Biography
Javaharlal nehru aive mutungamiri wekunyengera mukurwa kwerusununguko uye rusununguko rweIndia uye huwandu hwakakurumbira muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika uye hwemagariro enyika. Musoro weCongress, iyo yakave yekutanga prime yemutungamiri weiyo yakaziviswa, ndiye mutsika weMavoction of Mahatma Gandhi uye Munyori wezvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro uye zvezvematongerwo enyika zvakanangana neHurumende yeColon.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Javaharlal nehru akaberekerwa mudunhu rekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweColonies India munaNovember 14, 1889. Baba Mailal nehru aive gweta rakapfuma raive renharaunda yeKashmir Panditov Panditov, uye kaviri akashanda seMutungamiri weIndia National Congress. Savround Rani's amai vedzinza raive vamiriri vevamiriri vekaseti yemapundu, vaive panzvimbo yePakistan.
Kuve mwana mukuru mumhuri, Jawaharlal akakwakuka muAllahabad akakomberedzwa na2-hanzvadzi - Vidhii Lakshmi, uyo akazova wekutanga sachigaro weUN General Assembly, uye ramangwana munyori weIndia Krishna.
Kuve mudiki neHru akapfuura mumamiriro ekunze ekuwirirana uye kugadzikana, kuchengetedzwa nenzvimbo yepamusoro yevabereki. Mukomana akadzidza kumba achitariswa kutonga uye vadzidzisi, airatidza kugona nesainzi, akasarudza Theosophy. Javaharlal uye magwaro echiBuddhari uye Hindu, izvo zvakapa kukurudzira kwehungwaru uye akazoratidzwa mubhuku racho "kuvhurwa kweIndia", rakanyorwa mutorongo muna 1944.
Zviitiko zveRussia-ChiJapan uye Hondo yeAnglo-yeAnglo yakakurudzira kuumbwa kwemaonero erudo mudiki. Akatanga kufungisisa nezverusununguko kubva kuhuranda kweEurope uye akazova mutsigiri werudzi rwehurumende. Sezvo akadzidza muchikoro cheBritain cheBritain yeHarrow, jaya rakasangana nenhoroondo yeiyo UTarian Revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi uye zano iri pedyo rekurwira rusununguko.
Muna 1907, Nehru akapinda muTrinity Trinity neChinyorwa cheStacience Science, zvakafanana vakadzidza hupfumi nehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika. Sezvo anga agamuchira degree reBachelor, Jawaharlal akatamira kuLondon uye akabatana nenzvimbo dzekurumbidza retemberi yemukati, iyo yaibvumidzwa kutora nzvimbo muMutemo Bhodhi.
Kudzokera kumusha kwake muzhizha ra1912, Nehru akava mudziviriri weDare Repamusoro reAllahabad, asi haana kugamuchira mafaro kubva kumuitiro wepamutemo. Akatanga kufarira zvematongerwo enyika uye munguva pfupi akazova nhengo yegore regore rose reCongress yeIndia, akabata muTatney.
Zvematongerwo enyika
Muna 1912, jaya jaya rakabvuma kushanda paMahatma Gandhi, vakatsigira rwendo rwenyika "kodzero dzevagari,", vakatora muunganidzwa wemari inodiwa pamabasa ezvematongerwo enyika. Gare gare, Jawaharlal akaopokana nezviito zvekutora, kushandiswa kwebasa risina basa uye kumwe kuratidzwa kwekusarura kwakaita chiHinsus muClonies Colonies yakatarisana.
Pakupera kwehondo yenyika yekutanga, iyo neHukuru, uyo ane maonero ezvematongerwo enyika, akataurwa pachena zvekuramba kushandira pamwe nevamiriri veumambo uye vakanyatsosangana nevamiriri vechirume vakasvika pakuchinja kwehurumende.
Muna 1916, Jawaharlal akazovawo secrardary wesangano achida kuti chimiro cheMambo Studion Student, uye mushure memakore mana, vechidiki vezvematongerwo enyika vakananga kufambidzana "nekuramba kushandira pamwe." Mabasa akadaro anorangwa zvakanyatsorangwa nevatungamiriri, uye Neur vakasungwa nezvirevo zvehurumende zvehurumende.
