Biography
Munhamo choir yemavhoti, kudzingirira zvinotyisa zvemisasa yeStalin, Vamlam Shalamov inoita rimwe remapato ekutanga. Autobiographical "nyaya dzeKolyma" rinotaura nezve fungidzo miedzo yakadonha kuchizvarwa chose. Paakati apona denderedzwa regehena rekudzvinyirira, munyori akazvivanza kuburikidza nePrism yeShoko reChinyorwa uye akamira muzvikamu zvakati zveRussia zvezana ramakore reRussia.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Vamlam Tikhonevh Shalamov akaberekerwa muna Vologda musi waJune 5, 1907. Akauya achibva kumhuri yevagari venhaka yevapristi. Baba vake, sa sekuru nababamunini, vaive mufudzi weChechi yeRussia Orthodox. Tikhon Nikolayevich akaita zvemamishinari, akaparidzwa nemadzinza eAlenauda kuZvitsuwa zviri kure (zvino ndima yeAlaska) uye vaiziva chiRungu. Amai vemunyori vaiita kurera vana, uye mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu vakashanda kuchikoro. Varlam aive mwana wechishanu mumhuri.
Mukomana akadzidza kuverenga mumakore matatu uye akamhanyisa kukara zvese zvakawana raibhurari yemhuri. Kupindwa muropa nezera nezera kwakawedzera kuomarara: Akapfuura kubva padanho kune hutsinye hwetsanangudzo. Mumwe munyori wenguva yemberi aive nekuravira kwakashata kwehunyanzvi, kufunga kwakasimba uye kushuvira kururamisira. Pasi pesimba remabhuku mariri, zvinangwa zvepedyo nevanhu vevanhu pakutanga vakaumbwa.
Watova muudiki, Varlam anonyora nhetembo dzekutanga. Pamakore manomwe, mukomana anopiwa kuimba yekutandarira, asi dzidzo inokanganiswa nekuchinja, saka achapedza chikoro chete muna 1924. Zvakaitika zvevana uye vechidiki vemakore vanyori vanopfupisa mu "yechina vologda" - nyaya ine makore ekutanga ehupenyu.
Mushure mekupedza chikoro, murume anoenda kuMoscow uye anoyerera achipinda mumagariro eiyo metropolitan proletariat Uye kubva 1926 kusvika 1928, iye amene anowana dzidzo yepamusoro muMoscow State University, kudzidza mutemo weSoviet. Asi kubva kuYunivhesiti, iyo isingasviki, yakati yadzidza navo vaidzora kubva pakutuka nezve "musangano musangano risingawirirane". Saka mota inodzvinyirira inotanga kugombedzera biography yemunyori.
Mumakore evadzidzi, Sharamamov anoshanyira zvinyorwa zvekuverenga zvakarongeka nemagazini "lef lef" lef "kwaanoziva uye kutaurirana nejaya rinofambira mberi.
Kusungwa uye Kufunga
Muna 1927, Sharamov anotora chikamu muProtest Shares yakatsaurwa kusvika kugumi kwezuva regumi reOctober Revolution. Sechikamu cheboka renzvimbo yepasi pevhu trotskistv, inomira nemasalt "pasi neStalin!" Uye kufona kudzoka kune vechokwadi zvibvumirano zveIlyich. Muna 1929, kwekutora chikamu mune zviitiko zveboka reTrotskyist, Vamlam Sharamov akatanga kutorwa uye "pasina muyedzo" mashizha kwemakore matatu mumisasa yeKururamisa se "chinhu chinokuvadza munharaunda".
Kubva panguva ino, nhengo dzake dzearennial Artantic Mitardia, yakatsauswa kusvika 1951 inotanga. Mitezo yekutanga iri kushanda muVishaga, uko muna Kubvumbi 1929 inouya nejhizha kubva kuButyrsk jeri. Kumaodzanyemba kweUrals, vasungwa vanotora chikamu munzvimbo yekuvaka yakakura yehurongwa hwekutanga kwemakore mashanu - chirimwa chemakemikari cheese-mubatanidzwa kukosha muBerzniki inogadzirwa.
