Biography
Thomas Gobbs muenzi weChirungu uye anofunga nezvezana reXvii, uyo aionekwa muzivi wezvematongerwo enyika uye akapfuudza sainzi senhoroondo, Jurispridence, dzidziso yehunyanzvi uye giometry. Basa rakakurumbira kwazvo reHobbes rakava "Levicia" kurapa, anozivikanwa seimwe yeiyo yekutanga uye ine simba mienzaniso yedzidziso yechibvumirano cheveruzhinji.Fate
Thomas Gobbs akaberekerwa muguta reChirungu reWestport, ava kunzi Malmsbury, Kubvumbi 5, 1588. Mukomana akatumidzwa zita rababa, Thomas-mukuru aishumira saVicaria muCharlton neWestport. Vana veHobbs vaive vadiki, mubereki akauya nemahombekombe emuno uye akasiya London, achisiya mhuri achitarisira mukoma mukuru, mutengesi wepfuma uye akasurukana. Iro zita uye chimiro chezvidzidzo zvaamai vakaramba vasingazivikanwe.
Semwana, muzivi wenguva yemberi akapinda chikoro chechechi yemuno, uyezve bhodhi rakavanzika. Muna 1603, Thomas akazova Mudzidzi Muchikoro Magdalen Hall, aive akatangira Oxford Hatford. Kudzidziswa pane imwe chirongwa, gobbs yakagamuchira degree reBachelor uye, pakurudzira kwemumwe wevadzidzisi, akawana murayiridzi kumhuri inoratidzira yeCavendi.
Tomasi akazova shamwari yechidiki Baron William, uye muna 1610, majaya akaramba achienda kuEurope, panguva iyo hobbes akasangana nedzidziso dzevafundisi uye dzakashata, dzakasarudzika kubva kuChirungu dzidziso dzeChirungu. Ramangwana rehunhu hwehurombo vanoverenga vanyori vechiGiriki uye vechiLatin uye vakashandurira mabasa avo mumutauro wekuzvarwa. Pakati pemabasa enguva ino, ane mukurumbira waive kujairana ne "nhoroondo yehondo yePeloponnesia" fukudid.
Mushure mekunge shamwari yeHobbes akafa kubva kudenda muna 1628, muridzi wechipangamazano aifanira kutsvaga nzvimbo itsva. Kwenguva yakati aive pedyo nedetembi uye playwright ben Johnson, uye akazoshanda semunyori kubva kuchizivi cheChirungu uye mutemo weFrancis bacon. Panguva ino, musayendisiti wenguva yemberi akatakurwa nejometry uye akadzidza chaizvo "kutanga" Euctida, akadzidza kubva mubhuku nzira dzekuumbwa kwezviratidzo uye kutumira humbowo.
Kusvika 1631, Tomasi akashanda semuperekedzi kubva kuBaroni weJEURY KEVERIS, uye akabva adzokera kuimba yekubatwa kuti anyore mwanakomana wedangwe. Makore mashoma anotevera HBbs akawedzera zivo mumunda weuzivi uye akavandudza hunyanzvi hwekupokana. Muna 1634, akaendazve kuEurope, kwaakabatana nedenderedzwa raMerer Mersenna uye aigara achitora chikamu muhunyanzvi hwekupokana neRené descarts uye Pierre Gesendi.
Biographers inopokana kuti muna 1636, Tomasi akashanyira Italy uye akasangana neGreat Galileo Galileem, iyo yakakurudzira kuendesa pfungwa dzeruzivo muhupenyu chaihwo muhupenyu chaihwo.
Iyo yeChirungu Revolution 1640 - 1653 yakamanikidzwa Hobbes yekubva kumusha kwavo kwenguva yakareba uye kugara muParis. Ikoko, pasi pesimba renhengo, muganho weMeresenna, muzivi pakupedzisira akaumba hurongwa hwemionero pane izvo zvinhu zvakakosha zvevanhu.
Panguva ino, hobbes akashanda semudzidzisi wemasvomhu emuchinda wechidiki Wales, akauya kuFrance kubva kuJersey Island. Kudzokera kuLondon muna 1651, musayendisiti akaburitswa mabasa akanyorwa uye akakurumidza kupedza kuvakwa kwehurongwa hwake hwehunyanzvi, hwaisvika makore makumi maviri.
