Biography
"Wese-vakura", Sachigaro weMudzidzisi weDare guru renyika, "musoro weUSSR" Mikhal Kalinin aive akajeka, asi anokoshesa munhu. Zvemabasa ekuchinja anoshanda, akasungwa nguva gumi nemana, Akaratidza kufarira kweBallelinas emudzidzi weBelshoi, asi akakwanisa kusiira kuyeukwa kweMakore mazhinji muzita remaguta, migwagwa, mayunzari, mayunzari.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin akaberekerwa mu7 (19) muna 1875 mumusha weUtatu Utatu hweTira Province (ikozvino - Kasinsky Dunhu reTiver Dunhu). Mumhuri yaIan Kalinovich naMaria Vasilevena, mukomana akava dangwe, uye munguva pfupi akatanga kujairana nebasa remaonero anorwadza.
Kusvika makore gumi nematatu, Mikhail akagamuchira dzidzo yekumba, ipapo muchikoro chekutanga cheZemsky. Iyo purogiramu yakagadzirirwa kwemakore mana, akadzora mune mbiri, agamuchira pepa rinorumbidzwa parakaburitswa ruzivo uye kushanya maitiro.
Rimwe zuva mukomana, achifamba akatenderedza dunhu remuvakidzani, akasangana nevana vasina kujairika - akapfeka zvipfeko zvakachena, kushambidza uye kwakamedurwa. Baba vavo vaive iyo civil General, Nobelman Dmitry Petrovich Mordukhai-Bolltsky. Amai vaMikhail, vakadzidza nezvevakavakidzana zvakanaka, vakasvika kunzvimbo yeTetkovo yeTetkovo, maigara mhuri iyi, uye basa rakamhanyirwa nemwanakomana wake. Saka ramangwana revachinjazve vakapinda navo kuti vashumire Lacey.
Muna 1889, varidzi veminda vakatakura Kalinin kusvika St. Petersburg, nekudaro achimupa tikiti pasi. Pano, mumba maMorukhai Bolotevski, raibhurari yakapfuma yaive iripo. VaMauto vakabvumira mukomana kuti atore mabhuku, uye iye, anowanzo kuwana zivo, kuverenga mapeji anotevera mabhuku ekutanga, dialogue uye ruzivo rwehunyanzvi.
Muna 1893, Mikhail Kalinin akapinda mudzidzi weToKary kune Distron yekare yeAurron, makore maviri gare gare akaenda kuPutilvsky chirimwa uye akabatana nesangano repasi peSangano rekusangana. Muna Chikunguru 1899, akasungwa nekufungidzira kwekuparadzira mapepa e "zvinonyengedza zvemukati". Pasinei nenyaya yekuti pakanga pasina humbowo hwekufunga uku, Kalinina nevamwe vake vakatapwa kuTiflis.
Mujaya rekuchinja, hunhu hwakaomarara, saka kusungwa hakuna kumbobvuma kurega kushushikana. Watova mubatanidzwa, akabatana neTiflis Sangano reDemocratic Sangano uye akasangana neGeorgian paNicknamed Koba, ramangwana raJoseph Stalin. Gare gare, muna 1901, panguva yeKalinin kurova semubatanidzwa, ndakarodzwa muMeekh castle, ndokutumirwa kuRey (izvozvi - Tallinn).
Muzvakazara, Mikhail Ivanovich's Biography yaive ne14 inosungwa, zvisinei, zvakadaro, haina kutungamira kumhedziso chaiyo.
Basa uye Shanduko
Shanduko yekutanga yeRussia ye1905 yakava chiitiko chikuru muhupenyu hwaMikhail kalinin. Jaya racho rakasangana vladimir lenin uye akaita fungidziro inonakidza pane izvo zvinonakidza. Kalinin akabatanidza mwero wesangano reDemocratic of the bollheevek: munhu anobva kukirasi inoshanda, anoziva kufarira uye kuudza vanhu vazhinji.
Munguva yeFebruary Revolution ya1917, Kalinin yakaratidza kuti munhu aratidze kwaari kuti atungamirire vanhu: Akananga mhembwe yevaroti "kuyambuka". Nekuda kwekupinda kwekupinda, vasungwa vese - mhondi, vanobata, makororo akabuda kusununguka. Kwevhiki dzinoverengeka, petrograd yakava musimboti wetsotsi.
