Biography
Mutori wenhau, Satirik uye Enlightener Nikolai Nikolai Nikolai Nikolai Nikopinde Nyaya Dzokunge Muvambi wezvidzidzo zvakawanda, iye munyori wezvikoro zvezvikoro, asiwo seimwe yevasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika vekutanga muRussia. Kusungwa kwake kwakaitika panguva yeiyo heiday yetarenda uye yekuburitsa basa. Mushure mekusiya jeri reNovikov, zvaisakwanisa kutangazve basa, zvisinei, kuti akakwanisa kunyora, zvakakwana kuti chizvarwa chose chevazukuru vakamutenda.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Nikolai Ivanov Nevikov akaberekerwa mudunhu reMoscow, mu estate of tikvvinsky-avdotino, April 27 (Chivabvu 8) 1744. Akauya achibva kumhuri inokudzwa, baba vake vaive mutungamiriri wechikepe. Kuverenga kwemukomana kwakadzidzisa kumusha munyengeri, gare gare Nicholas akapiwa kuMetropolitan Gymnasium. Jaya racho raiziva ikoko kwemakore mashanu uye rakasiyiwa usimbe uye isipo.
Kudzokera kuvabereki uye kugara navo kwemamwe makore maviri, akaenda kubasa reIzimalovsky regiment, kune iyo yakafungidzirwa pakuzvarwa. Basa remauto rakabudirira, Novikov pasina nguva rakakurumidza kuburitsa muzvikwiriso zvinoshamisa, asi iye akatanga kunzwisisa kuti mweya wake hausi kuuto, asi kuSainzi nebhuku rine bhuku. Panguva ino, mafungu ake ekutanga ekuverenga ndeawo. Nikolai yakapihwa nyaya mbiri, dzakazvimirira dzinoshandurwa kubva kuFrench, uye son.
Muna 1767, Novikova akaraira basa iri muKomisheni, iyo yakagadzira kodhi yakagadziridzwa ye "New Code" mitemo. Aive pakati pevadiki vaifanira kutungamira maminitsi emisangano. Chakanga chiri chinhu chakakosha kwazvo pasi pekutonga chaiko kweCatherine II, uye kusimbisana nemutungamiriri kwakazivikanwa ne "munhu akasarudzika ane hunyanzvi."
Ikoko, Nikolai Ivanovich akakwanisa kuongorora zvakadzama matambudziko ehupenyu hwechirungu wemazuva ano, izvo zvakaisa nheyo dzemaonero ake edzidziso. Murongi akaona musayenzi wechidiki anokwanisa, saka mushure menguva yekushandurwa kubva kuIzmalovsky Degiment muMuromsky Nevikov akaramba achishanda muKomisheni.
Mutori venhau uye Kuburitsa
Kubva pabasa iri rakadzingwa muna 1769. Kuunganidzwa kwe "deposition" kwakapera, uye nikolai Ivanovich akatamira kubasa nemushanduri muunganikani. Muna May wegore rimwe chete, magazini inozivikanwa "Cone" inotanga kubudiswa.
Pamutsiva wake, Novikov Chaizvoizvo mvumo kubva kuHuress, zvisinei, yakatungamira zvake, isingaenzaniswi zvachose nezvinodiwa pamusoro pekutonga kwepamusoro. Catherine II akakurudzira vaparidzi vemagazini e "kufumura zvakaipa, asi kwete vanhu" (izvo zvaive pedyo nekuseka, pane kuSatire), asi Novikov tare kudhinda kutsoropodzwa kwechokwadi. "Drone" Epigrafi vakava mutsetse wakatorwa kubva kuBasni Sumarokov:
"Ivo vanoshanda, uye uri basa ravo."Mutsara uyu wakakumbira toni kune zvese zvinyorwa mubhuku racho mubhuku racho mubhuku, kwaive kuputika kwakavhurika kwemirairo iripo kunoratidza kusanzwisisika. Novikov akagadzira galery yese yemifananidzo yekunyepedzera - makaro, caricature varidzi vevaridzi venyasha uye vasingazive, vanonzwika vevanhu vari pasi pePravdlyavov, vakasununguka pamwe nevanyori vePro-ehurumende. Chero ani anoverenga "Truten" anogona kuve nechokwadi chekuti pakanga pasina kururamisira muHumambo hweRussia, kana kwehurongwa.