Muna 1666, imba yenhamo yakaratidza bhiri rekusatenda kusatenda kuti kuna Mwari, uye mabhuku aHobbes, avo vakawa pasi pechinyorwa pamusoro pekunyepedzera, vakakwezva kutarisisa kwavo zviremera. Achitya kutambudzwa, akapisa bepa rekukanganisika, asi zvakadaro akarasikirwa nekodzero yekuburitsa basa muEngland. Basa rekupedzisira resayenzi raive autobiography, rakanyorwa mundima, uye shanduro yeChirungu yechiGiriki yekare "Odyssseus" of Homer.
Hupenyu hwomunhu oga hweuzivi hunozivikanwa hushoma kwazvo. Pamwe aigara ega, asina mukadzi kana vana. Sekureva kwevakararama, maGobbs aifarira kushanda murima nemaketuru, saka machira mumba aigara achibviswa. Akafamba zvakanyanya uye panzvimbo pekuverenga mabhuku, akataura nevanhu vakangwara uye vakadzidza.
Hobbes akatambura kubva kune urini bubble kusagadzikana, iyo muna Gumiguru 1679 yakatungamira kurira kwemugodhi, iyo yakakonzera kufa kweuzivi muzivi musi waDecember 4, 1679.
Uzivi
Muzivi weHBbs muzivi aive anonyanya kuda kuti arambe kuvapo kwemweya asina hanya uye akaisa hurongwa hwake hwekufunga nezvemunhu nezvose zvakasikwa. Mukutanga kwezvibereko, musayendisiti akafunga nezvemuviri kubva pamaonero emakina, achivimba kuti mafambiro emuviri anobatanidzwa mukugadzira zviitiko, sekuziva, ruzivo, uye sarudza kufambidzana kwevanhu nedzidzo munharaunda.
Pakutanga kweva 1640, Tomasi akagovera sarudzo yeruoko "yakatanga Mutemo, zvakasikwa uye zvematongerwo enyika", izvo zvakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakaburitswa uye kudanwa "uye" nezve muviri wezvematongerwo enyika. " Mubasa iri, musayendisiti kekutanga akabata misoro yesimba uye yakagadzirwa nheyo dzinofanira kunge dzimba chete. Muna 1642, hobbes akanyora basa rakanzi "Mugari 'rakadhindwa paLatin, uye English Edition yakaonekwa makore 11 gare gare.
Iri basa rakazova chikamu chemuti we "zvakakosha zveuzivi", zvinosanganisira kurapwa ", nezvemuviri", "pamusoro pemurume" uye "pane muenzi", uko musainzi ", apo iyo sainzi yakatsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo wemunhu anoda kuiswa yemutemo wakasimba, uchishanda pfungwa dzezvirongwa uye dzidziso yedzidziso. Kekutanga, chirevo pamusoro pe "hondo yevose vachipesana nevose" vakaonekwa, vakazovandudzwa neHobbes muLevhiathan uye vakapinda muunganidzwa wekuunganidzwa.
Kurapa "nyaya, fomu uye masimba emamiriro ezvinhu eChechi neungano", anozivikanwa saLeifant chigadzirwa chekutonga kwevanhu uye muenzaniso wakajeka wechiitiko chechibvumirano cheveruzhinji.
Mubasa iri, muzivi akarondedzera mufananidzo wemunhu, ukamuenzanisa nenyaya, izvo zvaive zvakaenderera mberi kwekufamba, pasina kutenderera kwemweya wakasarudzika uye pfungwa isiriyo. Kupopotedzana nezvakanaka nezvakaipa, maGobbs akapokana kuti ivo vaive zvido zvevanhu kana maitiro ekutamira kuenda kana kubva kwaari.
Iko kuramba pfungwa yemagariro yezvakanaka kwazvo, musayendisiti akabvumira kuvapo kwechakaipa mukupfuura, izvo zvakaratidzwa mukutya kwechisimba kufa uye akashanda sokutsigirwa kwesimba. Kuwana munhu kupfuura mubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika, zvisingaite zvakatungamirwa kunzvimbo yekunyaradza, kurwa kunotungamira kurwisa munhu wese.
