Biography
Zana reXX nehondo yake uye nekuchinja kwake, kuvhunduka kwehupfumi uye zviwanikwa zvesainzi ndiko kwaive kwezvinhu zvine hungwaru pfungwa dzakasika tsika uye tarenda retsika yakakosha tsika, nhaka inokosha. Imwe yeaya maVaiti yaive nhetembo yeGerman, munyori uye mutambi bertdold brakt, uyo mutambo wake wakava ezvinyorwa zveWorld theatre Refertoire. "Shakespeare yezana ramakore rechi20" - saka inonzi Brecht vakararama panguva iyoyo, vachipa kuongororwa kwepamusoro kwedzidziso yake ye "Epic theatre".Hudu uye Vechidiki
OHGGE Berthold (Bertold) Brecht akaberekwa munaFebruary 10, 1898 muAbsburg, Germany. Baba Berthold Friedrich Brecht vakapfuudza nzira yebasa kubva kune yekutengesa mumiriri kune director wefekitori yepepa. Amai sofia vanotakura - mwanasikana wemusoro wefekitori yechitima. Ohizhazi akava matangwe.
Chet brecht aive mumwe weanopfuma kwazvo mune ino diki bhavari taundi. Uye mukomana akakura mutsika kwamakore iwayo muBourgeois mamiriro ezvinhu: Vabereki vaive nemuranda, muvana - Nanny, Vanodiwa Kisimusi Zvipo uye Vadzidzisi Vakanaka Vepamba. Mushure mechinguva chidiki, Onygen akaenda kuchikoro chevanhu veFrancisan monastic order, akabva apinda muBavaria Royal Real Gymnasium.
Nekudaro, dzidzo yakava maOummen, ingafarire iye akapinda muzvipikiridzo izvi mesthchansky. Kunetsana nevabereki kwakashandukira kuva bongozozo racho chaiko, rakazotevera murume wechidiki uyu aive akasarudzika kubva kumhuri uye akazodzingwa. Dutu rese remanzwiro rakawana nzira yekubuda muPetemi City. Nhetembo dzekutanga, zvinyorwa uye nyaya dziri pasi pekusikwa kwechifananidzo chechiLdel Frank Kueufak
Muna 1917, oume akapedza kudzidza kubva kuGymnasium uye akapinda mudhipatimendi rekurapa weYunivhesiti yeMunich, asi mushure megore rakadanwa kuhondo. Kuti murege kurega mwanakomana ari kumberi nekuda kwehutano hwehutano, baba vaBrecht vakadzivirira nzvimbo yeSanitar muchipatara muchiuto.
Kuona uye kunge wakambonzwa (munhau dzekupindwa kwehondo, mudetembi anonyora basa rake rekutanga re "ngano yemusoja akafa anoti" guva rinozivikanwa neyekuti bhodhi rekurapa rakakodzera kushumirwa nekudzokera kuhondo. Mune imwe nyaya kwemazuva, nhetembo inozivikanwa uye yakarambana nemitemo.
Zvisikwa
Nenguva isipi, brecht anodzokera kuyunivhesiti, asi anoshandura kufambidzana kwehunyanzvi, kwaakadzidza makore maviri uye akasiyiwa nekuda kwekusaratidzika. Chikonzero chekuita kwakadaro kwaive kuda kwake kutsva - Theatre. Iye zvino anogara achinyora kuverenga uye emhizha emari uye iye amene anotamba padanho renzvimbo yeiyo bheji boney theatre.
Mumakore aya, mitambo yekutanga yeBertild Brecht (iye munyori wacho atogadzira pasi pezita iri) "Meshchanskaya muchato", "chizizi usiku", asi hapana mutambi anoenda kwavari kuti vaumbire. Ipapo mutambi anotamba anoenda kunotambudza mufaro muBerlin, asi muguta rakapetwa uye rinotonhora.
Mamiriro acho ezvinhu akachinja kukanganiswa kweiyo yakakurumbira Berlin kutsoropodzwa kweHerbert Jering. Nekuda kwekuongorora kwake kwakanaka nezve mutambo weBrecht, mutambo wake wakatanga kupfeka zviyero zveMunich, berlin nedzimwe maguta, zvichikonzera squong rekushora uye kusagutsikana kubva kuzviremera.