Nikolai Ivanovich akabhadhara zvakanyanya pfungwa yekuchengetedza tsika yeRussia, kutaura zvakanyanya pamusoro pe "kufungidzira" uye nekuseka kusaziva neFrench neGerman uye echiGerman uye echiGerman uye echiGerman uye echiGerman uye echiGerman uye echiGerman uye echiGerman uye echiGerman uye echiGerman uye exerms. Panguva imwecheteyo, chinangwa chake chikuru chaive Serfdom: nerubatsiro rwehuwandu uye chokwadi, akapenda mufananidzo usina kunaka wemapurasitiki ehupenyu uye hupenyu hwekupokana uye kusarongeka.
Ekaterina II, hongu, akaedza kudzivirira kuoneka kwakadaro nekukurumidza sezvinobvira. Hatikwanisi kuti hafu ivandiro pamwe naye pane yakaenzana kutsika, iye aingoita mukana wezviremera uye kurongeka kwakakosha muna 1770 akavhara magazini yacho. Izvo hazvina kumira novikov, asi kumumanikidza kuti achenjere. Akava mupepeti wemagazini mazhinji akati wandei. "Fundutsi", "kupururudza", "chikwama" ichiri kufuratira hunhu hwekupikisa, asi iyo toni yezvinyorwa yakatsiviwa nedambudziko rakawanda.
"Pineleri" akakurumidza kutambura nekuguma kwe "drone", asi "muripo" uye vateveri vake vakakwanisa kubata zvakanaka. Mune shanduro nyowani dzeNovikov, varidzi vemunda vacho vakanga vachiri kuremerwa, asi havana kuenda kuChinzvimbo chekuchinja. Izvo zvingave zvakaringana kuti ufonere chinzvimbo chake chezvematongerwo enyika nehurombo hwakanaka.
Basa rekuvhenekera rakazova kutanga kwechikamu chakasiyana chakasiyana muRussia venhau. Yakanga iri mhando nyowani satire, yakazara nehunyanzvi hwekuziva, shinga uye kusapindira. Kubva pamatanho ekare, yakasarudzika nemhando dzakasiyana dzemarudzi uye kuvapo kwezviratidziro zvekurarama.
Muna 1774, Nikolai Ivanovich akarega kusiya basa uye akazvipira kune basa rekuverenga. Mushure memakore matatu, akazova Muvambi Wemagazini "Mangwanani Chiedza", akaradzika pasi pekutungamirwa kwehunyanzvi hwehurumende muRussia. Zvishoma nezvishoma, muparidzi akabva kubva kuSatire uye akatendeukira kuKudzidzira, achinja mhombwe kupomera kungwara.
Muna 1779, Novikov akademba ", pepanhau rakagadzirwa pane European samples, iro rakabatanidzwa ruzivo nezvinyorwa zvekuongorora. Panzvimbo ye "mangwanani chiedza", magazini "Moscow Edition" munguva pfupi yakatanga kuburitswa, uye yeVedomosti yakawana mashandisirwo kubva kuzvinyorwa zvakasarudzwa. Gare gare, Nikolai Ivanovich akatanga kubereka magazini ane hunyanzvi "kuverenga kwevana", "Store Economic", "Library yemutambo weiyo mukadzi ane chimbuzi", kwese kwese kwaanogara achishandisa chirongwa chake chedzidzo.