Gobbs aitenda kuti mamiriro akadaro akamanikidza vanhu kuti vasiyane kodzero dzechisikigo uye zvibvumirano zvakagumisa nekambani yaive nemukana waive nemurazvo wekushandisa simba rakamanikidza mune pfungwa ye "nyika". Zvichienderana nekuti ndiani akapa zvido zvemunhu ari mukati mechibvumirano cheveruzhinji, hobbes yakagoverwa 3 marudzi eNyika: madzishe, democracy uye aristocracy, iyo yakasiyana neyakaenzana uye yakaenzana.
Sezvo vaisarudza monarchy, musayendisiti akanyora kuti hupfumi, iro simba nekukudzwa kwemutongi wega anoyerera kubva muhutano, iro simba uye mudenga rezvidzidzo, uye neyemusangano mamiriro ezvinhu zvakadaro hazvigoneke mamiriro akadaro haagoni.
VaRevhiatani, Gouffivo vasina ruzivo, kuti mutongi kana mambo anofanirwa kudzora vanhu vemauto, nyaya dzemauto, nyaya uye dzechechi uye dzakabvisa zvachose mukana wekuparadzaniswa kwehurumende masimba masimba ehurumende. Aya mamiriro ezvinhu akapa kusimuka kwezvirongwa zvemagariro zvakaunza kumuka kwemakora.
Kubata kwacho kwakatanga kubudiswa muna 1651 nekuisa kunyora pane peji remusoro uine mufananidzo weiyo hofori mumhete kubva kumitumbi yemunhu, kushomeka pamusoro pezvikomo nemapani. Uye hobbs dzakatanga kurumbidza uye kushora zvinopfuura chero chevanotangisa anofunga nezvenguva iyoyo. Vazhinji vazivi vakanonga mazano emunyori nezve mamiriro ezvinhu, akavazivisa mumabasa avo. Mumwe wevakakurumbira vateveri veHobbes vakava sainzi yeChirungu - kuongorora nyaya John Locke.
Pashure peRevhiatani, mabhii akaburitswa "mavara nezverusununguko uye kukosha" uye "mibvunzo yerusununguko, inoda uye mukana wekare, kutya, rusununguko uye mutemo wechisikirwo.
Masayendisiti akaunza pfungwa dzekufunga nemaune uye nekufunga zvisina kufanira uye nekuvadaidza kutevedzana kwezvishuvo, uye rusununguko rwakadudzirwa sekusavapo kwezvipingamupinyi zvemukati uye zvisikwa zvekuita sarudzo. Muzivi akatenda kuti zvese zvaive zvichiitika zvaive pasi pekupindira kwemumiriri wekunze uye zvaisakwanisa kuzviwanira pachako.
Gobbs basa rakava huzivi hwezvematongerwo enyika uye hwakadzokororwa kubva mumitauro yekune dzimwe nyika. Mushure mekufa kwesayenzi muEngland, dialogues pakati pemuzivi wemitemo yeEngland naBehemoti, kana paramende refu, yakanyorwa muna 1666 uye 1668.
Quotes
"Chisikwa chakasikwa rusununguko rwekuita zvese izvo, pakunzwisisa kwemunhu, ndiko kwakakodzera kwazvo kuchengetedza hupenyu hwake." "Mutemo wechisikigo ndewekuti munhu wese awane rugare; Kana asingakwanise kuzviita, anogona kushandisa mari chero ipi inopa zvakanakira hondo. "" Chokwadi uye ine chokwadi chehunhu hwekutaura, kwete zvinhu. Kana pasina kutaura, hapana chokwadi, hapana manyepo. "BHAIBHERI
- 1640 - "Zvinhu zvemutemo, zvakasikwa uye zvematongerwo enyika"
- 1650 - "Kubata Pazvakasikwa Zvevanhu"
- 1651 - "Ruzi reruzi rune chekuita nehurumende nenharaunda"
- 1642-1655 - Trilogy "Nzvimbo dzePhilosofi"
- 1651 - "Lidhifani, kana zvinhu, chimiro nesimba renzvimbo yekereke nehurumende"
- 1654 - "Mavara About Rusununguko uye Rinokosha"
- 1656 - "Mibvunzo NezveRusununguko, Inoda uye Nenjere"