Kusunungurwa muna 1932, Sharamov anodzoka kuMoscow uye anowana kurarama nekunyora basa, achishandira pamwe nevepepanhau okugadzira. Nekudaro, muna 1936, murume zvakare anoyeuka zvakare "yakasviba yeTrotskyist 'yakasviba' uye achipomerwa mhosva yekupikisa-shanduko. Panguva ino anorwiswa kwemakore mashanu uye muna 1937 ivo vakatumirwa kuStern Magadani kune iro basa rakaoma kwazvo - goridhe migodhi inotsigira.
Mutsara wakapera muna 1942, asi vasungwa vakaramba kuburitsa kusvika pakuguma kwehondo huru yeNyika. Mukuwedzera, Sharamov anogara "akasonera" mazwi matsva ari muzvinyorwa zvakasiyana: Heano musasa "nyaya yemagweta", uye "zvirevo zveSoviet". Nekuda kweizvozvo, izwi remunyori rakura kusvika makore gumi.
Kwemakore, akakwanisa kuchinja mashawa mashanu muKrymsky misasa, akaiswa mumisha uye minizi semugadziri, logger uye kuchera uye kuchera. Aive nemukana wekurara pasi mumatare ekurapa se "dotting", izvo hazvisisiri kugona chero basa remuviri. Muna 1945, kuneta kubva pamamiriro ezvinhu asina simba, neboka revasungwa vari kuedza kupukunyuka, asi vanongowedzera mamiriro ezvinhu uye chirango chakatsanangurwa munzvimbo ine chirango.
Zvekare muchipatara, Sharamov anoramba aripo mubatsiri ipapo, uye mushure mekutambira nhungamiro yemakosi emapuramedics. Apedza kudzidza kubva muna 1946, Varlam Tikhoovich kusvika kumagumo kwenguva yejeri anoshanda munzvimbo dzepamusasa dzeMabvazuva. Achiwana kusunungurwa, asi achirohwa mukodzero, munyori anoshanda kune rimwe gore nehafu muYakutia uye anofamba nemari kune moscow, kwainodzoka muna 1953.
Zvisikwa
Kuenda iyo yekutanga nguva yekupedzisa, Sharamov akashanda semutori venhau muMoscow Buratende Union zvinyorwa. Muna 1936 nyaya yake yekutanga hunyanzvi yakabudiswa pamapeji aOctober. Kudzingwa kwemakore makumi maviri kwakakurudzira basa remunyori, kunyangwe mumisasa haasiye kuedza kunyora nhetembo yake iyo ichaita hwaro hweKolyma note bhuku rekutenderera.
Nhau dzeKolyma dzinoonekwa seiri iro basa rekupomera reSharamov. Kuunganidzwa uku kwakatsaurirwa kumakore anoshungurudzwa kwemisasa yemisasa yehupenyu hwevasungwa veEvposlak uye vane mabhangi matanhatu "," Bhandi reShongwe "," zvirevo zvevasina mhosva, nezvimwewo.
Mariri, muimbi anorondedzera chiitiko chehupenyu hwevanhu vakaputswa nehurongwa. Rakatsanangurwa nerusununguko, anotsigira uye tariro, akaneta nzara, basa rinotonhora uye risingabill, munhu anorasikirwa nechiso chake uye nevanhu vazhinji - mumunyori uyu ane chokwadi. Mumusungwa, kugona kushamwaridzana, tsitsi uye nekuremekedzana, kana nyaya yekupona ichipfuurira mberi.
Kupesana neMunyori we "Gulamov archipelago", Sharamov akagutsikana kuti musasa chinhu chinosemesa kune wese munhu uye munhu wese, uye kazhinji aipindura nezveSolzhenz yemisasa.
