Biography
Daniel defo anonzi wekutanga munyori weBritish uyo akakurudzira rudzi rwebhuku racho. Varidzi vehukama uye munyori wekuputika akaunzwa kuvaverengi vehafu yemabhuku chiuru, zvinyorwa, mapepa, maaakabata pane yakanyanya kuwanda yemisoro. Defo akanyora nezvematongerwo enyika, chitendero, hupfumi, hwepfungwa uye mashura.Akava muvambi wezvehupamhi wehupfumi, uye anoparadzira eBourgeois hutsvene. Yakatemwa rusununguko rwekutaura uye kuzvisarudzira kwechitendero. Asi chinhu chikuru - Daniel defo chakaunzwa kune vanhu vanonakidza rudo rweRobanon, iyo yakatsiva makumi ezvinyorwa uye nyaya, mafirimu uye maseremberi zvakanyorwa.
Hudu uye Vechidiki
Iyo chaiyo zuva rekuzvarwa kweiyo defio haizivikanwe. Runyorwa rwemangwana rakaonekwa muDunhu reLondon reKrlerrgate kutenderera 1660 mumhuri yemhuri yekapfuma yekutengeserana uye muridzi wekesi yeCandle. Vabereki vaDaniel Fo - saka zita chairo remunyori rinonzwika - vaive vateveri vePresbyterianism, nhungamiro yePurotesitendi, vachiita dzidziso yaJean Calvin.
Vabereki vakaona mwanakomana wavo mune ramangwana revadzidzi vePresbyterian, saka pazera ramakore gumi nematatu vakatsunga semweya. Mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva kwaari, iyo fo yakapinda muChiratidzo chePurotesitendi muStoke Newington. Jaya racho rakabudirira mumabhuku ezvinyorwa, chiLatin nechiGiriki chainyatsoziva, asi mufundisi anga asingatange: Danieri aive mutariri wemasile, kutengeserana.
Pashure pokunge vapedza kudzidza, Daniel defo padare raBaba vake vakagara muhofisi yekutengesa cycle yekambani nevatengesi vekunze. Dhanyeri ane makore 19 akaronga zvekutanga zvekuzvipira muhofisi uye panguva imwe chete yaakashanda semuridzi muchitoro chechitoro chechitoro.
Pakati pa1980s, Defo akafunga kuti akadzidza zvese, uye akatora kambani: Akazarura kambani ine hanya muCornhylla, akashanda zvakanyanya makore gumi. Ipapo muzvinabhizinesi akaraira madhiri matsva: Akatengera waini, fodya nezvivakwa zvekuvaka.
Bhizinesi rekuwedzera, rakaenda kuFrance, rakanga riri muPortugal neSpain. Munzira refu dzebhizimusi dzevashandi, Daniel Defo anoziva Europe, akadzidza tsika nemitauro yehuwandu.
Vakararama panguva iyoyo vakarondedzera muBritish semurume ane njodzi, iyo yaibvumidzwa kumabhizinesi anodzvinyirira uye akadzokorora kushandurwa padanho rekuparadzwa. Asi nguva dzese iyo defo yakawana mhinduro dzakabatsira kudzorera mari.
Pamusoro pebhizinesi, maBritish aifarira zvematongerwo enyika nezvitendero. Pakati pa 1680s, ramangwana remberi vakatora chikamu mukumuka kweDuke reMonmuthor, avo vakapokana neiyo mutemo wekupedzisira King Catholit Catholic King Yakov vii. Vakuru vakamanikidza kumukira uye vakauraya monmauth. Daniel defo akavanzika kubva kuvat madivi uye nechishamiso chapukunyuka chapukunyuka chirango.
Mabhuku
Kutanga kweBiography yeChirungu Christer Prostiok anonzi 1697, apo Danieri defo akanyora basa rekutanga rainzi "ruzivo rwepurojekiti".
Iro zita reBritish rakatinhira kumusha kwake mushure memakore maviri, mushure mekuburitswa kwemapepa ekunze mumavhesi "akachena Chirungu", mune iyo Xenophobia inoseka. Chikonzero chekuumbwa kwePamphet chakarwiswa nevatorwa mumatare uye Mambo Wilhelmoreni kunyanya. Defo nechisimba chidziviriro shanduko yeiyo liberals uye shanduko, aive neuto revatariri nevavengi.