Mushure mekusunungurwa kwejeri reJavaharlal, iye aitsvaga hwaro hweAllies uye akasimbisa kutaurirana nekufamba kwekunze kwekusununguka uye democracy. Muna 1927, muyedzo weIndia akakumbirwa Congress yemavambo evakadzvinyirirwa muBelgian Capital, yakagadzirirwa kuronga uye kuronga kurwira neumambo, uye nekudzoka kwasarudzwa neSachigaro weChinese Bato.
Nehru akava mumwe wevatungamiriri vekutanga akakurudzira kusarudza pakurambana kwekupedzisira kwehukama nehushe hweBritain. Chisarudzo chake chakatenderwa kuMadrashian chikamu cheCongress muna 1927, kunyangwe kushora kwaGandhi. Vanoratidzira vakabvunzwa kubva kuBritish kuti vabudise chimiro cheStominoni kwemakore maviri, kana vasingateedzere nemazwi, neHru akatyisidzira nemhirizhonga yenyika uye kumukira.
Hurumende yakaramba zvirevo zvekorosi, uye pakutanga kwa1929 muLahore nehurefu hweVanhu veNehru, iyo yeIndia tricolor yakatemwa uye kuverenga kuziviswa kwerusununguko. Mushure meizvozvo, Javaharlal dzidziso yezvematongerwo enyika yeCongress uye inonzi Rusununguko rwechinamato sechinangwa chakakosha, kodzero yekutanga mutemo, zvisinei nekutanga mitauro yenzvimbo netsika, kubviswa ye isingaonekwe, iyo nyika yeindasitiri uye socialism.
Nehurudhi akasarudzwa semusoro webato, uye munguva pfupi, munguva pfupi iri munyadzho wezvematongerwo enyika akakwanisa kuona akawanda ezvifunga akavazivisa. Muna 1936, Jawaharlal akaenda nerwendo kuburikidza neEurope, panguva yaaitakurwa zvakanyanya nemarxism. Kudzidza kwenheyo dzeiyi dzidziso yehunhu yeNehru yakaenderera mutorongo, uko nhengo dzeDare Rokushanda reGare Regress rakadyarwa.
Muna 1947, United Kingdom yakazobvuma kupa rusununguko rwemaodzanyemba kweSouth Asia Coly, uye akananga hurumende yenguva pfupi yeIndia, achiva mutungamiri wekutanga wenyika yemahara. Rufu rwaMahatma Gandhi musi waJanuary 30, 1948 rakava dambudziko renyika rakabatsira kusimbisa zvinzvimbo zvehurumende itsva. Congress yakanyanya kudzora kuratidzwa kwekusuwa uye kudzvanya kutaura kwekutariswa kwenyika kwakaringana, kusungwa zviuru zviviri zvevanhu.
Muna 1952, bato riri pasi pehutungamiri hweJawalasharo rakatora upfusi hwesarudzo dzesarudzo dzesarudzo uye akazvipa munzvimbo dzinotungamira kwemakore gumi anotevera. Muhupfumi, nehru akatsigira mhando yakasanganiswa yehukama, umo iyo nyika inotorwa nehurumende neHurumende yakaenzana pane imwe ndima ine mabhizinesi akazvimiririra.
Kutungamira mari muindisitiri makuru maindasitiri, mutungamiri weCongress rakakonzera kukudziridzwa kwesimbi, metallurical, mararamiro emagetsi uye maindasitiri esimba. Pasinei neizvi, India yakarovera kumashure dzimwe nyika nekuda kwekudzora kwenyika uye mutemo wakadzivirira kukura kweGDP. Shanduko yekurima yeiyo nehru, inovanzika pane resangano rezvinhu zvivharo, hazvina kubudirira.
Munzvimbo yemagariro, zvaive nani: Zvikoro uye nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzedzidzo dzakavakwa, uko vana vanobva kumhuri dzevarombo vaigona kuita. Sumo yehutano hwemahara muzvikoro uye nekuvhurwa kwemisangano yedzidzo uye nzvimbo dzetsika dzekutungamira kwaive kugona.