Sharamov aive achipesana nekuburitswa kwe "nyaya dzeKolyma" nebhuku rakaparadzana, uye musangano wakazara wakabudiswa muRussia chete. Kubva pabasa muna 2005, iyo firimu yakapfurwa.
Muna 1960-70, Vamlam Tikhoanovich inoburitsa nhetembo, iyo nyaya "yechina vologda") uye chiitiko chemhedziso yekutanga (Vishera antiomani).
Danho rekupedzisira renhetembo dziri kuuya muna 1977.
Hupenyu Hwako
Iko kuguma kwekusimba kwekusingaperi hakuna kudzivirira munyori kuti ave nehupenyu hwega. Nemukadzi wake wekutanga gayina Ignatievna goverz Shalamov anoziva muVishero Camp. Ikoko, maererano naye, "akamurova mumwe musungwa, uyo musikana akauya kuzoshanya. Muna 1934, vaviri vacho vakaroora, uye mwanasikana waElena akaberekwa.
Nekusungwa kwechipiri kwemunyori, kudzikiswa kwakaiswa pasi pekudzokorora: Gallina zvakadzingwa kumisha iri kure yeTurkmenistan, kwaaigara kusvika 1946. Mhuri inosangana pamwe muna 1953, apo Sharamov ichidzoka kubva kumamiriro ekumabvazuva ari kuMoscow, asi muna 1954 vabati vakaberekerwa.
Mukadzi wechipiri waVarlam TikhoNOvich aive Olga Sergeevna Nellyudava, nhengo yemubatanidzwa wevanyori veSoviet. Sharamov akava murume wechina uye wekupedzisira murume wake. Kuroora makore gumi, pakanga pasina vana kubva kune vaviri vaviri.
Mushure mekurambana muna 1966 uye kusvikira parufu rwemunyori kusurukirwa.
Rufu
Mumakore achangopfuura ehupenyu, mamiriro ehutano remunyori ainyanya kuoma. Makumi emakore ekupedza simba pamiganhu yezvinhu zvevanhu zvaive zvisiri pasina. Mukupera kwema1950, anochinja kurwiswa kwehosha yemunhu, uye mumakore 70s nekunzwa uye kuona zvishoma nezvishoma.
Mumwe murume haakwanise kuronga yake mafambiro uye anofamba nekunetseka, uye muna 1979, shamwari nevanoshanda navo vanoenda naye kuimba yevanhu vakaremara. Kuedza matambudziko nekutaura uye kushamwaridzana, Sharamov anosiya hapana kuedza kunyora nhetembo.
Muna 1981, munyori aive nechokurohwa, mushure mekunge chisarudzo chakaitwa kumutumira kuimba yekukwira kwevanhu vari kutambura nechirwere chepfungwa chisingaperi. Ikoko anofa munaJanuary 17, 1982, chikonzero cherufu ndicho chinopesana nemapapu.
Mwanakomana wemupristi, Sharamamov aigara achizviona asingatendi, asi akatumwa zvichienderana netsika yeOrthodox ndokuvigwa muTunsevsky Cemetery yeMoscow. Yakachengetedzwa mafoto kubva pamariro emunyori.
Iyo inonzi Sharamov yakazvipira mamuseums uye fananidzo iri munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika: MuVologda, muKolyma Nzvimbo yePalyma, muYakutia, kwaishanda basa rake rekupedzisira rekupedzisira .
BHAIBHERI
- 1936 - "Vatatu Verufu rweAustino"
- 1949-1954 - "Kolyma Nottbook"
- 1954-1973 - "Kolym Nhau"
- 1961 - "pasi"
- 1964 - "Ruve Rufini"
- 1967 - "Road uye Fate"
- 1971 - "Chechina Vologda"
- 1972 - "Makomo"
- 1973 - "Vishera"
- 1973 - "Feor RaskOlnikov"
- 1977 - "ROPA ROPA"