Iye munyori akagadzirwa nekuwoneka kwakabva, jasi remhuri remagasi nema griffins nemaruva, pamwe neiyo norman midzi, kuwedzera chikamu chevhu "kuchiwedzera" kune imwe zita "kune yakajairika surname. Munguva pfupi "Mr. De fo" kubatanidzwa mushoko rimwe.
Muna 1702th, munyori akanyora pepa idzva rinonzi "nzira yakapusa yekuparadzanisa ne disc." Pakutanga, vaParamende vakarayirwa nemunyori kuti vatarise pamwe nePurotesitendi nekureva mbiru, vakafadzwa, asi pasina nguva vakanzwisisa kubata: Munyori akavaseka.
Vatsvagiri veCreativity Defo vanonzi chinyorwa cheChinyorwa neicho chiitiko chegore. Chinyorwa chakaitwa ruzha rukuru kuti pamphletist yakaziviswa yaidiwa. Yakasungwa mumwedzi mitanhatu, isa mari yemari uye yakatongerwa kutumirwa kune chinonyadzisa.
Kuranga kwekare kwairwadza: Vaive nekodzero yekuseka maawats mugwagwa, Lakely. Asi Dhanyeri Dofo akadedera achibvunda nemaruva, uye chaunga chimba mumigwagwa nenzira mumatare emapuranga mumataundi nemumugwagwa.
Chikwereti chenguva refu, munyori akapa basa rakavanzika kuhurumende yeBritish. "Mumiriri wekumanikidza" akatsigira kuratidza basa resimba nenzira yakanaka. Uye chidziviriro chakaita kuti mumiririri akavanzika muScotland, kumanikidza kuongorora uye kuudza hurumende yeBritish nezve zviitiko zvinopesana uye zvinopesvedzera mabhuku acho mupfungwa escess.
Mushure mekubvumirana kwemutori venhau pamusoro pezvinhu zvakawedzera kubva muchivigiro cheumambo, faindi yakabhadharwa, uye mhuri yaDefo, yaive padhuze nerufu nzara, yakapa mari. Iyo saiti yekuonekwa yezvinyorwa zvakakurumbira mukati mevanhu veSatirika yakava peji "- mapepanhau akatsigirwa nevatungamiriri vechiRungu.
Hazvigoneki kuti vanhu venguva yavangazive nezvekuvapo kweVimbiso Danieri Defo, kana munyori asina kuvapa hunyanzvi, izvo vakuru nevana nhasi. Roman nezve mufambisi wechikepe kubva kuYork, uyo akawira mushure mechikepe pane chitsuwa chakasiya, chakatanga kubuda muna 1719.
Pfungwa yebasa reRobinson Cruzo rakamhanyisa munyori wemakore makumi mashanu nemapfumbamwe mushure mekuverenga nhoroondo nezve Scottish Sailer Alexandra Selkirka, aigara neyemagetsi yePacific Ocean, makore mana. Mufambisi wechikepe akarasika akawana mukuru wedzinza redanda rombo. Akanyora bhuku rakawira pamaziso ezvishongo.
Ipapo pakanga paine chinyorwa pamusoro pekushambadzira kwenyika, iyo yakanyanya kufarira hunhu. Daniel Defo akarova nhoroondo yeHermit, inowedzera nedunhu renhoroondo uye dzakatendeukira kune ruzha runonakidza rwakakunda mamirioni evaverengi vepasi. Hero yake Robinson Crusoe yaigara pachitsuwa chemakore makumi maviri nemasere.
Kubudirira kwebhuku kwakaitika kuve benzi, uye munyori akanyora kuenderera mberi. Izvo zvakazoitika kushamisika kupfuura wekutanga, asiwo kukwezva kutarisa kwemamiriyoni evaverengi. Munyori "akagadziriswa" muGreat Tatari - nyika yekunyepedzera, pasi peiyo russia, Mongolia uye tatarstan zvinoreva.
Kweboka repiri - kuenderera mberi kwakateverwa neyechitatu - neyechipiri, kwete kufanana nekubudirira kwekuverenga nehanya yekutanga.
Kumubvunzo, pakanga paine bhuku reBritish muRussia muRussia nezve kufambira mberi kweCruzo, anotsanangura Siberi, Arkhangelsk), vaongorori vanopokana izvo zvaisapo. Nezve madzimambo eRussia, munyori akazviziva. MuRussia, vanoyemura veDefo vakaoneka makore zana mushure mekuburitswa kwechiitiko: asi muhafu yechipiri chete yezana rexix yakazvarwa munyika.