Panguva ino, brecht anovandudza kudzidza kweuzivi hweBerlin, uye anoshandawo pamunda wekuburitsa nhetembo "mharidzo yepamba" (1927), inoshanda kuPistor Theatre, kwaanochinjisa zviitiko.
Muna 1928, mutungamiriri mutsva weTraffbauerdamm Joseph Afundmt akarayira brecht kuti agadzirise Chirungu chakakurumbira "opera" John Gay, yakanyorwa muXVIII Century. Bertdold nekupisa kunotorwa basa raanoedza kusachinja zano, asi rinotora dudziro yemifananidzo uye anounza mavara matsva.
Shanduro yeLibretto muchiGerman yakaitwa Erizabheti Hauptman. Kutamba, kunonzi "Matatu-Grochy Opera", isa shamwari yepedyo yeBrotht - Yakatungamirwa neEric Eric kuenda kumimhanzi yeKurt Wail. Yakanga iri yekutanga chaiyo yekukunda yemunyori.
Kusvikira kutanga kwa1930s, Bretht neEngel kushanda muTandem, vachiedza kunyatsoita zvirevo zve "Epic theatre" yakagadzirwa neiyo yekutamba. Zvinoreva kushamwaridzana kwechiitiko chine epic nhoroondo kubva kumeso kwemunhu kana imwe isina kwayakarerekera. Zvakare, iyo nzira iyo nzira dzinotarisirwa kubva mukumhanya uye kusviba kweiyo classic theatre uye kusanganisa munzira yekuita kwekutaurirana nemuongorori.
Aya ese emawunivhoni pakutanga haana kutora zvinhu zvevaGerman vaGerman. Uye chete pakupera kwe40s nechisikwa chemitambo yake yeMitambo, pakupedzisira, kuti ndinyatsoita tsika yekuzvishandurwa kwemukati, uye ipapo nyika yose yemitambo inotorwa.
Kutapwa
Muna 1935, vagari veNyika, avo vakasimba kuGermany, vakananga neAdolf Hitler, vakanyimwa muragari veGerman, vachirangarira bhuku reanti-rinoratidzira.
Zvisinei, makore maviri izvi zvisati zvaitika, mutambi akasiya nyika, akatamira nemukadzi wake nevana kuVienna, uyezve muZurich. MuSwitzerland, brecht haina kukwana uye akatanga kutarisa utiziro kwaaigona kuvapo zvakasununguka uye kushanda. Muna 1933, achiri kuGermany, vaFascist vakapisa mabhuku ake pamwe nemabasa aErich Mary Remarik, Henry Manna naKarl Marx, akatamira kuDenmark, achigara mumusha wehove yakavanzika.
Pano mumamiriro ezvinhu ehuremu, asi iyo Scandanavouan inoshamisa Scandha, kutya kushamisika se "Hurefu muumambo hwechitatu", "Mamash akashinga nevana vake", uye akapedzawo basa rekutanga kwehupenyu hweGarireya . Kubva kuDenmark, brecht mashizha muna 1939 nekuda kwekutambudzwa kwekugadzira: Mambo wechiKristu wanga achipesana nematambudziko ake ekurwisa.
Nguva yechishoma yakagadziriswa muSwitzerland, munyori akamirira visa yeAmerica, asi, agamuchira kuramba, anoenda kuFinland, nyika ino yakapinda zvakare nehondo yeHitler uye nekuparadzwa kwayo kunoparadza. Panguva ino United States yakamupa vhiza, uye anosiya Europe kwemakore akawanda kunge 6 makore. Pakati peino nguva, munyori anonyora kuti "munyori anonyora kuti" murume akanaka anobva kuna Selyan "," Sona Simon Sona Shar "," Schweik muHondo Yenyika II "," Caucasian Kushevedzera Denderedzwa ".
Kumba
Kudzokera kuPost-Hondo Germany muna 1947, iyo Playwright yakasarudza Socialist GDR pekugara. Akawana mukana wekushanda pasina zvisinei, zvinorambidzwa uye kutambudzwa. Chinhu chekutanga chaanoita chinogadzira yake yemitambo "Berliner ensemble". Iko kutanga chaiko kuita "momash ushingi nevana vake" kunozivikanwa neNational GDR mubairo.
