanikwa uku kwakabatsira Andrei kunyora dissertation yekusagadzikana mukutanga kwezera - musayendisiti aive anenge ane makore makumi matatu nematatu. Panguva imwecheteyo, Sakharov akazivikanwa segamba rebasa remagariro.
Andrei Ditrievch's budiriro yakabvumidza Soviet Union kusasiya nzira kune maAmericans mukugadzira zvombo zvenyukireya. Kunyangwe mumasangano eSakharov, basa rayo rinofanirwa kunge rakabatira zvinangwa zvine rugare chete - musayendisiti akafunga kushandisa mukana wechiyero chechiyero chehunhu hwemagetsi enyukireya.
Ipapo, Sakharov akatotamiswa neyenzi dzakasarudzika, idzo dzinoverengeka masayendisiti akasarudzika aishandira pane zvakasikwa zvezvombo zvinorema kuti zvienzanise masimba evatungamiriri vevatungamiriri vepasirese. Andrei dmitrivich kwenguva refu akatenda kuti zvinoshandira kubatsira nyika.
Muna 1952, United States yakaita bvunzo dzekutanga dzevaranda zvombo zveTermonicle pane chitsuwa chiri muPacific. Mukupindura, USSR yakawedzera zviitiko zvesainzi zverudzi rwavo, izvo miedzo yayo yakaitwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 12, 1953 Munzvimbo yeguta reSemipalatinsk (iye zvino guta remhuri, iyo guta reKazakhstan). Miedzo iri pasi pekutarisirwa kwevaAmerican ingangoongororwa chombo, ivo vaiongorora nheyo yeiyo termoniclear synthesis, uye Soviet Union, asi yakanonoka kuwanda, yakagadzira bhomba rizere-rizere.
Bhomba rekutanga reHydrogen rakaburitswa muUSSR uye zita rekuti RDS-6c raive rakakonzerwa nehurefu hweSakhararov, asi vaive nenhamba yakakosha yekunyora iyo yakanangana nekutsvaga nekuvandudza. Dhizaini inotevera yakavezwa neAndrei Dmitrievich yakadanwa neSakhara Puff, sezvo kugadzirwa kwebhomba kwaive kwekupomerwa kwaAtomi, radioactive zvinhu zvakakomberedzwa nezvinhu zvinorema.
Kushanda pane kusikwa kweiyo Thermoniclear Bomb Bomb, Sakharov panguva imwe chete kuverenga kosi yehurukuro pane nyukireya fiziki paMoscow Energy Institute. Nekuti kuvakwa kwemabhomba eHydrogen kwakakuvadzwa naye muna 1953, musoro weChikoro wakapihwa. Haasi basa rekupedzisira mune izvi rakaridzwa neiyo chiremba anozivikanwa Igor vasilyvich kurchati.
Kunyangwe imwe nhanho yekunzwa kwemagariro, mune iyo Andrei dmitrievich yakararama uye yakashanda, akaona zvikwangwani zvakatsanangurwa zvangoitika mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzesainzi. Saka Sakharov aive mumwe wemasayendisiti akasaina tsamba akatumirwa kuDare rezvematongerwo enyika reDare repakati reCommunisiti yeSoviet Union.
Tsamba yacho yakaratidza kushushikana kwenyama yepamoyo nepfungwa dzekuvandudza biology muUSSR, zita renyama. Mhedzisiro yetsamba yaive kubviswa kweTrof Denisovich Lysenko kubva kuesainzi chiitiko. Kufunga kuti basa reLysenko rakanga riri kukonzera kumashure kweUSSR's backLog kubva kuSainzi Wenyika, mupiro weSakharov nevamwe masayendisiti mukuvandudzwa kwe genetrics kwakaoma kuoma.
Veruzhinji uye vezvematongerwo enyika valentin Mikhaillovich flay mune ake mashuga anotaura kuti bvunzo dzeBomba rakangoerekana ratyisidzira rerudzi urwu rwezvombo zvebudiriro, huwandu hwepasi uye ecology.