Peru Munyori uye wetsiva, anowanzosaina naCharles Johnson, ndezve mazana mashanu zvinyorwa. Pakati pemakore 1720 Akaburitsa bhuku racho "nhoroondo yepasirese ye piracy." Mumakore imwe chete iyoyo, zvinyorwa zvina zvakaonekwa, zvinosanganisira "mufaro uye kushungurudzika vanonamata vanochema" uye "diary regore renguva". Panguva imwecheteyo, Daniel Defo akanyora uye anoshanda pamusoro pekutengeserana.
Muna 1726, vanonakidza vanoyemurika vakafara nebhuku idzva - iyo Novel "rwendo rweEngland neScotland". Mune zvinyorwa zveBritish zvakavimbika nhoroondo uye zviitiko zvemitambo.
Hupenyu Hwako
Munyori akaroora muna 1684. Akatora mukadzi waCombatriot Mary Tauffley - musikana ane pfuma yakapfuma. Mushure memakore masere, anenge zviuru zvina zvezvuru zvehutsika raMary, pamwe nekuchengetedza kwemutengesi, kumedzwa kubhuroka.Wawakaroora wakabereka murume wake vana vasere. Hupenyu hwemhuri hwakadarika kutambudzwa kwevakuru nevanokweretesa. Ivo vaigara mumatsotsi emubatsotsi weChiMatsotsi Quarter, uko matsotsi eLondon akararama, panguva iyoyo muBristol. Daniel defo akabuda mumba chete neSvondo - mazuva ano akasunga vane chikwereti chakarambidzwa.
Rufu
Akafa nyika yakakurumbira Novelist ega. Muparidzi akanyengerera navo akateedzera defo uye akatendeuka gore rekupedzisira rehupenyu kugehena. Kuvanda kubva kumuchengetedzeri, Danieri Defo, akabva kuguta akaenda kuguta, uye apo muparidzi paakatadza uye akaedza kubaya pfumo, munyori wemakore makumi manomwe haana kuroora muvengi.
Akubva pakutya uye kutyisidzira nguva dzose, defo yakanga ichivanda pasi pevatorwa, kubvisa dzimba nemakamuri. Muna 1731, munyori akabvisa kugara munzvimbo iri kure kweLondon, kwaakafa pakupera kwaApril. Pedyo paive pasina mukadzi kana vasere hama. Vanakomana vakaenda kumatenga ekutenga, vanasikana vakaroora uye vakawana mhuri. Kuwana baba vako muLondon's slums yakanga isiri munhu.
Chikonzero chekufa kwemukova anonzi kutsvaira kutsvaira kwe lethargia. Iko harness kusangano remariro rakatora muridzi weimba yekugara, uye mushure mekutsiva mari yacho, zvinhu zvakasara zveimba yemushwi yakatora. Rufu rwevapepanhau vakapindura nevapfupi nevapfupi nevapfuri vechirume, vachireva kuzvidzivirira kwe "mugari mukuru weRepublic of great Street" - mugwagwa wakakurumbira weLondon, uko vanyori vekusona vakadzika vaienda.
Plate chena yakaonekwa paguva remunyori uye mutori venhau, munguva pfupi akakurumidza kuwanda neuswa. Asi gare gare, zana ramakore, muna 1870, vaBritish tabloid vakakwidza vakomana nevasikana vechirume kubayira mari kune Daniel defo - ndiro yeCentenary yakapfava kubva mukurova kwemheni. Zviuru zvevadye vakapindura. Granite chikepe chakaonekwa paguva aine mazwi akavezwa: "Mukuyeuka kweMunyori" Robinson Cruzo ".
BHAIBHERI
- 1719 - "Robinson Cruzo"
- 1719 - "Kuwedzera Adventures of Robinson Cruzo"
- 1720 - "Mambo wePirisi"
- 1720 - "Hupenyu uye Pirate Adventures weCatton Katton"
- 1720 - "Cavallar memoirs
- 1722 - "Diary Diary Yegore reDzera"
- 1722 - "Mufaro uye Kusuwa kweVanozivikanwa Moll Vanotaura"
- 1722 - "Nhoroondo yeColonel Jack"
- 1724 - "Happy Kurtizanka, kana Roxana"
- 1724 - "Universal Pidicy nhoroondo"
- 1726 - "Nhoroondo yeDhiabhori"