Biography
Munyori weBritish uye nhetembo dzakatsvukwa pombling mumusha wakatanga kuzivikanwa nenyaya nenhetembo. Aphorisms, makotesheni uye zvirevo zvemunyori hazvirase kukosha. Hupenyu uye kugona kwemunyori zvakare zvinoramba zvichikonzera kufarira - muKipling kuti pakanga paine kunyange chinhu chinonakidza, asi chakaoma.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Joseph Reddard Kipling akaberekwa musi waZvita 30, 1865 muBombay. Iro zita rinofungidzirwa kuti rakapihwa mukomana mukuremekedza dziva rezita rimwe chete, uko mai vake nababa vake vakaziva. Makore ekutanga vari mumhepo yemarudzi eIndia vakafara kumwana. Asi paakatendeuka makore mashanu, redhiyere nehanzvadzi yake, uyo panguva iyoyo aive panguva iyoyo makore matatu, akatumira kudzidza kuEngland.
Makore matanhatu anotevera, Kipling aigara mubhodhi rakavanzika. Panguva iyoyo aifanira kunge akaoma: varidzi vaive nemwana akaipa, vaiwanzo kurangwa. Mudzidzisi akazova mukadzi asina tsitsi uye hango. Reddiard yaigara ichishoma, inotyisidzirwa uye ichirova. Mafungiro akadaro asina kunaka aive nesimba rakasimba kwazvo pamhino uye akasiya mhedzisiro iyi: Munyori kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu hwake akatambura nekushaya hope.
Amai vakaenda kunoshanyira vana vari mumakore mashoma, vakatya nemamiriro ezvinhu eMwanakomana: mukomana watove bofu kubva pakuvhunduka. Mukadzi wacho akaenda nevana kuIndia, asi kumba Kipling aive asiri kureba.
Kuitira kuti ruryard yekunyoresa muhondo yemauto yakakurumbira, iye pazera ramakore gumi nemaviri akarongwa muchikoro cheDevonia "Westard-ho". Nzvimbo yemutungamiriri akabata shamwari yeKipling Baba - Korzell Mutengo, wekutanga kukurudzira kufarira kwemwana mumabhuku.
Iyo institution yedzidzo yakatonga mamiriro ekunze emasheti nemhirizhonga. Iye mukomana akatsamwiswa nevadzidzisi vasingazivi, uye vadzidzi, pakati pavo vaisangana nevarume vakuru uye vechidiki. Rudyard akaverenga zvakawanda, pazera ramakore gumi nemaviri aipfeka magirazi uye aive akakura zvishoma. Kugara mu "Westard-ho" kwave muedzo wakaoma wemunyori wenguva yemberi, asi hapana chinhu chakatyora jaya somunhu. Kwemakore mashanu, akatambura uye kunyange "akapinda pakuravira" kweakadzika mwero.
Iye achiri kuyaruka akatenda zvizere mukudikanwa kwekuzviisa pasi zvidzidzo, izvo zvakamubvumidza kuchengetedza kuzvivimba. Kipling yakaziva kurerutsa kwakaoma, uye pfungwa yemutemo seyakagadziriswa system yekurambidzwa uye mvumo yakatanga kuputika nekuziva. Nguva yekugara muchikoro zvakanyanya yakatsunga maonero nenheyo dzekuputika. Hunhu hwake hwakaumbwa mangwanani-ngwanani sezvibodzwa zvejaya.
Nekuda kwekuona kwakashata, reddiard haina kuenderera mberi nebasa ravo rehondo. Akasiya "Westard-ho" aine zvakaipa, uye sezvo chikoro chisina kupa diplomas yekubvuma kuOxford kana Cambridge, kuumbwa kweRedhiard kwaive kwapera.
Achifadzwa nenyaya dzoMwanakomana, baba vake vakamuita semutevori webhodhi rezvinyorwa zve "pepanhau nehondo", izvo zvakabuda muLahore. Pahupenyu hwejaya raive nesimba rekuita kwake muupenyu hwaMasonic. Mudzimu wake, tsika, kuzviisa pasi pekusagadzikana kwemitemo uye kuMesiya airidza rondedzero yerudzi rwekudzoreredza kure nebasa rekupedzisira.
Mabhuku
Kipling, kunzwa basa remunyori, rakagadzira basa re "chikoro mazwi", uko kutevedzera vatungamiri vanotungamira venguva iyoyo. Mushure memakore matatu, munyori anochinja maitiro ekunyora, prodying nhetembo dzakakurumbira uye kufumura gungano uye hwekunyepedzera kune tsika yavo.