Kutungamira Mahara India kubva muna 1947 kusvika 1964, mutungamiri weCongress akagadzira nyika ine mutambi wenyika kuzivikanwa kwenyika, pamwe nezvimwewo maColonies. MuInternational Arena, Mutungamiri weIndia, vakava nemutungamiriri wePacifist uye nerunyararo, uyo akachengeta kusarerekera muhondo inotonhorera uye kutaura murevereri mune zvekusagadzirisa kusawirirana pakati pemasimba echiCommunist neyekumadokero.
Nehurombo, Nehru akatadza kudzivirira kupokana nemauto ake. Mushure mekurwiswa kwehondo yeChinese kuChinese kuNortheast Starder of India, nyika yakarasikirwa nenzvimbo, uye yakashoropodzwa nekuda kwekuregererwa kwehurumende kusakwana.
Munguva yekurwa, Jawaharlal akanyora tsamba kuAmerican Mutungamiri John Kennedy uye akabvunza kuti aipe ndege kuitisa muvakidzani weAsia. United States yakaramba, uye hukama pakati penyika dzakapora. Panguva ino, Soviet Union yakauya kuzobatsira India, iyo yaive nerutsigiro rwehupfumi kumamiriro echidiki. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, nyika yakatora kosi yeripurable yeraprokement, hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika uye hweveruzhinji, vakaenderera nemwanasikana wemutungamiri weIndia Gandhi.
Hupenyu Hwako
Muna 1916, nehru runako rwechidiki anonzi Kamala caul, uye gore rakatevera, mwanasikana wavo mumwe chete weanira akaonekwa pasi, achitonga nemufananidzo, akafanana naBaba. Javaharlal ndinoda nemwoyo wose musikana uye akarota, kuti akava munhu akasimba, akadzidziswa, uyo akapatsanurwa nemaonero ake pane zvakaitika mubhuku reBhuku reBhuku reBhuku reBhuku rePazini.
Muma 1930s, Kamala akawana kurwara kwechikepe uye akasara kuti abatwe muEurope. Nehuru akashanyira mumwe wake mu Sanatorium muSwitzerland kusvikira parufu rwake muna 1936.
Mushure meizvozvo, mumwe mukadzi akazviratidza muhupenyu hweMutungamiriri weiyo yakazvimirira nyika, gavhuni yemambo gavhuna weEdwin Moungetent. Hukama hwavo hwakapupurirwa mavara anowanikwa mune zvinyorwa zvemutungamiri weIndia.
Rufu
Pashure 1962, hutano hweNehru akatanga kuora mwoyo. Vamwe vatsvagiri vanosangana nematare akaoma emutungamiri wenhivi, nezvakaitika pamusoro pemhedzisiro yeSino-yeIndia Hondo, yaaiona sekutengesa kwekuvimba.
Musi waMay 26, 1964, Jawaharlari akanzwa kurwadziwa kwake uye akatendeukira kuna vanachiremba. Ichitsanangura zviratidzo, vezvematongerwo enyika vakarasikirwa nekuziva uye zuva rakazofa. Chikonzero chekufa kweNehru, nyanzvi dzakaverenga chinongoerekana chichiitika pamoyo.
Mushure memhemberero dzechinyakare, muviri wemutungamiri wehurumende wakange wakaputirwa mumureza weNational Indian uye gadzirira munhu wese kuti aongorore. Musi waMay 28, 1964, akaomeswa maererano neHindu mutsika muakavhurwa, uye guruva rakadzima parwizi Jamna.
Zuva rekuzvarwa kwehunhu hwechinyakare razova nyika yeNational Indian Holiday, inozivikanwa seZuva Rechengetedzwa kwevana, uye zita reNehru rakapihwa masangano mazhinji eruzhinji uye nzvimbo dzetsika dzakatenderedza nyika. Mugara ndege yemhuri yemutungamiri webato, pakarepo mushure mekunge rufu ravhura museum yeChirangaridzo, uye mumakore mashoma chifananidzo kune iyo Great Indian yakaiswa muDelhi.
BHAIBHERI
- 1928 - Soviet Russia
- 1928 - "Tsamba dzinobva kuna baba kuenda kumwanasikana"
- 1935 - "Autobiography"
- 1944 - "Kuvhura kweIndia"
- 1949 - "Kutarisa Nhoroondo Yenyika"