Biography
Jean-Batista Lamarisa nderekukudzwa kweMusiki wekutanga kwekutanga kwemhuka nezvirimwa. Akaita hombe resayenzi resayenzi, asi hupenyu hwakararama, kurwa kwakazara nekutambura. Maererano neBiography official, musayendisiti akafa asina kugadziriswa, mukushungurudzika uye nehurombo, uye zvakatora nguva yakawanda kuti mwana afarire zvaakaita.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Mona, Chevalé de Laamarc, akaberekerwa mutaundi reBasen-Le-Petit 1, 1744. Mumhuri yaaigara ari mudiki pavana gumi nevaviri.
Vabereki, kunyange vaive vaive vekunakidzwa, vaive varombo uye vaisakwanisa kubatsira mwanakomana wavo kuti vavake basa remauto, raakarota nezvaro. Panzvimbo pezvo, vakatumira Jean kuchikoro chekuita maJesusu muAmiens, mushure mekupera kwaaifanira kuwana san yemweya.
Muna 1760, baba vaRamarama vakafa, uye jaya rine makore 16, richikanda mabhuku ebhaibheri, vakasaina muuto. Makore manomwe anotevera ehupenyu hwaaipedza mumauto aripo uye akawana chinzvimbo chepamusoro, akasiyaniswa muhondo achipikisana neBritish mukati mehondo yemakore manomwe.
Sainzi
Kufarira kwechokwadi kwechisikigo kwakamuka mune ramangwana resainzi makore makumi maviri nemashanu. Kana murairidzi wake akagara kwenguva yakareba muRiviera, Jean-Barist akapedza nguva yake yese yemahara kune kudzidza zvidyarwa uye akaiwana inonyanya kufadza. Nenguva isipi aifanira kusiya mauto ari munzira yehutano - muhondo yeLarthck akagamuchira kukuvara zvakanyanya kwechibereko chevaremu. Pension yemunhu wemauto aive mashoma, uye kugadzirisa zvinhu zvemari, aifanira kuwana mukuru wehurumende.
Chinyorwa chinonakidza - jaya iri ranga iri tarenda tarenda uye yakazeza zvakanyanya, munzira inoenda mberi - inoenda kana yesainzi kana yesainzi. Kuda kwechikara kwakunda, uye mushure menguva yakati, Lamarck akagamuchira nzvimbo yemushandi mumunda woumambo, kwaakatanga kuunganidzwa kwekuunganidzwa kwakakurumbira kwezvirimwa uye zvinoparidza.
Pashure pemakore 9, pahwaro hwemusangano uyu, Lamarck akanyora bhuku. Iri basa reFlora France, iyo yaisanganisira huwandu hwe3 rese, akakurumidza kumuunzira mukurumbira munyika yake yekwaakaberekerwa - panguva iyoyo Botany aive mufashoni. Masayendisiti aiziva kukosha kwesainzi kweiyo lamamca (yaive nemazano matsva uye nheyo dzezvirimwa masangano) uye akamupa nhengo mune yeFrance Academy.
Makore maviri anotevera, muongorori akapedza parwendo muEurope. Pakati peino nguva, akashanyira manhamba enzvimbo dzedzidzo uye magadheni enyika uye akazadza gungano ravo nehuwandu hukuru hwemasampu matsva. Kusvika 1789, Lamarc akabata nzvimbo yemuchengeti mukuru wehumambo Herbarium, asi basa rakabudirira yesayenzi musayendisiti vakapindira shanduko yacho. Kana iyo Scial Science yeMonarch yakamiswa kuvapo, Lamar, inotya nekuitika kwezviratidziro, akaita hurukuro kuNational Assembly uye yakapa kutanga museum.
