Biography
Iyo biography yeSoviet bato mutungamiri Nikolai Bukharin yakasarudzika uye yakanyanya kutambudzika. Haasi "zvakajairika" Bolshevik, haana kuendesa hondo yevagari, asi panguva imwe chete iyoyo akakwanisa kuve mumwe wevanonyanya kuchinja. Bukharini aive nemitauro yakati wandei uye yaive neyencyclopepec ruzivo, yaive mutori venhau vane ruzivo uye tenzi wekutendiswa, asi mukurumbira haana kumubatsira kuita kuti vateerere vake vasina mhosva.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin akaberekerwa muZamoskvorechye, kuGigh Ordinke, Gunyana 27 (Gumiguru 9) ya 1888. Vabereki vake vakashanda sevadzidzisi vekutanga chikoro kuchikoro. Muna 1893, mhuri iyi yakatamira kuna Chisinau, uko Baba Ivan Gavrilovich, asi mushure memakore mana akadzokera kuguta guru.
Little Kohl akadzidza kwazvo uye nejymnasium akapedza menduru yegoridhe. Apedza chikoro, akazova mudzidzi weMutemo Fekitori yeMoscow University. Panguva iyoyo, Bukharini yakanga yatofarira zvematongerwo enyika uye akatokwanisa kujoina mabiko emabiko, saka kudzidza kwacho kwaifanira kusanganiswa nebasa mumubatanidzwa wekutengeserana. Paakaronga musangano wevechidiki muguta guru, achitarisira iyo Komsomol kufamba, yaive nemakore 19.
Basa uye Basa Rokuita
Kusungwa kwekutanga kwakaitika kare muna 1909. Mhosva iyi uye 2 yakazonyora zvakakomba buchharin haina kutendeuka, asi kutsungirira kwevakuru kwakapera simba, saka muna 1911 akatumwa kubva kuMoscow kuenda kuMoscow kune Arkhangellk Provincek Province. Mwedzi mishoma gare gare, nerubatsiro rweshamwari, akatiza kubva panzvimbo yekureurura kunze kwenyika - kutanga mukutendeka, uyezve kuAustria-Hungary. Yakanga iripo kuti akasangana naVladimir Lenin naJoseph Stalin.
Nikolai Ivanovich akaenderera mberi nekukwira uye akaenderera mberi nedzidzo uye akadzidza mabasa emabasa evanovanzika uye vezvakanyorwa zveMarxism. Hondo yenyika yekutanga payakatanga, zviremera zveAustria - Hungary chakakurumidza kubvisa nzvimbo dzinogona kuitika uye kutumira Bukharini kuenda kuSwitzerland. Pashure paizvozvo, wezvematongerwo enyika akachinja maguta mazhinji eEuropean, asi haana kukwana chero wavo, saka ndakaenda kuUnited States.
Muna Gumiguru 1916, muNew York, Bukharin yakaunza kujairwa naLvom trotsky. Pamwe chete vakashanda pakugadzirisa magazini "nyika itsva". Iyo yekutanga basa reNikolai Ivanovich - "Hupenyu hwenyika uye impomialism" - rakanyorwa muna 1915. Lenin akariverenga nokungwarira uye seyakafarirwa zvakanaka, asi ipapo vakadzinga munyori wekuzvisarudzira kwerudzi.
Kana iyo February Revolution yakaitika muRussia yakazoitika kudzokera kumusha kwake nekukurumidza, asi aive ari mumusoro muna Chivabvu chete, akasungwa muJapan, achidzokera kubudikidza nenharaunda yaakadzoka, uye muVladivostok yekukasira pakati pe Vafambisi vengarava nemauto.
Muna 1917, akazova nhengo yedare repakati reRSDLP, akatora nzvimbo yekuruboshwe uye akatanga kuitisa kuita zviitiko zvekunyepedzera. Kubva kune dzimwe nyika Nikovai Idovich akadzoka, aine dzidziso yakanaka kwazvo, yakava muvambi uye mupepeti wePravda pepanhau, uye gare gare - bhuku racho "rinomus.
Panguva ino yaibereka basa rekugadzira. Bukharin akakurumidza kuve mumwe wevakuru maheorism yenguva: Mu "chirongwa" cheCommunism (iyo "hupfumi hweCommunism" uye "hupfumi hweCommunist." Hupfumi hwakaongororwa, nzira dzekugadzirisa matambudziko enzvimbo kubva kunzvimbo dzeMarxism.