MunaAugust 1963, mudzidzi weSakhararov, kwenguva yekutanga muBiography yake, akavhura pachena kusimudzira uye kuongororwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, achitora kusaina kwechibvumirano chenyukireya. Nzvimbo yakasangana yakajeka yemasayenzi ndiyo yaive chikonzero chekupokana kwake nevakuru. Muna 1960s, mudzidzo akatanga kufarira KGB, naSakhararov of Sakhariv akapinda mumakuru evatungamiriri vevashandi veHumaniti veUSSR uye vakawana kubwinya kweshoko racho.
Muna 1966, Andrei dmitrievich mune masayendisiti makumi maviri nematyaera uye tsika uye artist akanyora tsamba nezvezvisikwa zvekugadzirisa kwaJoseph Vissarivich Stalin. Uye mushure memakore maviri, mushure mebhuku reUS, bhuku raSakharov "kuratidzira kufambira mberi, kusununguka kwesimba uye kusununguka kwehungwaru", musayenzi akabviswa kubva kune kumwe kutsvagisa pane chimwe chinhu chakatevera chakavanzika. Panguva imwecheteyo, pahwaro hwezvematongerwo enyika hwezvematongerwo enyika, Sakharov akasangana Alexander Is Solzhenitsyn.
Kuenderera mberi nekuitisa zviitiko zvemagariro uye zvezvematongerwo enyika panzvimbo yesainzi, muna 1970, vekudzidza vakatanga kusikwa kweDare reMoscow. Panguva iyoyowo, iyo vamwe pakati Andrei Dmitrievich pamusoro Academy of Sciences of USSR akashora maonero Sakharov mumabhuku mumapepanhau.
Chiremba chete chete wemanyanyo uye masvomhu sainzi Igor rostislavovich shafarevich yakanyora tsamba yakavhurika pamusoro pekutambudzwa, apo Sakharov akatsigira sesainzi yakakosha sesainzi. Zvichakadaro, wokudzidza akaramba achitungamira zviitiko zvezvematongerwo enyika uye akanyorera bhuku racho "nezvenyika uye nyika", iyo iyo Nyowani Norugare Rufu rwakazogashira.
Hupenyu Hwako
Mikana yekuitisa zviitwa zvesainzi, Sakhararov yakatarisana nemaitiro ezvematongerwo enyika pamusoro pepfungwa, pane imwe yeiyo yakajairwa naElena Georgivna Bonnevna, iyo yaakazoroora. Akava mukadzi wechipiri wesainzi akakurumbira. Elena Georemevna, hafu yechiJudha, hafu yechiArmania kubva pakutanga, akapatsanurwa nekupanduka kwemumwe mukadzi. Ndokuona neAndrei Dmitrievich Elena Georgievna akatokwanisa kuve muwanano neIvan Vasilyevich semedh evasi. Mwanakomana nemwanasikana bonere vanogara muUnited States.
Mukadzi wekutanga wedzidzo yaive claudia nelekseevna vichireva, muwanano neiyo Andrei Dmitrievich vana vakazvarwa vana vatatu. Claudia Alekseevna akafa gore risati rasangana Sakharov neElena Bonnere. Akaroora zvakare, vekudzidza akasiya vana vadiki kubva kumuchato wekutanga kune hanya kwevakuru, uye akatsvaga marongero ake.
Mwanakomana wokuMunhu wokuMudzidzi Dmitry Stimerry mumwoyo make anopambadza baba vake pakutengesa kwake. Mubvunzurudzo, Dmitry vakaudza kuti mushure mekuroora kuna Elena Andrei Sakhararov vakanganwa nezve vana vake, uye mwanakomana weBhonnerari kubva muwanano yekutanga akazvidaidza kuti mugari wezvipiri.