Panguva iyoyo, kuratidzwa kwaisave kusarongeka kune zvakadzama zvakarongeka, asi kujekeswa kwemaminerari, zvidyarwa uye mhuka dzakarongedzwa hazvina kukodzera musayendisiti. Lamarc yakagadzirirwa kupatsanura zvinhu mumapoka, ayo, zvakare, aisanganisira mirairo yekuzvarwa nemhuri. Kutarisirwa kwemamiriro ekuratidzira uye kurongeka kwakasimba kwenzvimbo yavo kwaifanirwa kupihwa mushandi akapatsanurwa.
Chikumbiro chakabvumidzwa, uye muna 1793 mamuseum yenyika yenhoroondo dzechisikigo dzakazadza mikova yevashanyi. Jean-Barist Lamark akatora chinzvimbo chine mwero cheanenge achichengeti muhoro yemubatanidzwa, achiisa ipapo zvinhu zvakanakisa zvekuunganidza kwake. Panguva iyoyo, akashanda kugadzirira kweduramazwi rebhotania - kubva 1781 kusvika 1800 mavhoriyamu uye matafura 900 akabuda.
Botany yaive kure neiyo chete shungu dze lamarck. Panguva iyoyo, nyanzvi yepamoyo yakanga isingawanzo pakati pemasayendisiti, uye vanhukorama vake vaitenda kuti murume wesainzi anofanira kuve neruzivo rwakasiyana muminda dzakasiyana. Jean-Barist akadzidza mushonga (uye akatogamuchira dzidzo yakakodzera), zoology, geology uye fizikisi.
Kufananidza chokwadi chakagashirwa, akauya kuzowanikwa kuti kune ganda rekurarama rakawanda kutenderera pasi - muBiosphere. Izwi iro raari, zvisinei, rakazvitswa makore zana gare gare neiyo austria geologist edward Zyward, asi mabasa eLamarc akafemerwa naye.
Basa rakakurumbira "uzivi hwe zoology" rakabuda muna 1809. Mukati maro, muongorori akatanga akataura mazano ake nezvehutano hwemarudzi, hukama hwekurarama uye risiri rekurarama, pamwe nezvinhu zvekunze uye zvemukati zvinokanganisa maitiro ekushanduka-shanduka. Akasimudza mukana wechisikigo muchitsauko, achipokana kuti zvipenyu zvakatanga kukura uye kukudziridza rimwe simba remukati.
Iyo lammar ndeyekuti ipfungwa yekukamuranisa mhuka pane vertebrates uye inopinda muBiology nanhasi (nenzira, izwi rekuti "biology" rakakuudza kuti iye). Pashure pokusunungurwa kwe "uzivi", musayenzi akazvitsaurira pakudzidza kwezvakareruka, uye kubva muna 1801 kusvika 1822 akanyora nezvemakumi manomwe negumi nematatu pamusoro pavo.
Iyo sainzi feat yeLamarsa yaive yakakura. Mupiro wake wesainzi haugumiri kushanda pane biology - musayendisiti ndewe meteorology, hydrology uye chinhu chikuru - akatarisa nguva yekutanga yekushanduka-shanduka mune iyo nguva yekuvandudzwa kwekurarama.
Kunyangwe iyo yechokwadi yekutyaira yeLamar isina kumbovhurika (aitenda kuti kutsveneswa kwemukati kwesimba guru), nekufamba kwenguva, kufamba kwake kwakaongororwa, kubva pane iyo pfungwa yeDarwin yosimuka gare gare.