Lenin neruremekedzo akabata ongororo yeiyo fungidziro yeanoshanda naye, asi chinzvimbo cheBukharini pane dzimwe nyaya zvaizotyisa. Akamushambidza mukunyanyisa nyanzvi uye kushingairira nekushingairira nezwi rekunze, uye izvo zvisingabvumirwe mumabhuku akafungidzirwa "kwete chaizvo marxist".
Muna 1919, Bukharin akatambura kubva pakurwiswa kwehugandanga kwakarongedzwa nevanarchists - matsotsi akakanda bhomba kumafaro muLaneYyevsky Lane. Kukuvara kwaive kwakasimba, asi wakakwanisa kupora uye kutangazve basa.
Muna 1923, Nikolai Ivanovich anotsigira LenIn mukurwisa kupikiswa kweTrotsky. Rufu rwemutungamiriri munaJanuary 1924 rwakava tsika dzezvemweya zvakanyanya - akamutarisisa shamwari yake yepedyo, uye neReninari mumakore achangoda kumudaidza. Mu "testamende yake" vladimir ilyich akataura kuti Bukharin ndiye munhu akakosha kwazvo, nemutemo, ndeipi zita remuti waunofarira.
Kuchengeta kweshamwari ine simba kwakamubvarura nzvimbo muhutungamiri hwebato - mugore rimwe chete Nikolai Ivanovich rakava nhengo yePolisburo. Pakati peino nguva, hukama hwake hushamwari naStalin zvakasimbiswa, asi muna 1928 ivo vaibata nekuunganidzwa. Bukharin akaedza kugonesa vatinoshanda navo kuti vasasundire kunze "kulakov" mumuviri, asi zvishoma nezvishoma vakaenzana kodzero pamwe nemusha wasara.
Joseph Visarionvich akataura achipesana, uye gore gare gare, boka reBukharin rakakundwa padzidziso inotevera, uye iye akanyimwa zvese zvevatongi. Mushure mevhiki, kusiya basa rezvematongerwo enyika kwakabvumirana pachena "zvikanganiso", saka zvakabvumidzwawozve kuutungamiri, asi panguva ino mune yesainzi uye technical chikamu chehunyanzvi uye technical.
Muna 1932, Bukharini yakatungamirirwa nekupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka yeindasitiri yekukwira kweUSSR. Mukufanana, ainyorerwa mukuparadzira uye akatanga kusikwa kwe "Big Sovietlopedia". Pasinei nezvinotaura zvinonzwika, wezvematongerwo enyika haana kusiya tariro yekudzikiswa, sezvo kudzvanywa kwakasimba kwaStalin hakuna kutenderwa. Nikolai Ivanovich anotambira zvisikwa zveBumbiro reUSR reUSR, tisingazive kuti zvakawanda zvezvakawanda zvezvakangoitika zvichasara pepa.
Kudzvinyirira uye Kupedzisa
Muna 1936, one-bato mwanasikana wakatanga kuisa pamberi pomuchinjiko mukuedza kugadzira "chakarurama block" pamwe naRykov uye tommsk. Panguva iyoyo, kuferefetwa kwakabviswa zvikonzero zvisina kufanira, asi mugore chete, Bukharin akafungidzirwa zvakare muzvirongwa zvinosarudza. Wezvematongerwo enyika akasimbirira kusava nemhosva kwake, akanyora tsamba dzekuratidzira uye akazivisa kurohwa kwezwenza, asi hazvina kubatsira - akasungwa musi waFebruary 27, 1937.
Mujeri remukati paLubyanka Nikolai Ikovich akashanda pamabhuku "AROSOPOCAL ARABEBEBESQUES", nguva dzechiRoma "uye muunganidzwa wenhetembo. Iye pamwe akaziva mhosva isina kugadzira chero chiitiko chipi zvacho, uye muIzwi rekupedzisira rakaedzazve kuzivisa kusava nemhosva kwake.
Hupenyu Hwako
Hupenyu hwemutungamiriri wemabiko hwaive mhirizhonga. Vese vakasungira mari kuna iye, vanomirira zvakaipa uye kufa. Nikolai Bukharin aive akaroora katatu, mutero wewadezhda Lukina akange ainewo hama. Vakaroora muna 1911 uye vakararama pamwe chete kweanopfuura makore gumi. Vakanga vasina vana vanozivikanwa - mukadzi akatambura nechirwere chemuzongoza uye akatadza kufamba asina corset yakakosha.