Masonry
Mushure mekutamira kuguta, shamwari dzaNikolai Ivanovich rakamuvigira kumasonic kufamba, iro rakazova pfungwa yakakosha ye biography yake. Kukoka kujoina masonic masoni, akagashira muna 1775, asi kwenguva yakareba kusava nechokwadi, pasina kunzwisisa dzidziso uye maonero uye kusada kuzvibatanidza nemhiko diki.
Masons, zvisinei, nechido aida kuzviwana ivo pachavo uye akambomuudza nezve zvemukati mematanho matatu ekutanga, izvo zvinopesana nemitemo iripo. Mukupedzisira, Novikov akabvuma, asi achakurumidza kubva achibva kuElaginskaya System kuna Reelhel, apo vatori vechikamu vaishuvira zvevhudzi reruzivo uye tsika.
Hupenyu Hwako
Pakanga pasina nguva yeupenyu hwake hwemunyori, uye chishuwo chekushandisa nguva pamoyo zvinhu zvakare. Nemukadzi wechiramo weNovikov akasangana mumba yevane shamwari yekare Nikolai Trubetsky. Alexandra Egorovna Rimskaya-Korsakov aive nemuridzi weimba pakabunzwa. Imba yakagumisa nekukurumidza, asi yakanga isinganyanyo kufara, sezvo pakanga pasina rudo pakati pevakaroorana. Muna 1791, Alexander akafa, achisiya Nicholas Ivanovich vana vatatu.
Vese vazukuru vevaviri ava vakatambura kubva kuPaducha (EPLILSY). Akavhura navana vese panguva imwe chete mushure mekutsvagira kumwe, apo anozivikanwa achiputika pakati peimba akatora baba uye akatora baba.
Rufu
Pakazosvika 1772, muparidzi asina kujairika akazopedzisa matura ekushivirira kweCatherine II. Izvo zvese zvakatanga nekurambidzwa pamba pekurenda imba yekudhinda, kuvharwa kwemuparidzi uye kutsvaga zvinyorwa zveNovikov "KMELIER", pakupedzisira kwaive nematambudziko ekubvunzana uye, pakupedzisira, mhedziso munhare yeShlusselburg.
Pashure pemakore mana, Pauro ndakasunungura musayendisiti, asi ndikarambidza kuti ndibudiswe uye kutora chikamu mumagariro. Pashure pacho, chinzvimbo chaNikolai Ivanovich haana kuvandudza, uye zvishoma nezvishoma nezvake, akabvambura kodzero yekuvhota, akatanga kukanganwa.
Mushure mekusunungurwa kubva munhare, muparidzi asingaverengeki akaziviswa nenhau dzinotyisa: Paakanga ari mutorongo, nzvimbo yese yainzi yakatengeswa kubva mukutengesa. Nekubatsirwa kweshamwari uye mavara akawanda panguva yeNovikov akadzorera nzvimbo yeAvdotino, asi zvivakwa zvaive zvakashata zvekuti mari yese yasara uye mauto aifanira kudzoserwa.
Zvikwereti zvakakura zvakaumbwa, uye kudzorera kwemunyori kwaive kupihwa kwekufarira kucheto. Gore roga roga muna Zvita aifanira kunyatsotsemura huwandu hwaunoda uye kugara tichirarama nekutya kuti zvivakwa zvaizoenda nenyundo.
1817 yakapihwa Novikov inonyanya kuoma - chikwereti chisina kumbogona kubhadhara panguva yekupedzisira. Kubva mukunakidzwa kwakasimba, akakundwa nekurohwa, achiperekedzwa nekurasikirwa kwekurangarira uye akazova Chikunguru 31 (Nyamavhuvhu 12) ye 1818 chikonzero chekufa.
Mushure mekufa kwaNikolai Ivanovich, mhuri yake yakaramba iri mumamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin akatodza mambo wekukumbira, kwaakapiwa mupiro wechiedza cheRussia, asi Alexander ndakaramba, uye nhaka yakatengeswa pamifananidzo yeruzhinji.