Pakupera kwa 1882, jaya racho rinodzokera kumusha kwake uye rinoshanda nemutori venhau. Munguva yake yemahara, rudreard anonyora nyaya uye nhetembo inotumirwa kuzoshandiswa mupepanhau. Kipling yaishanda mutori venhau kwemakore manomwe: Vazhinji vanoopokana munyika, uko kusaziva kwakawanda uye rusaruro zvakabatanidzwa pamwe nekunamata kwakakwirira. Mutori wenhau akamboti aimutendera kuti ave nekuona kwechisikirwo uye nehukama.
Reddarde vakakurumidza kuziva hunyanzvi hwenyaya pfupi, akakunda pakukura uye kusimba. Kana kunyora kunoshanda, kukanganisa kunoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara: kukwana mumazwi gumi nemaviri. Zvakanakisa zvinosanganisirwa mukuunganidzwa kwekutanga "nyaya dziri nyore kubva kumakomo". Yakawanda yenhau dzakagadzirwa muIndia dzakabuda muchimiro chevadiki vadiki mune yakapfava.
Bepanhau rakagadzirwa muAllahabad dzakatsaurira mutori venhau kuti aite nhevedzano yenyaya dzevakasiyana nyika. Vanoshingairira Kipling akaongorora hupenyu hwevanhu veAsia neAmerica. Midzimu yakasarudzika yakawanikwa kubva kune waunozivana nayo isina kufanana netsika dzakatarwa mumabhuku matanhatu. Nyika yemabhuku akagamuchira munyori nechido, uye kutsoropodzwa kunofungidzira kuzivikanwa kweiyo syllable yake.
Mushure mekufamba muEngland, Kipling akaenda kuChina, akashanyira Burma, Japan neNorth America. Pakutanga, pakutanga aitaurwa muIndia, uye munguva pfupi iri muMetropolis. Sezvo anga agamuchira zvimiro zvakawanda kubva kudzungaira, rudard akadzokera kuLondon, kwaakatanga kushanda pamabasa matsva.
Pano, nyaya dzake dzaienda kuimba, kipling inoenderera mberi nekukudziridza dingindira reIndia, uye kureba pakati pemunyori uye imba yakapa kupenya kwakanyanya kwekufunga kwake. Kuwedzera kune kugona, munyori akaedza kutora chikamu muhupenyu hwekuverenga cheguta guru. Vatsoropodzi vakanyatsoita nezvebasa re "raibhurari yeIndia njanji", uye kana iri "masango" akasvinwa "- haana kugashira ongororo dzakanaka.
Kubudirira kunoshamisa kwemunyori wechidiki kunoenzaniswa kunze kwekunge uine zvakasikwa zvinofarirwa nevanhu. Kuzivikanwa kwekipling kunotsanangurwa nechiyero uye hunhu hwehuwandu hwayo. Akapinda munyori wenhambiringa chete panguva iyoyo kana iyi nzvimbo inodiwa yekuvandudza, kudiwa kwekukura magamba matsva uye mazano anonakidza.
Reddiard yakananga kutarisa kune vanhuwo zvavo, kuvaratidza mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kujairika uye kwakanyanya, uko kusarudzika kwemunhu kwakaratidzwa, pakadzika kwayo yakavanzika yakazarurirwa. Munguva yekuparadzwa kwenyika uye kusakendenga, munyori wacho ainyatsoita basa uye akazarura gamba rezvisikwa zvezuva nezuva.
Munyori akagadziridza mutauro wezve mabhuku uye chimiro chenhetembo, icho chaive chimiro chikuru kune shanduko yehunyanzvi. Kubva pamapeji emunyori, mafungu ehupenyu husina kukodzera akarohwa, akarondedzera nyika sezvazviri.
Mushure mekunge kipling inofarira kunyora nyaya dzevana. Vatsoropodzi vakatendera mabasa aya - ngano ngano dzakaunzwa kumunyori nekuzivikanwa kusingafungidzirwe. Muna 1907, Kipling, iyo yekutanga yeChirungu yekutanga, yakagamuchira mubairo weNobel mumabhuku. Sezvineiwo, kipling ndiyo gotwe rekurara rakapihwa. Iye munyori akauya kumhemberero, asi haana kutaurira kutaura kwakasimba. Nguva pfupi yapfuura chiitiko ichi, chiitiko chekugadzira chemunyori chakaramba.
Hupenyu Hwako
MuLondon, Rudyard Kipling akasangana nemuparidzi wechidiki walcott Bilesir, uyo muna 1892 akafa aTyphus. Nguva pfupi afa, munyori akaroora hanzvadzi yake Walcotta - Carolina. Kana vaviri vacho vakanakidzwa mumwe nemumwe panguva yeuchi, iro bhanga, uko mari yekuchengetedza yekipling yakaenda kubhuroka. Mari muvevechidiki yaive yakaringana munzira inoenda kuVermont, umo hama dzemukadzi wake dzaigara.