Kunyangwe mushure mekurambana, akaramba aine hushamwari naBukharin: Rini muna 1938 rakasungwa, achangobva kuramba chero mhosva uye aisatenda zvinangwa zvisina kunaka zvemurume aimbova murume. Kubvunzurudzwa kunorwadza kwakatora makore maviri, mushure meizvozvo Lukin akapfurwa.
Mukadzi wechipiri weEsfyra akazova mukadzi wechipiri. Hupenyu hwavo hwakajairana makore masere, akamupa mwanasikana waSvetlana. Munguva yekutanga maitiro emoscow, mhuri iyi yakabva yaenda Bukharini, asi izvi hazvina kuponeswa - amai vavo vese, uye mwanasikana wavo akawira mumisasa uye akavasiya mushure mekufa kwaStalini.
Imba yechitatu, iyo yakazova ipfupi, Bukharin yakagumisa muna 1934. Vakasarudzwa wake waive Ana Layina, mwanasikana womushandi wemabiko, uyo mushure mekuuraya murume akaenda kunhuvere. Vakazvara mwanakomana waKuri, akakurira, hapana chavanoziva nezvevabereki. Gare gare yakatorwa uye yakagamuchira zita revaya vanogamuchira amai - gusman. Grandson Bukharin, Nikolay Linin, akava murairo wenhabvu ndokunanga chikoro chemitambo yemitambo muMoscow.
Pamwe chete neLunacharsky uye Lenin, Bukharin yainzi imwe yemumiriri mazhinji akangwara ebato. Akaremerwa nemitauro mitatu, akanzwa mutauri akanaka uye aive nemukurumbira kugona kukurumidza kuwana mutauro wakajairika nemunhu chero upi zvake.
Mukuwedzera, Nikolai Ivanovich yaive cartooni yakanakisa, ini ndakaswededza makatuni pamakona emabiko uye ndikaburitswa basa pane pravda mapeji. Izvo ndezve chete zvinangwa zveStalin, zvakanyorwa kubva kune zvakasikwa, uye kwete nemufananidzo.
Akatsigira vanyori vazhinji - Maxim Gorky, Boris pastrak, mandalstam's Osipa. Ndiine Sergey Yesenin, Bukharina aive nehukama hwakaoma - pane imwe nguva akaiongorora "" Munyori anokuvadza "anokwanisa kuzvikuvadza, asi mushure mekuzviuraya kwedetembi, akataura zveruzhinji nezvake nezvake.
Rufu
Musi waKurume 13, 1938, iyo yekutanga bato rinoshora rakatongerwa rufu. Iye anopomerwa mavara mutungamiri akatakurwa kumuisa ndiro yeMorphy, "kuti vasiye uye tirege kumuka," asi mune rufu runyoro rwakaramba iye. Iyo purogiramu yakaendeswa kumusha kwemusha weChipatara uye kupfura, muviri wakapiswa padyo nenzvimbo ino.
Chinhu chinonakidza - kufa kwevanoshanda navo kwakafanotaurwa naNikolay Ivanovich muhuduku hwake. Clasvoyant muna 1918 yakamuudza kuti aizourayiwa munharaunda yake, uye iye anorota kushandura Rursia uye anowana mukurumbira wekuchinja kwake, akashamisika nekunzwiwa.
Iyo bumbiro yakazvipira kune iyo kaseti yemafirimu akati wandei Vanhu Bukharin ", apo Alexander Romantanv akaramba basa guru.
Mafambiro
- 1914 - "Hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Dzidziso yehunhu uye purofiti Austrian Chikoro "
- 1923 - "Hupfumi hwenyika uye impticalism"
- 1918 - "Chirongwa cheCommunist (Bolsheviks)"
- 1919 - "Kurwira Kwekirasi uye Revolution"
- 1919 - "ABC yeCommunism: Tsananguro yakakurumbira yechirongwa cheRussia Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"
- 1920 - "Upfumi hweTransition"
- 1923 - "Capitalism Dambudziko uye Communist Kufamba"
- 1924 - "Dzidziso yezvakaitika kare"
- 1928 - "Zvinyorwa zveEconomist"
- 1932 - "Uye Goethe uye Chinyorwa Chake Chinyore"
- 1932 - "Darwinism naMarxism"
- 2008 - "Sungwa Lubyanka. Manyoro ejeri Nikolai Bukharina "