Biography
Kusikwa kwe penicillin, yekutanga Antibiotic Mumiririri, nyika inosungirwa kuChirungu Microbiologist Alexander Fleming. Uye kunyangwe kugona kwakakosha kwemushonga kwakava mhedzisiro yekusagadzikana kusagadzikana kwekutanga kwakabata mutirongo, hazvibviri kurerutsa kukosha kweiyo Nobel Laureate mumunda wekurapa.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Alexander Fleming, uyo semwana waidanwa nerudo anonzi Alec, akaberekwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 6, 1881 muguta reScotland rerudo. Baba vakambundirana Fleming Inairini Purazi Lochfield. Amai vemukomana, ngirozi dzeBritain dzinokurudzira morton, yakava mukadzi wechipiri wekumbundira uye akabereka vana vana. Alexander akazova wechipiri.
Kubva pamuchato wekutanga, murimi akaramba zvakare vana vana. Iye murume aive nemakore makumi mashanu nemashanu paakasarudza muchato wechipiri, uye kumbundira kuti mushure mekufa hapana chavaizove pasina munhu wekutarisira vana vadiki. Baba vakafa paaive neAlek aine makore manomwe. Neraki, Nyasha yakazova mukadzi akasimba. Akakwanisa kusunungura mhuri, kupatsanura mabasa ekuchengetedza purazi uye kurerwa kweudiki. Pasinei nokufara kwaamai, mwana Alec, vakoma vake nehanzvadzi havagone kunzi messy.
Mumakore mashanu eramangwana, Darwell akapa chikoro chekumaruwa. Mhuri Fleming yaigara papurazi, saka mangwanani ega ega vana vaifanira kufamba 7 km kuburikidza neminda kuti vasvike kumafaro. Mumazuva ano famba, Nyashaakapa mumwe nemumwe mumatombo anopisa kuti adzive maoko ake.
Iyo minzwa nzira yakasimbisa chete Alec yeruzivo, uye pazera ramakore gumi nemaviri akapinda mudzidzo yeKilmarnok. Makore maviri gare gare, pamwe chete nehama dzechikuru, mukomana akatamira kuLondon uye akatanga kuteerera kune hurukuro kuRoyal Polytechic Institute. Nhungamiro yakabatsira kusarudza Hama Thomas, vakashanda semunhu ophthalmologist. Saka Alec akatanga kudzidza mushonga.
Ruzivo rwakawana pamitauro rwakabatsira mukomana muna 1901 kuti apinde chikoro chekurapa kuHolyyy chipatara. Uyezve, akange asuruvara mudzidzi ane chipo. Muna 1906, fleming yakava bachelor yemishonga nekuvhiyiwa, muna 1908 - Bachelor wehutachiona.
Sainzi
Muna 1906, purofesa wePathology weAlmert Wright, uyo akasika mushonga kubva mudumbu typos, akakoka kuti zvipfuure kushanda muDhipatimendi reBazi rakagadzirwa muchipatara weSt Mariya. Panguva iyoyo, musayendisiti uye vadzidzi vatatu vaitsvaga nzira yekumanikidza antibodies kuti vabate hutachiona hwehutachiona.
Kubudirira kwakabatana kweAlexander Fleming uye Almert Wright yakatanga neyechidiki. Iyo purofesa yakashanda pakugadzira maturusi ayo aibvumira maitiro ekuunganidza kuongorora nezvakanaka uye kusarwadza. Kuona mhedzisiro yemabasa, mudzidzi wacho akataura maitiro ayo varwere vane syphilis yekuongorora inogona kutorwa kwete 5 ml yeropa kubva kumidzi, uye 0.5 ml - kubva mumunwe.
Mumakore iwayo, Syphilis aionekwa seimwe yezvirwere zvine njodzi uye zvisingarapike. Yakasikwa muna 1907 naKemist Paul Erlich, iyo Bluer "Salvarsan" yakabatsira kunyange zviitiko zvavepo, asi chete mushonga wacho wakaziviswa kuVienna. Kunyangwe maitiro aya aive akaoma mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, flemcom yakachinja nehunyanzvi. Akataura nezve mhedzisiro yekurapwa nevarwere 46 mune imwe yemishumo yekutanga yesainzi.
Munguva yehondo yekutanga yenyika, Almert Wright akakumbirwa kuronga murabhoritari muFrance yekudzidza kwezvirwere zvinotapukira kubva mauto akafa. Muzvinafundo akakoka mulking naye.