Lamarc aive nevapikisi vazhinji munzvimbo yesainzi. Kunyanya kwete kufanana nemaonero ake akashinga kuve George Kuvier - iyo biologist uye kushoropodzwa, iyo yakawirwa nekutaura kweutsinye pane bhuku rega rega uye kunyangwe mune imwe necrologist haina kukwanisa kuramba zvakataurwa. Dzidziso yake yekungonamira yemhando, iyo yekuvandudzwa iyo inoitika nekuda kwenjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, yaionekwa sechokwadi, uye kutsiva kwekushanduka-shanduka kwakaitika munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Hupenyu Hwako
Lamar Mhuri Hupenyu hwaive hwakazara nenhamo uye kurasikirwa. Mukadzi wekutanga Marie-Anna-Rondaalie Majeri akamuratidza nevanakomana vatatu - Antoine, Andre naCharles Rene, asi kutanga vakafa. Nguva yechipiri yaakaedza kuronga hupenyu hwomunhu muna 1974. Vana vanobva kumukadzi mutsva Charlotte vakadzoreredza kuti akange asina. Pasinei nenyaya yekuti mumwe wako mukadzi anga ari mudiki wemakore makumi matatu, akamutevera ari muhwiro pamberi pake, uye akaringana kushomeka.
Muna 1798, Jean-Barist akaroora Julie Mally. Akaviga mukadzi wechitatu muna 1819. Iye oga munhu akasara aine nyanzvi dzakakura dzakava mwanasikana wake kubva muwanano yekupedzisira yekorneri (mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakataurwa kuti vanyaradzo vakamutarisira, asi zita racho chete).
Hapana wevanhu vakararama panguva yemasayendisiti akasiya tsananguro yakadzama yechitarisiko cheLamarc, haina kutsanangura hunhu hwake pachako zvakadzama. Nhaka yesainzi yesainzi yakakanganwika kwenguva refu, uye kukodzera kufuratirwa. Munzira dzakawanda, nekuda kwekukwikwidza, zviitiko zvemari zvemari pasi pemhedziso yehupenyu hwaive hwakaipa. Haana kuwana mvumo uye atonga kumusoro: Napoleon, uyo musayendisiti uyo waakaunzwa nebhuku rake, saka wakamusarudza kuti aisakwanisa kuramba nemisodzi.
Rufu
Mumakore apfuura, Jean-Baptiste Lamarc akatambura kubva pane chirwere cheziso, icho chakatungamira kuzere kupofumadza. Haana kusiya basa uye akarayira mwanasikana wake mwanasikana wake. Bhuku raKe rekupedzisira raive "imbownical system yezivo", umo maLaMarck akaedza kurondedzera zvese zvaiziva nezvemusango, uye kuyedza kunzwisisa kuti kuziva kwemurume kwaive kwakatemwa. Nehurombo, mukati mehupenyu hwemunyori, bhuku racho harina kufarirwa.
Vane sainzi vakafa mumakore 85. Zvikonzero zveRurefu rwake, pamwe nenzvimbo yeguva, zvirokwazvo hazvizivikanwe, asi tsamba yemunhu, zvinhu nemabhuku zvakarasika. BASTing Baba, Cornelia yaive munzvimbo yakasarudzika yemari iyo yaaifanira kutsvaga rubatsiro mune yeFrance Academy.
Muna 1909, chaizvo makore zana mushure mekuburitswa kwe "uzivi hwe zoology", chifananidzo kuna Lamarksa chakavhurwa muParis. PaBas-zororo, chiitiko chinobaya mwoyo chinoratidzwa - murume wekare akapofumadzwa, mararamiro akaputsika, anogara muchigaro, achipfugama musoro wake. Padhuze inoratidza mufananidzo wemwanasikana unosanganisira icho. Padivi retsiva, mazwi eCornelia akagogodzwa kunze:
"Vana vachakuyemura, zvichatsiva iwe, baba vangu!".BHAIBHERI
- 1776 - "Memoir nezve zviitiko zvepamusoro mumhepo"
- 1776 - "Zvidzidzo pazvikonzero zvinokonzeresa zvinonyanya kukosha zvechiitiko"
- 1778 - "Flora France"
- 1801 - "System of Invertebrates"
- 1802 - "Hydrogeology"
- 1803 - "Systems System Nhoroondo"
- 1809 - "Uzivi hwe zoology"
- 1815-1822 - "Nhoroondo Yakasikwa yeVenttebrates"
- 1820 - "Kuongorora kweKuziva Kwemunhu Chiitiko"