Biography
Muhafu yechipiri yezana raChix, Herbert Spencer yaive pakati pemafungo yakakosha yefungwa dzehunyanzvi. Gare gare, vanoyemura vakamufananidza ne crate naAristotle. Nekudaro, vazhinji vevanhu vakararama panguva yemapuranga havana kukwanisa kukoshesa mazano ake. Icho chakaita mupiro wakakura zvakaita kuti uku british anofunga mukusimudzira kweuzivi uye nemagariro, vakataura chete muzana rino ramakore, uye nhasi nhaka yayo yesainzi inoshanda nesimba.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Herbert Spencer akazvarwa musi waApril 27, 1820 muDerby, Daredshire County. Uzivi hwamangwana hwakakura mumhuri yemudzidzisi wechikoro. Vabereki ve spencer, kunze kwake, vakaisa chiedza chevamwe vatanhatu, vashanu vavo vachiri vacheche.
Herbert haana kusiyana nehutano hwakasimba, saka baba vakasarudza kuti vasape Mwanakomana wake kuchikoro uye ivo pachavo vakarerwa nedzidzo. Mukomana akatora vabereki vake nezivo, uye nehunhu hwega, muzvinyorwa zvemukati, muzivi akataura kuti nguva, rusununguko, nemhedzisiro yemitemo yake, akadzidza kuna Baba vake.
Kushanda purogiramu yekudzidzisa kwemwanakomana wavo, vakuru vepfungwa vakanyatsotyisirwa kusarudzwa kwemabhuku. Herbert akakurumidza kupindwa muropa nekuverenga, uye kunyangwe kubudirira kwake pazvidzidzo zvechikoro kwaisazodaidzwa kuti kupenya, mukomana akatadza kurambidzwa kubvunza, kupfuma fungidziro uye kuongorora.
Pa13, vabereki vaienda kumutumira kuna sekuru - akagadzirira kutora kudzidziswa kwejaya rekubvuma Cambridge. Nekudaro, spencer, nenzira yekuseka inotenda kune dzidzo yepamutemo, haina kupinda muyunivhesiti.
Mukudonha kwa 1837, Herbert, aenda senjiniya yechitima, akatamira kuLondon. Asi mushure memakore matatu gare gare akasiya guta guru ndokudzokera kumba. Ikoko kwakaedza simba pakudzidza kweanenge masvomhu, asi sezvo asina kukura nema sainzi chaiyo, akakurumidza kutonhorera achienda kuiyi venture. Asi mujaya randakatora mhindu mune chinyorwa. Mupepanhau reradio "Nonconformist", akaburitsa zvinyorwa gumi nemaviri zvezvematongerwo enyika nezvematongerwo enyika. Muna 1843, vakabuda nebhuku rakaparadzana.
Mumakore akatevera, Herbert aigara pakati peLondon naBirmingham, achiedza muminda dzakasiyana siyana. Akanyora mitambo, nhetembo uye nhetembo, akaburitsa magazini yake oga, akashanda seinjiniya uye mugadziri. Panguva imwecheteyo, jaya racho harina kudzidzira kudzidza, vakajairana nemabasa eBritish nevanofunga zveGerman uye vaigadzirira kuburitsa bhuku rake.
Uzivi uye zvemagariro
Basa rekutanga re spencer, rakanzi "Social Static", rakabudiswa muna 1851. Mariri, muzivi akaita semuvambi wenzira yeruramisiro, iyo yakazovandudzwa mune mamwe mabasa. Hwaro hweBhuku raive kufunga nezvekuti zvakachengetwa sei muhurumende chinogona kuchengetwa. Herbert vaitenda kuti chiyero chakadai chaigona kana chimiro chemagariro chikadzikiswa neMutemo werusununguko uye hurongwa hwekuenzanisa hunobva kwavari.
Ruzhinji ruzhinji rwakasangana ne "sticics" zvakanaka, asi munyori pachake akasarudza kuti ivo vese vaisakwanisa kunyatsoongorora kudzika kwebasa rake. Asi kuumbwa kwekupinza kukwezva kutarisisa kwevanhu vane mukurumbira weBritish, pakati pavo Thomas Huxley, George Eliot, Stewart chill.
