Biography
Anton Makorenko mudzidzisi akapinda mune inyanzvi inyanzvi dzakatsunga nzira yekufunga kwepagegogical mune ye xx century. Chokwadi, kukosha kwevanhu vanobvumidzwa mushure mekufa kwemudzidzisi ane tarenda. Nekudaro, nekuti makarara pachake, haina kutamba chikamu chikuru.
Kudana kwake, Anton Semenevich yakazvipira zvakanyanya hupenyu hwedzidzo yekudzokorora yevechidiki vakaoma. Vaimbove vadzidzi vane nzira dzekunyepedzera dzevarenko, vakawana kubudirira kwakabudirira uye vakanyora mabhuku mazhinji akazvipira kumabasa emudzidzisi.
Hudu uye Vechidiki
Musi waApril 1, 1888, mumhuri yemushandi wechitima chechitima, chiri muguta reBellopol, tanga County, rakazvarwa dangwe. Vabereki vanofara vanonzi mwana waAnton. Nguva pfupi mushure mekunge mwanakomana, vakaroora vakaroora vakaoneka mumwe mukomana nemusikana. Maiwe, mwanasikana wokukura akafira mukuchekerera.
Senior Anton akasimudzawo zvinorwadza. Mukomana wetsiva haana kutora chikamu mune yakajairika yadhi yekunakidzwa, achisarudza nguva yekushandisa nguva nemabhuku, ayo ari mumba marenko aive akakwana. Pasinei nechinzvimbo cheMaoko uye malar, baba vevadzidzi vanofarira kuverenga nekudzidzisa chimiro ichi kuvana.
Iko kusivirwa uye myopia, iyo inoita anton yakaneta magirazi, akaita kuti mukomana ave kushayikwa pakati pevaridzi. Pamusoro pemukomana kazhinji uye nekuseka zvine hutsinye. Muna 1895, vabereki vakapa mwana kuchikoro chekirasi maviri ekutanga, ongororo iyo anton yaive nyore. Mufananidzo wechikara hauna kuwedzera mwana mumaziso akapesana nechiremera.
Iye mukomana paakashanduka 13, mhuri iyi yakatamira kuguta reKryukov, kuitira kuti vana vaMamorenko vaigona kuenderera mberi nedzidzo yavo. Anton akapinda muKremenchug 4-kirasi yemadhorobha, iyo yakapedzisira rukasira uye inokudzwa zvitupa.
Muna 1904, Anton kekutanga anofunga nezvenguva yemberi uye anouya nemuteereri pane makosi epaGoguecial, mushure mekupera uko kunogamuchira kodzero yekudzidzisa muchikoro chekutanga.
Pedagogy
Vadzidzi vekutanga vaMakarenko vakava vana veguta reKryukuv. Asi munenge pakarepo Anton anoona kuti ruzivo rwebasa haruna kukwana. Muna 1914, jaya racho rinopinda muPortava mudzidzisi wemudzidzisi. Mukufanana nekuwanikwa kwezivo itsva, Anton anozvipira nguva yakawanda yekunyora zviitiko. Nyaya yekutanga ndeye "Benzi zuva" - marenenko inotumira gorky.
Mukupindura, munyori anotumira tsamba kuAnton, uko basa risingatsoropodza. Mushure mekukundikana kwaMakaenko, makore 13 haayedze kunyora bhuku. Asi hukama nemudzidzisi anovava anotsigira muhupenyu hwese.
Murume wacho akatanga kugadzira yake yekudzidzira nayozve yekudzidzira mari yemabhandara evabati vevadiki mumusha weKavalevka, iri padyo nePoltava. Makorenko akasvitsa hunyanzvi mafambiro akaomeswa akakamurwa kuita mapoka uye hupenyu hwakazvimiririra hwakashongedzwa. Chikwenenzvera zvakakwezva kutarisisa kwevakuru vakuru, asi nhau dzekurohwa kwevana (makenoko akamborova mudzidzi) akanyima mudzidzisi wenzvimbo yake.
Tsvaga basa idzva semudzidzisi wakabatsira shungu. Munyori akaratidzira shanduko yeMakenenko kuenda kuColony, iri padyo neKharkov, uye akarayira zvakare kuti aedze kugadzira basa rekunyora.
MuInstitution idzva, Anton Semevhite akakurumidza kugadzwa kare kurongeka. Pasi pehutungamiri hwemurume, vechidiki vakaoma vakatanga kugadzira makamera akadyiswa. Mukuwirirana nenhau nezve nzira dzinoshamisa dzaMakorenko, mabasa matatu emudzidzisi anoburitswa: "Kurume 30," "FD - 1" uye "Pedagogical nhetembo".
Uye vamiriri vevakuru vezviremera, nyatsotevera mudzidzisi, akamira kudzidzisa. Makenko akatamiswa kuKiev kune iyo post yemukuru wedhipatimendi reDhipatimendi reVashandi.