Pakutanga, vachangobva kuchata vakadonhedzwa pekugara. Asi achangozvarwa kuberekwa kwaJosephine, nguva yekutandara yakangoitika, mhuri iyi yakatenga pasi, kuvaraidza uye kuishongedza imba pazviri. Mwanasikana wechipiri Elsi anga atozvarwa mumba muno. Mhuri iyi yakararama makore mana, kusvikira iyo gakava rekuputika neShurin.
Mushure mekunyongana muna 1896, mhuri inodzokera kuEngland, kwaakazvarwa mwana wechitatu, mwanakomana waJohani. Reddarde raive baba vane rudo, kunyangwe ngano dzinogona kupisa zvakanyanya kupisa kwemweya, kuputira kwakanyorwa kuvana.
Haasi zvese zviri muupenyu hwevanyori zvaive zvakatsiga. Munguva yerwendo rwekuUnited States, mwanasikana wedangwe waJoseko akafa nekuzvimba kwemapapu - zvakava nekurova kwakasimba kumunyori.
Panguva iyi, iyo Kurasikirwa of Reddard haana kugumira - rufu Mwanakomana Munyika War First, vane muviri haana kuzviwana, akasiya ronda pamoyo nemunyori. Kipling naCarolina munguva yehondo yakashanda mumuchinjiko mutsvuku, ivo vakapedza makore mana kujekesa mamiriro ezvinhu erufu rwemwanakomana wemwanakomana.
Vakatarisira kuti mwanakomana akabatwa kuvaGerman. Asi muna June1919, pakupedzisira, munyori akataura murairo wemauto afa kwemwanakomana wake. Nezve zviitiko izvi zvakadzvanywa firimu "mukomana wangu jack".
Yevana vatatu veKipling, Elsili chete aigara hupenyu hwakareba: akafa aine makore makumi masere. Mukadzi ari paInternet, akaedza kuchengetedza tsika dzemurume wake naBaba muhupenyu hwese. Mushure mekufa kwaElsie, vakatora nzvimbo yake kuNational Fund.
Rufu
Rudreard akaramba achinyora, asi kubudirira kwakamboperekedza munyori. Kubvira muna 1915, munyori akatambura neagastritis, asi gare gare zvakaitika kuti kuongororwa kwacho kwaive zvisiri izvo - muchokwadi, kuputika kwakatambura nehuremu. Iye munyori akafa muLondon muna Ndira 18, 1936, asingasviki vhiki mushure mekuvhiyiwa. Muviri weReddard wakadzika, uye guruva racho riri mukona yedeten kuWestminster Abbey, padivi paCharles dickens naThomas Hard.Zuva rekunyura rekukudzwa rekunyora rekipling raigona kunyanya-ririmo uye vanochengetedza maonero, pamwe nekuwanikwa kweruzhinji. Zvazvino vakafunga kuti munyori anodarika musoro uye nheyo inonakidza yavanoreurura.
Nekudaro, kubvira pakutanga kwe40s, iro basa rekukomba rinodzoserwa nevatsoropodzi. Mushure mekurwiswa kupihwa kweunganidzwa wenhetembo dzeRedhiard, kufarira mabasa anozvarwa patsva.
BHAIBHERI
- 1888 - "Nyaya dziri nyore kubva kumakomo"
- 1888 - "Varwi vatatu"
- 1888 - "Mucheche Willi Vinki"
- 1893 - "Katsi chena"
- 1894 - "Jungle Book"
- 1895 - "Bhuku rechipiri renjee"
- 1896 - "Vakuru Vanodzinga"
- 1896 - "Makungwa manomwe"
- 1896 - "White Whats"
- 1898 - "Mabasa eZuva"
- 1899 - "STLKS neK"
- 1899 - "chena mutoro wemurume"
- 1903 - "Marudzi Shanu"
- 1901 - "Kim"
- 1904 - "Nzira uye Kuvhura"
- 1906 - "Pak Kubva kuGomo reBunch"
- 1909 - "Kuita uye Kuverenga"
- 1910 - "Mwana Wakasimba"
- 1910 - Nhetembo "Murayiro" ("Iwe pakati peboka revanhu vavhiringidzika")
- 1918 - "Gefsema Garden"
- 1919 - "Meso Grey Dawn"
- 1923 - "Vatariri veIriya muhondo huru"
- 1932 - "Kudzora uye Kugadziridza"
- 1937 - "Zvishoma Nezvako"