Andrei dmitrivich akatarisa kumhuri nyowani, kukanda vana kubva kumuchato wekutanga kuzviitira zvakazvimirira nematambudziko ake. Dmitry vakayeuka kuti kunyangwe munguva yakaoma kwazvo yakanga isiri pedyo. Mufananidzo wevana naBaba vake ndizvo zvese izvo zvinobva kuoma uye hanzvadzi dzake mukuyeuka kwemunhu akadai uye ari kure kudaro munhu panguva imwe chete.
Muna 1980, Andrei dmitrievich, pamwe chete naElena Georgievna yakavharirwa uye yakatumirwa kune iyo link. Nzvimbo yekushandira mutongo yaive guta reGorky (Nizhny novgorod). Vaimbova vatinoshanda navo pane zvikwangwani zveSainzi vakashoropodzwa nechikumbiro chake kuUS nhungamiro yeUS nechikumbiro chekuendesa maAtomi.
Muna 1986, panguva imwecheteyo nekutanga kwenguva yekugadziridza, Sakharanzi Sakharov akagadzirwazve uye akadzokera kuMoscow. Pakudzoka, Andrei Dmitrievich akatora sainzi, kunyangwe asina kuita zviwanikwa zvakakosha, uye akawanawo anofamba achienda kunze kwenyika, panguva yaakasangana naAmerican nevatungamiriri veAmerica.
Kufa kwaAndrei Sakharov
Pamuzoufu weSakharov, akaronga kurohwa kukuru kwezvematongerwo enyika, kushungurudza kuti izvi zvinongova chiito chekutanga. Ichi chiitiko chakava chikonzero chekufunga nezvekufa kwaAndrei dmitrivich, ndiko kuti, kuponda pazvikonzero zvematongerwo enyika.
Maererano neshanduro yechipiri, iyo Mwanakomana wemasayendisiti inotsigirwa, kufa kwaSakharov kwakakurudzira mukadzi wake wechipiri Elena bonere. Elena Georemevna kakawanda kupfuura akazorora murume wake kuti azivise nzara yezwenza, achiziva nezvematambudziko ake nemoyo, zera uye sei aigona kuratidza nezvehutano hweSakarov kuramba kwavo chikafu.
Pakati pezvinangwa zveBonnere zvinowanzotaurwa nechido chekubatsira vana vavo kubva kumuchato wekutanga kugara muUnited States, uye kuti abvise idzoka vakasimba nzvimbo dzezvematongerwo enyika, uye mumaziso eruzhinji kuti ave munhu akabatwa hurumende yakaoma yeUSSR.
Munguva yechando ya1989, Andrei Dmitrievich akanzwa kurangwa, uye musi waZvita 14, akafa. Mukuru chikonzero cherufu chinoonekwa kuti imbomira mwoyo. Mukurangarira mupiro weSakhararov kune sainzi, zita revaidzidzo rinonzi anteroid, pamwe nekuvhurika uye vanoshanda mamuseum vanonzi Sakharov.
Mwanakomana waSakarov ANative - Dmitry - akafa muMoscow muna 2021. Chikonzero chekufa kwake yaive matambudziko nemoyo.
Awards uye kubudirira
- Nobel Runyararo Mubairo (1975)
- Gamba rebasa rezvemagariro
- Kurongeka kwe lenin
- Jubiure meza "yebasa revashari"
- Medal "yebasa revashori muhondo huru yeNyika 1941-1945"
- Meda "veteran basa"
- Jubionibe yechipiri makore makumi matatu ekukunda muhondo huru yeNyika 1941-1945 "
- Iyo Jubiure Medal "makore makumi mana ekukunda muhondo huru yeNyika 1941-1945"
- Medal "zvekusimudzira mhandara"
- Meda "mukuyeuka kweanosvika mazana masere emakore eMoscow"
- Kurongeka kweiyo Cross Vitis
- Leninsky Mubayiro
- STALINSKY MUDZIMA