Kuwedzera kukura kweDevetoire kwaisave kushushikana, brecht aipomerwa mhosva ye "kurongeka", saka mu "cosmopolitanism" uye "pacifism". Zvakangodaro, muna 1950, Brecht akazova nhengo inoshanda yeiyo GDR Academy, uye muna 1954 aive mutungamiri wemutungamiri wenyika. Mugore rimwe chetero, akapiwa mubairo wepasi rese weStalinist "kune nyika inosimbisa pakati pevanhu". Panguva imwechete iye anonyora basa rayo rekupedzisira - kutamba "turandot".
Hupenyu Hwako
Hupenyu hwomunhu oga hweanotamba nekukurumidza inyaya yekudzidza kwakaparadzaniswa kwevakawanda vevakawanda. Iri basa raive rakazvipira kune weChirungu JOHN Fueji uye Russian Yuri Oklasky (bhuku rinonzi "Garem Bertold Bretcht"). Semuenzaniso, munyori wekutanga anounza zvinonakidza chokwadi kubva kuBiography yechitoro chekutamba, ichitaura kuti mitezo mikuru yeBrocht ndeyeVanyori vemabasa ake, mumwe munhu, uye mumwe munhu akaderera.
Maererano nekutaura kwake, iyo "matatu-china opera" ndeye 85% yakanyorwa nemuturikari Eripin, murume akanaka anobva ku "Mutambi Ruth Berlau akabatsira naSnami Simon Mash.
Zvisinei, chiratidzo chehunyanzvi cheiyi dzidziso haipo, asi chokwadi chekuti munyori chainyanya kuda uye pedyo nevakadzi vazhinji - ndizvozvo. Panguva imwe chete, aigara mumuchato wake wepamutemo hupenyu hwake hwese.
Wawakaroora wekutanga muna 1922 ndiye mutambi uye muimbi Marianna akatsamwa. Kuve mukuru wemakore mashanu, mukadzi akakomberedza murume wake nekudziya uye kutarisirwa. Muna 1923, vaive nemwanasikana waHana, uyo akazovawo mutambi.
Chikonzero chekurambana naMarianna chaive chishuwo chitsva chevhu - iyo yechidiki Actress Elena Waygel. Akabereka Brechtu mwanakomana stefan muna 1924, uye vakaroora vakaroora zviri pamutemo muna 1929. Mwaka unotevera, mwanasikana wavo Barbara akazvarwa, akaendawo kumakona okusika kwamambo.
Mumwe mwana Bertild Bretcht, mwanakomana Frank imari yekuwedzera. Akazvarwa muna1919 achibva kuPaula Bharzzer, vasikana umo brecht vaifarira nerudo.
Rufu
Zvinoenderana neyakaipa kusanzwisisika kwekupedzisira, agamuchira kuzivikanwa kwenguva refu, munyori anoshamisa uye mutambi akangoerekana atanga kurasikirwa noutano, akatorerwa mumakore ekutama. Muchirimo cha1956, vachishanda pakugadzirwa kwe "hupenyu hwaGarirea" munzvimbo yake yemitambo, akatambura kurwiswa kwemoyo. Paakamugamuchira kuti awanewo malaise, haana kutendeukira kuna chiremba.
Mumwe murume akaenda kuzororo diki ndokutanga kushanda zvakare, asi muna Nyamavhuvhu zvakanaka-tsika-tsika zvakanyanya. Vanachiremba vakawana kurwiswa kwemwoyo wakawandisa, icho chaive chakonzera kufa kwake musi waNyamavhuvhu 14, 1956.
Mutungamiri wemitambo akavigwa paDoroteEnstadsk Cemetery. Brecht akabatwa asina kutaurira pamusoro peguva rake rekuda kutaura uye mazwi. Iko hakuna mufananidzo, mazuva uye regalia pane saiti yemunyori, ichi chinhu chakareruka grevestne iyo zita rake chete rakavezwa. Chaizvoizvo zvakamira saizvozvo padhuze - iri iguva romurudzi rake rakazvipira Elena Vaigel, uyo kunyangwe mushure mekufa aisazoda kumugovana naye hunyanzvi.
Shanda
- 1928 - "Trigrohova Opera"
- 1938 - "Amai ushingi uye vana vake"
- 1939 - "Kutya uye kuora mwoyo muhumambo hwechitatu"
- 1939 - "Hupenyu hweGarirea"
- 1943 - "Munhu akanaka anobva kuSenhana"
- 1944 - "Caucasian Call denderedzwa"
- 1954 - "Turandot"