Mikhail Ivanovich akatora chikamu mukugadzirira kweiyo Gumi rwekuchinja, misangano yakati wandei vladimir lenin yakashandiswa mufurati reKalinin. Muna 1918, shanduko yacho yakatanga kuburitsa zvinyorwa nezve petty bourgeoisie. Akadana bolllieveks kuti asajoinha kusangana neiyi kirasi, uye pane zvinopesana, kupa mukana wekushanda. Lenin akaomesa kushoropodza Kalinin kune vakadaro pfungwa:
"Ini ndinosekerera kushamisika comrade kalinin, nekuti block ine blowgegeoisie, ine chauvints - isingafungidziriki. Uku ndiko kutengeswa kwesocialism. "Pashure chete krisstadt kumukira kwa 1921, misha yakavhiringidzwa yaMikhaiviki yainzwika. Mhedzisiro yacho yaive yekutanga yePepa.
Muna 1919, Kalinina akagadza kutumira chinzvimbo cheSachigaro. Shumba trotsky mune memoirs "mifananidzo yevandomhanyiridzo" yakandiudza izvi kuzviito kwaari. Panguva imwecheteyo, panguva yesarudzo, akataura mazwi ayo Mikhaiil Ivanovich's Nickname "All-Russian (All-Union) Rue" kwemakore mazhinji:
"Tichadana iyo comrade kalinin uye toti kwaari:" Mumakore apfuura iwe wanga uri wekunze kunze, uye zvino ndasara kuti ndive wekare wekare-chizvarwa. "Mushure mekugadzwa kunzvimbo yakakwirira, iyo lenin mune joke inonzi musoro wenyika, Kalinin haana kurega zviitiko zvemagariro. Semuenzaniso, yakabatsira kubvisa mhedzisiro yenzara munzvimbo yeViga mudunhu rakatevera hondo yevagari vemo. Muna 1923, pamwe chete nemuchero, Voroshilov akafamba neNorth Caucasus kujekesa marongero ehurumende yeSoviet kune vagari venzvimbo iyi.
Kuti uwane zano uye kubatsira kune iyo shanduko yekuchinja, vanhu nesimba vairapwa. Nekudaro, muna 1932, paunenge uchigadzirisa mubvunzo wekudzingwa kwemhuri dzine zviuru makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe, izvo zvisina kubviswa kubva kumapurazi ezvimwewo, kune mafungiro eKalinina haana kuzadzwa. Uye maonero akadaro:
"Ini ndinozviona zvisina musoro zvekuvhiya kwakadaro."Uye zvakatotanga, kudzimwa.
Musi waDecember 1, 1934, Mikhail Ivanovich akasaina chirevo pakuita shanduko kune iyo Criminal Procedure Procedure Code. Shanduko idzi, muchokwadi, zvinobvumidzwa zviri pamutemo kudzvinyirira. Gare gare, munguva yehurombo hutsinye hwehutsinye, huwandu hwevanhu vakaenda kunobatsira kulinin. Akapindura:
"Mukadzi wangu amene anosungwa, uye handigoni kumubatsira. Uye ini handigoni kukubatsira. "Hupenyu Hwako
Muna 1906, Mikhal Ivanovich akatora Ekaterina Ivanovna Lornberg, Estonka neNyika. Mumhuri, izvo zvisingagone kufonera kufara, vana vashanu vakazvarwa.
Mwanakomana wekutanga Valeria akaberekwa muna 1907. Kalinin anga asiri baba vake. Valeryan akapedza kudzidza kubva kuLingrad Polytechic Institute, mukutanga kwa1930 akaroora, Mwanakomana akazviratidza. Muna 1935, mukomana akafa. Mushure meizvozvo, baba vanokurumidza vane mwoyo yakatangira vakatanga matambudziko ne psyche uye muna 1947 akaita kuzviuraya.