Kukurukurirana navo, Herbert akawana mazita matsva muuzivi hwazvino - mumwe wevanyori vatsva, Miline, akamusvitsa kumabasa aAuguste Kont. Kutsvaga kuti dzimwe pfungwa dzemunhu wechiFrench dzakanangana neyake, munhu anofunga anonzwa akakuvara. Pashure pacho, spencer akadzokorora kusimbisa kuti ungano isaita sei pesvedzero diki pamaonero ake.
Muna 1855, kurapa kwe psychology, rakabudiswa mumavhoriyamu maviri akabuda. MaAri, Herbert akarondedzera kwake pfungwa yake yekubatana psychology. Iri basa rakapihwa munyori harimisiki, vakatora mauto mazhinji emweya uye mumuviri. MuBiography yakanyorwa naye, munhu anofunga akabvuma kuti pakupera kwenhoroondo yake kwakauya kune inotyisa mamiriro uye iye haana kuzadzisa chinyorwa. Asi pane izvi miedzo haina kupera. "Nheyo dzePsychology" harina kukonzeresa kufarira pakati pevaverengi, mitengo haina kubhadhara, uye spencer akaramba asina kurarama.
Shamwari dzakaronga kunyoreswa kwekutanga ku "uzivi hwe" kuyananisa "kunyoreswa kwekutanga ku" tsika ye "tsika yeropa", mairi Herbert akazvishandisa. Maitiro ebasa airwadza murume - rega ndizive nezvake, basa rakanyanyisa, takanzwisisa naye panguva ye "nheyo yePsychology". Kunyange zvakadaro, muna 1862 chikamu chekutanga chakabudiswa, chinonzi "Bhuku rakavhurika". Muna 1864 uye 1866, mavhoriyamu maviri e "zvigadziko zvebiology" akaburitswa.
Kumusha weiyo muzivi, magwaro ese ari maviri haana kubudirira, vaverengi kubva kuRussia neAmerica vaifarira. Vatariri vepfungwa kubva kunyika itsva vakatotumirwa kuchibviswa kweMunyori weChinyorwa cheMadhora zviuru mazana manomwe kuti afukidze mutengo webhuku racho akaenderera mberi nekuburitswa kwemabhuku akaomeswa. Kushamwari vaifanira kushanda nesimba kunyengerera Herbert kunotora mari iyi. Iye anofunga kusvikira iye wekupedzisira akaramba rubatsiro rakawanda, asi mukupedzisira rakapihwa.
Muna 1870 uye 1872, "nzvimbo dze" Psychology "dzakabuda. Panguva imwecheteyo, Spencer akakwanisa kushanda pane imwe nyaya yakatsaurirwa kuSociology. Chokwadi, zvaisakwanisa kuunganidza zvinhu zvinodiwa chete chete - nezera, chiratidzo chehuzivi chakadzora zvekuti aifanira kuhaya munyori.
Pamwe chete ivo vakashamisika data pamasangano emagariro emarudzi akasiyana, anopinda mune ruzivo mumatafura akakosha. Izvo zvinyorwa zvaiita sekunge herbert zvakazvivimbika zvekuti akafunga kumuzivisa bhuku rakaparadzana. Chikamu chekutanga che "kutsanangurwa kwenyanzvi" yakabudiswa muna 1871, bhuku redzimwe marudzi manomwe akaenderera kusvika 1880.
Bhuku rekutanga, rakaunzwa ne spencer, budiriro yekutengeserana ndiyo "kudzidza kwesociology" (1873). Aida kudzivirira kusunungurwa kwe "zvigadziko zvechema" Mabasa ekupedzisira eHerbert akazova "base reEthics" (1879-1893), iro basa racho rakaisa pfungwa mu "kujairika uzivi hwe" system.
Iyo yeBritish inofunga yakaratidza positivism - kuyerera kwehunyanzvi, yakatanga kuFrance. Vateveri vake vaitenda kuti madimikira ekare haana kukwanisa kupindura mibvunzo inokurumidza yesainzi yemazuva ano. Ivo vaisada kufarira zvisingagoneka, kufunga, kukosha kwakawanda kwavakaona muzvidzidzo zveupamhi. Spencer, pamwe chete nemutove weazvino naAgaluste, uye John Marlem, akazova mumiriri weiyo yekutanga mafungu ePositivism.
Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka yakagadzirwa naHerbert yaive yakapararira. Maererano naye, kushanduka kwake mutemo wekutanga wekuvandudza midzi mune zvese zviitiko. Hunhu hweshanduko kubva mukunzwisisika kuti zvinobatana, kubva mukudyidzana kwekuteerera uye kubva kune imwe isingagumi. Chikamu chekupedzisira chekushanduka-shanduka pane spencer yakaenzana - semuenzaniso, inofambira mberi uye inochengetedza mauto munharaunda. Iyi dzidziso yeiyo muzivi yaishandiswa kuongorora zvemagariro, biological, yepfungwa uye imwe zviitiko.
Herbert akataurawo nemunyori weiyo organic dzidziso. Kambani iyi yairatidza kwaari sechinhu chipenyu, chinowedzera muhukuru, chinowedzera kuomarara, hupenyu hwakaoma, panguva imwe chete, vanhu vane ruzivo (mune vanhu vane hunyanzvi) vanogara vachishanduka: Vamwe vanofa, asi vanhu vatsva vanouya kuchinja. State Institutions Muzivi achienzaniswa nemitezo yemumwe neumwe yemuviri kuita mamwe mabasa.
Kuwedzera kune vabati vehunyanzvi "hurongwa hwehunyanzvi hwekunamata," Spencer akapa mabhuku akati wandei, pakati payo - "miganhu yakakodzera yesimba renzvimbo" (1843), "Munhu neNyika" ( 1902) nevamwe.
Hupenyu Hwako
Nezve hupenyu hwomunhu oga hweuzivi harizivikanwe zvakanyanya. Chikonzero chikuru chekusurukirwa kwake kunorara muchokwadi kuti zvese zvayateHerbert akazvipira kushanda. Muna 1851, vafunge, vachimutsvaga mukadzi akakodzera, akabviswa kuti aitumire korona.
Nekudaro, izvi zvirongwa zvaisafanirwa kuti zvionekwe - kujairana nemusikana uyu, Spencer akaramba muchato. Ichi chisarudzo chaakakurudzira chokwadi chekuti mwenga akaomerwa kwazvo. Mune ramangwana, Herbert haana kusika mhuri yake, pfungwa dzake dzose dzakatendeukira ku sainzi nemabhuku.
Rufu
Herbert Spencer akafa musi waDecember 8, 1903 muBrighton. Akavigwa pamakuva eLondon, padivi pemadota ezvimwe zvakanaka muzivi wezita XIX, Karl Marx. Rufu rweBritish metafu rwakatungamirwa nemakore ehurwere - pakupera kwehupenyu hwake, akange asisiri kumusoro kubva pamubhedha.
Yakanyorwa ne "Autobiography" yakabudiswa muna 1904, uye vaverengi vemabhuku akashinga kubva kune vafundisi. Kuumbwa kweSpencer kwakaudzwa kwenguva refu kusati kwatanga kubudiswa, mirayiridzo mizhinji isati yasvika kune vaparidzi. Pazuva rekutanga, kutengesa "Autobiography" kwakadzikunurwa nekuzviisa pasi, rondedzero yekuverenga haina kunyadzisa kunyange mutengo unoshamisa.
BHAIBHERI
- 1842 - "Miganhu Yakakodzera Yenyika Simba"
- 1851 - "Social Static"
- 1861 - "Dzidzo Pfungwa, Tsika uye Yemuviri"
- 1862-1896 - "Synthetic Uzivi System"
- 1879 - "Dhata reEtiki"
- 1884 - "Munhu nenyika"
- 1885 - "Uzivi uye chitendero. Masikirwo uye Chokwadi chechitendero "
- 1891 - "Essay: Sayenzi, zvezvematongerwo enyika uye uzivi"
- 1891 - "Ruramisiro"
- 1902 - "Chokwadi uye Mashoko"