Chidzidzo icho chakaratidza kuti antisepics ayo akashandiswa panguva yekusafinha maronda, akangowedzera mamiriro ezvinhu. Mune chinyorwa chemagazini yechipiriso cheLancet, musayendisiti akataura kuti antiseptics anoshanda chete pamusoro penzvimbo, uye kwete mumaronda akadzika ivakavanzika, uye nerubatsiro rwezvinodhaka, kusanganisira zvinhu zvinobatsira zvinopa kupora zvinobviswa. Pfungwa iyi yekuona inotsigirwa Wright. Zvakangodaro, vazhinji vevanachiremba vemauto vakaramba vachishandisa antisepics, kunyangwe kana vaikanganisa avo vakawedzera mamiriro ehutano hwemurwere.
Dembilized muna1919, Fleming akadzokera kuEngland ndokuenderera mberi nekuongorora mabhakitiriya. Ane ruzivo, masayendisiti akaratidzira kuti antiseptics anoderedza kana kuti anyatso bvisa mhedzisiro yekubvisa mhosva, ayo leukocytes ane.
Muna 1922, budiriro yekutanga yesainzi yakarongwa mu biography yezvigadzirwa zvezvipenga: Kutsvaga kwekunyora kwakaitwa kuwanirwa kuwanikwa kweLysozyme, antibacterial chinhu. Panguva iyoyo, Fleming akashanda kutonhora uye akambosarudzwa mumukombe ne mabhakitiriya. Mushure memazuva mashanu, zvakawanikwa kuti zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakanyangarika panzvimbo yehushi, iyo tarisiro kubva kuhutachiona yaive yakashongedzerwa. Zvimwezve zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti misodzi uye saliva yemunhuwo aive ne "kuchenesa" kugona "kana achiwedzera protein.
Lizozyme akaonekwa seinochengetedza antibacterial chinhu kusvika kupfupikisa kwakavhura penicillin muna 1928. Quote Scientist nezve zuva iro:
"Pandakamuka mambakwedza musi waSeptember 28, 1928, ini, hongu, handina kuronga shanduko mukurapa nekuvhurwa kwangu kwekutanga kwemanotsi, kana kuuraya mabhakitiriya. Asi ndinofunga kuti izvi ndizvo zvandakaita. "Kudzoka kubva kuzororo pfupi muna 1928, Fleming akawanikwa mune imwe yemakapu epetri howa. Iyo neoplasm yakaparadzwa hutachiona hunochengeterwa mukapu. Kwemazuva akati wandei, musayendisiti haana kubuda nekuda kwemabhuku uye akaziva kuti pamberi pake penikollium chrysogenum, "penicill".
Fleming akaziva kuti iyi ndiyo yaive yakasimba zvikuru inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Kana Lizozyme akarwisa zvisina kufanira Buttia, penicilli aigona kurapa syphilis, pneumonia, meningitis, gangrene, gangrene, gangrerrhea uye vamwe kufa. Iko kuwanikwa kwakanangana neyesairesi kwakaburitswa muJernal British Journal yechiitiko chekuedza. Akashamisika, nyika yesainzi haina kutendeukira kuchinyorwa chekutarisisa, uye kuziva kwezvigadzirwa zvezvigadzirwa zvaive zvisina kukwana kubvisa zvakanyatsobvisa chinhu chakachena zvinobva kuna fungus. Pfungwa iyi yaifanira kumisikidza mubhokisi refu.
Muna 1940 chete, makore gumi nemaviri mushure mekuwanikwa, Elnst Chein uye Howard Flori yakauya kuzobatsira kupima. Vakanatsa chinhu chacho zvakanyanya zvekuti chakaporesa mbeva vakatapukirwa nehundi staphyloccus.
Zvine njodzi kuitisa zvinoitika muvanhu, nepo Fleming akashanda kuHoty Hosy muchipatara, haana kugamuchira comrade yake. Akafa neMeningitis. Kufarira kwesainzi uye chishuwo chekuchengetedza shamwari yakasundira musayendisiti kune muchivande penicillin murwere. Mushure memwedzi wejekiseni, murwere akapora kupfuura kugona kwakanyanya kwema normiotic kwakawanikwa.
Muna 1943, pakati pehondo yechipiri yenyika, kugadzirwa kukuru kwe penicillin kwakagadzwa kuFormacology mafekitori. Nekuda kwemushonga, mauto akakuvadzwa akaporeswa kubva mumaronda anotyisa uye akadzokera kumberi.
Alexander Fleming ainzwisisa kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwepenicillin kwakakwanisa kuita mabhakitiriya kurwisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Zvinogona kuitika kana kurapwa kwacho kwanga kuri kupfupi uye kwakaitwa nezvidiki zvidiki. Kutaura nezve kuvhurwa kwenyika, musayendisiti akanyeverawo vanhu kuti vatore mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pasina kugadza chiremba.
Penicillin mupiro mukuru kune biology nemishonga: kusvika nhasi, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakagadzirwa pane iyo chinhu, chinoponesa hupenyu hwemamiriyoni evanhu. Neichi chakawanikwa, fleming yakapihwa zvakasiyana-siyana mubairo, iyo huru yeiyo iyo nhepfenyuro yeNobel. "Nekuvhurwa kwePenicillina uye maitiro ake ekurwisa kurwisa kwezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvirwere zvezvirwere uye vaunoshanda navo vafambi naKene vakapiwa muna 1945.