Alexander akaberekerwa muna 1908, akapedzawo kudzidza kubva kuLaringrad Polytechic Institute. Mushure mekusunungurwa, ndakabatanidzwa nemuchato nemwanasikana wevanhu vemakomisheni waNatalia Gukovskaya. Vakanga vasina vana. Akafa aine makore makumi masere nemasere, mune chinzvimbo chemukwikwidzi wehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi.
Mwanasikana Kalinina Lydia (1912) naAnna (1916) Hupenyu hwakatsaurira kune mushonga. Mumwe aive murapi, mumwe - X-ray. Ridhiya ndiye ega wevana vasina kumira kutaurirana naamai vakadziviswa. Mushure mekukunda kukuru muna 1945, ivo pamwe neCatherine Ivanovna vakagara muMoscow.
Mukunda weshanu, Julia, akafa nguva pfupi pfupi.
Kuwedzera kune hupenyu hwemhuri, Mikhail Kalinina aive neyakawedzera, chakavanzika. Mubhuku rinonzi "Kremlin mbudzi. Kureurura kweStalin's Tatness "Vera davydova, padyo nemutungamiri, akanyora kuti shanduko yacho yaifema zvisina kufanira kumhanza yeBolshoi theatre.
"Mikhail ivanovich akavapa ivo chokoreti, kunze kwenyika kunze kwenyika, kukokwa kudya kwemanheru. Mukuverenga kwezvipo, ivo havana kumurambidza muusununguko shoma uye kutsvoda mumutsipa, "akanyora kudaro Davydov.Kutenda kwaBerlin kwakaudza Vera uye kuurayiwa, kwaKalinin kwaifungidzirwa kuti kuchibatanwa: Wemakore gumi nematanhatu
Muna 1938, yakazivikanwa kuti iyo shanduko yerekura rave hama ine makore gumi nematanhatu yeMashander Alexander Egorova. Magumo akatungamira Joseph Stalin. Iye ane mhosva muchiitiko ichi chaizivikanwa nemukadzi waKalinina, Catherine, ivo vanoti, haana kubata madhiri emurume wake. Akaziviswa kupikisa-shanduko uye akatumira makore gumi nemashanu kumisasa. Catherine akadzoka mushure memakore 7.5 kumurume anofa.
Rufu
Muna 1945, Mikhail Kalinina akaonekwa aine oncology. Kushanda kubvisa bundu hakuna kubatsira. Iyo shanduko yakatendeukira kuStalin nechikumbiro kusunungura mukadzi wake kubva kumusasa kuti anobatsira kupona pakurwadziwa kunotyisa. Mutungamiriri akaregerera Catherine, uye kufa kwake kusati kwave pedyo newako mumwe wake.
Mikhail Ivanovich akafa muna June 3, 1946 kubva kukenza yemukati. Mazuva matatu gare gare, bhokisi rakadzikiswa neyeKremlin rusununguko muguva.
Ndangariro
- Mukuremekedza Mikhail Kalinina, mazita emaguta eKalindenr), Kalinin (izvozvi - Tver), Kalininbad (izvozvi - Revachand), Kalininsk uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda;
- Kusvika muna 1990, imwe yezviteshi zveMocrow metro uye bazi rakanzi "Kalinssaya" (izvozvi "Aleksandrovsky garden"). Pachiteshi chichiri kumira muchiputiro chekuchinja, uye davi rakachengeta zita racho;
- MuKaliningrad, chiteshi chine gumi-metres chiono kuna Mikhal Ivanovich ne ruoko rwakatambanudzwa;
- Kubva wa 2013, zvikamu zvitatu zvemazana -,358 - matinji, migwagwa, zvimiro, zvirongwa zvinotumidzwa zita reKalinin;
- MuSt. Petersburg, zvivakwa zvitatu zvakachengetedzwa, uko Kalinin akamborarama. Yakanyanya kuzivikanwa - Wooden House nhamba 92a pa ul. Engels. Maererano nePlacel Yemirangaridzo, "mune ino imba mufurati M.i.i.i.i.i.i.i.i. Kalinin muna Gumiguru 1917 V.i. Lenin akaita misangano yemabiko pane kugadzirira kwemhiri kwemhoriyamu. " Kutonga nemufananidzo wemazuva ano, chivakwa chakadzoreredzwa. Iye zvino pane nzvimbo yechiJudha yechiJudha.