Kuziva kuti hakubvumire kudzokera kune yako yaunofarira nyaya, makarenoko inozvidza iye kuti inyore mabhuku. Nhetembo inonzwa "pedegi" yakapa murume mukubatana kwevanyori veSoviet. Kwapera gore, asingazivikanwe anouya kuzita revaimboita mudzidzisi. Mauenko akapomerwa mhosva yekushora Stalin. Anton Semenvich, akanyevera nevatinoshanda navo, vakakwanisa kuenda kuMoscow.
Muguta guru, murume anoramba achinyora mabhuku. Mukubatana nemukadzi wake, Makorenko anopedzisa "bhuku revabereki", kwarinotsanangura zvakadzama kutarisisa kwake kurera vana. Anton Semenevich inotaura kuti mwana anoda timu inobatsira kujairana munharaunda. Hapana chakakosha kune munhu mukana wekusazvibata wakasununguka.
Basa revashandi raive iro rinotevera mamiriro ekuvandudza kuwirirana - vadzidzi vaMakarenko vakazvimirira vakawana zvavaida. Gare gare, iro basa, seimwe zvisikwa zveAnton Semerevich, nhovo. Wakatofa mushure mekufa kwemudzidzisi, mafirimu "nhetembo" ichaburitswa nezviratidzo, "mireza pane shongwe" uye "hombe uye idiki".
Hupenyu Hwako
Makarenko yekutanga rudo rwakava Elizaveta Fedorovna Grigirovich. Pakasvika nguva yemusangano naAnton, mukadzi uyu aive atowanikwa nemupristi. Uyezve, mudiwa aive mukuru akasarudzwa kweane makore masere. Kuzivana kwevechidiki kwakaronga murume wake Erizabheti.
Pana makumi maviri, Anton akaratidzirwa zvakaipa nevezera uye kunyange kufunga kuzviuraya. Kuti aponese mweya wejaya iri, mupristi akatungamira kubva kuna makorenko kutaura kwenguva refu uye zvakare anokwezva nekukurukurirana Erizabheti. Munguva pfupi yapfuura vechidiki vakaziva kuti vaive murudo. Nhau dzakanamatira munhu wese. Maka makenoko akarova mwanakomana achibva paimba, asi Anton haana kukanda waakadikanwa.
SaMakarenko, Erizabheti akagamuchira dzidzo yedegegari uye, pamwe chete nomudiwa wake, akashanda mumugodhi wezita reGorky (Colony mumusha weKovalevka). NOLELTED yakagara makore makumi maviri uye yakazopera pakatanga Anton. Mutsamba, hama, mudzidzisi akataura kuti "avisms of the" of the yekare Popovskaya mhuri "yakamuka muErizabheti.
Akaroora makarenko muna 1935. Nomukadzi ramangwana, mudzidzisi akasangana kubasa - Galina Stakhievna akashanda semuongorori weNarkomadzor uye akauya kuColory nekuongorora. Mukadzi akaberekera mwanakomana weShumba, Anton Semenomuvich mushure mekunyoreswa kwemuchato.
Nekupa nguva yake yese kuvadzidzi, Makorenko haana kuzombova baba. Asi dzakatsiva mubereki wePasiye uye muzukuru weOlympiad - mwanasikana wemunun'una mudiki. Vialy vakarenkor, kubva paujaya hwake vakashumirwa muchitendero chevachimbichimbi, vakamanikidzwa kutiza kubva kuRussia. Mukadzi ane nhumbu akaramba ari munyika yokumusha kwake. Mushure mekuzvarwa, muzukuru wakapfuura zvachose pasi pekuchengetwa kwemudzidzisi.
Rufu
Makorenko akafa musi waApril 1, 1939 aine mamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa. Mumwe murume akadzoka kubva kuvaraidza kwevanyori mumativi emufudzi ainonoka chitima. Anton Semenvich yakamirira mumuparidzi nezvinyorwa zvitsva zvakagadzirirwa pane izvo zvedzidzo. Sezvo akauraya mumota, marenko akawira pasi uye asisiri kupepuka.
Muparidzi chikonzero cherufu kurwiswa kwemoyo. Yakanga ichimurwa kuti muMoscow makarenko aifanira kusunga, saka mudzidzisi haana kugona kumira kunetsana. An autopsy airatidza kuti moyo wemuperekedzi une tarenda wakakuvadzwa nenzira isingazivikanwe. Muviri unotaura zvakafanana kana muchetura wakarova muviri. Asi kusimbiswa kwehupfu hakuna kuwanikwa.
Makenko akavigwa pane iyo Novderevichy Cemetery. Mapepanhau eSoviet akatumira necrologist pamapeji, uko Anton Semenvich semechenevich kwakataurwa semunyori akafanirwa. Nezve zviitiko zvezviitiko zvemurume hazvina kudhinda izwi.
BHAIBHERI
- 1932 - "Major"
- 1932 - "Kurume makore makumi matatu"
- 1932 - "FD-1"
- 1935 - "PedaGogical nhetembo"
- 1936 - "Nzira Dzokuronga Maitiro Ekudzidzisa"
- 1937 - "Bhuku Revabereki"
- 1938 - "Kukudzwa"
- 1938 - "Mireza pane shongwe"
- 1939 - "Kudzidzisa Pakurerwa Kwevana"