Hupenyu Hwako
Alexander Fleming yaive misa. Muchinzvimbo, Tenzi wamatsanga akashanda mumubhedha "Maria mutsvene", ipapo mu "ngoni". Muna 1942 akapiwa musoro weiyo yekutanga madhiri eiyo yakabatana yekugara yeEngland. Kusvika makumi matatu madhigirii (of 33) zvinoenderana neyekare uye yakagamuchirwa Scottish Charter.
Alexander Fleming akaroora kaviri.
Musi waDecember 23, 1915, mumwe wako wesayendisiti akazova mukoti wechipatara weSt Mary, Ireland Sarah Mcrow. Kwapera gore, mwanakomana akaberekwa mwanakomana Robert, akaenda akatsika tsoka dzababa vake uye akazova chiremba. Mhuri iyi yakazova yakasimba - kusvikira parufu rwaSara muna 1949, vakaroora vaigara mumweya.
Muna 1953, musayendisiti akaroora zvakare. Amalia Kotxuri-vurekas, Grachanka nerudzi, aive nemakore 31 mudiki pane murume wake. Aive nekuumbwa kwemakwanya ehutachiona, asi akazvipira kuzvirongwa zvikodzero dzevanhu. Makore maviri mushure memuchato, Amalia akava chirikadzi.
Rufu
Musi waMarch 11, 1955, muna 74, Alexander Fletching akafa nekurohwa kwemoyo muLondon. Pachikumbiro chemuviri wemufi, zvakadzvanywa, uye guruva rakapiswa mukatidziro yeSt. Paul, pedyo neguva reAdmiral Horatie Nelson. Padimboti, kutonga nemufananidzo, zvokutanga zvakanyorwa: "A.f.".Chokwadi Zvinonakidza
- Zvakawanikwa zvesainzi zveAlexander Fleming zvakaitika nekuda kwekusachena kwayo. Zvinonzi murabhoritari wezvekurabhamba kazhinji aigara aine maronda, tubes tubes, syringes uye lancets, kuchenesa pane desktop yanga isingawanzo. Nomuzvarirwo, kuumbwa kwakagadzirwa mune zvakasara zvemakemikari. Saka, kuruboshwe kwevhiki kapu yakasviba yePetri netsaona yakagadzirwa fungus genus penicillium, iyo yakazoshandurwa kuti ive yakasimba kupatsanurwa kurwisa penicillin.
- Mushure mekuvhura penicillina, kuzivikanwa kwesainzi kwakawira muAlexander Fleming. Muna Chikunguru 1944, mambo weGreatrain Greatan akamupa zita rekuti "Sir", munaNovember 1945, musayendisiti akazova katatu neDr. Sayenzi. Nenzira imwe cheteyo, panguva imwe chete, Mutungamiriri weBritain Winston Churchill uye Warles of Hondo Yenyika II Bernard Montgomery yakagamuchira dhigirii yezvirevo muLuerman.
- Vanoti nzira dzeChidall uye fleminingi yakasangana kanopfuura kamwe. Muma1950, sangano rechitendero "simba remutsa 'rakanyora runyararo maererano neko musayendisiti, aive mumwe mwana, akaburitsa remangwana rezvematongerwo enyika. Sechiratidzo chekutenda, baba vaChidill vakabhadhara dzidzo yemasangano ekurapa mukurapa, kusanganisira kuRoyal Polytechn Institute. Kune zvakare nyaya iyo mukati mehondo, zvematongerwo enyika kubva kurufu rwe penicillin. Chokwadi ichi Alexander Fleming akarambwa mutsamba kushamwari Andre Grazia:
Quotes
Nekuti muongorori hapana mufaro wakakura kupfuura kuita kuti kuwanikwa, kunyangwe zvidiki sei. Zvinomupa ushingi hwekuda kufadza kwazvo ... Nyaya itsva inovhura musayendisiti chete, asi zvakanyanya kuoma isu tinobudirira kupedzisa vamwe. Isa muongorori wevamwe vajaira murabhoramu kuti awane Imba yemarble, uye ichaitika rimwe ramaviri; kana achakunda imba yamambo yemarble, kana imba yamambo ichamukunda. Kana kumusoro kuchizeya muongorori, imba yamambo ichashanduka kuita musangano uye ichaita seurabhoreti yakajairika; Asi, kana kumusoro achakunda imba yamambo, muongorori akafa. Pane kubudirira kwakabudirira kunokonzeresa zvido zvitsva.Zvakawanikwa
- 1922 - Antibacterial enzyme Rsozyme
- 1928 - Antibiotic Penicillin