Biography
Nhasi, kuenda kuSt. Petersburg kuMoscow, vafambi vanoteedzerwa nechinangwa, kwete kurasikirwa kwekuraira zvisina kunaka. Izvo zvaive zvisingadiwi, Alexander Radishchev, uyo akaisa nzira yakaratidzwa yehushe hwebhuku rine mbiri, kubva kwaakakuvara zvakanyanya. Munyori akapukunyuka pamazwi ake ezana remakore uye kukanganwira uye akazova mumwe weanonyanya kukosha kujekeswa kweRussia.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchevchev akaberekerwa muna 1749, panguva yekutonga kwaErizabheti Petrrovna. Vabereki vaiva varidzi vefuma uye vaigara mumusha weAblyazovo vekumusoro, vakatumidza zita rasekuru nanomwe remunyori. Muna 1952, kugadziriswa kwaitumirwa Radishchevvovo.
Nikolay Afanasyevich, Baba vemukomana, veimba yedzimba dzeNemtsovo pedyo neKaluga, uye pakurapo mwana wechizivi cheramangwana chaive chidiki. Amai veFekla Savichna vakaitika kubva kune genus yeMoscow vanokudzwa veArgamakov. Mhuri yaive yakakura, ine ushamwari, ruzha, vana 11 vakazvarwa mariri. Vakatungamira hupenyu hwe rustic rustic, asi vabereki vakanangana nedzidzo yavo.
Littleander, kune rumwe rutivi, akapfekwa nenhare sekuru Pet Petro Pazera ramakore manomwe, mwana akatumirwa kuMoscow uye akasiya babamunini pane amaibhodhi. Mumba maArgamakov, uyo akauya kuhama dzepedyo, Director weMoscow University, mukomana aive nemukana wekuwana huchenjeri.
Panguva imwe chete, ane hama nehama, akatora zvidzidzo kubva kuvafundisi akanyorwa, uye gutener wechiFrench aiverengerwa vana vakatiza kubva kumusha kwavo nekuda kwezvematongerwo enyika nekuda kwezvematongerwo enyika. Vadzidzisi vevarwi vakaisa hwaro mujaya uye nechido chekuratidzira kusarongeka.
Muna 1762, Catherine II, II, akatora chigaro cheushe uye akatanga kuenda kuAlexander ane makore gumi nematatu eAlexander ane makore gumi nematatu. Akadzidza mune peji corps uye akashandira Changamire pane zvatanga uye zviitiko zvenyika. Hupenyu paruvanze guruva hazvina kuenderana nezvinangwa zverusununguko, ushumiri uye husina kutarisirwa, majaya akaziva kubva kuvadzidzisi vanofambira mberi.
Muna 1766, Radishchev akasvika kuhuwandu hwevarume vakasarudzwa vakakudzwa kuenda kunodzidziswa kuYunivhesiti yeLeipzig. Matanhatu emisangano akapedza makore mashanu kuGermany, achigamuchira dzidzo yepamutemo uye kutora maonero epamberi eiyo epoch yekujekeswa.
Vadzidzi vakararama zvisina kunaka, asi nekukara vakabatikana ruzivo rweuzivi, sainzi yakasikwa, mabhuku nenhoroondo. Radishchev, kunze kweizvozvo, akapotsa agamuchira diploma rekurapa. Kudzokera kuRussia muna 1771, vechidiki vaive vazere netariro yekushandira iyo sababa uye vane mazano epamberi.
Mabhuku
Iyo yekunyora chiitiko yeRadishchev yakatanga kudzidza muLeipzig. Akatanga neshanduro dzemabasa airatidzika akakoshesa kubva pane imwe nharaunda uye uzivi maonero. Mu St. Petersburg, murume wechidiki anosangana nemuparidzi Nikolai novikov uye asingazivikanwe achiburitsa mumagazini yake "paurita" chinyorwa chidiki.
Iyo nyaya inova prototype yeTenzi yemunyori uye inotaura nezverwendo. Pano munyori anokwevera mufananidzo usingagoneke wemusha weRussia, ukasungwa nehuranda hwesimba. Bhuku rakonzera rondedzero huru uye squall yekutsoropodza "pamusoro." Nekudaro, Radishchev anoenderera mberi kunyora, kusanganisira shanduro, zvisinei, ivo vanovapedzisa nemifungo yavo.
Bhuku rekutanga rakaparadzana rakaparadzana Alexander Nikolaevich zvakare rinoburitsawo risingazivikanwe. Uyu "hupenyu hweFyodor vasilyvevich UsHakov aine Sumo yezvimwe zvezvinyorwa zvake", rakabudiswa muna 1789. Iri bhuku racho rakazvipira kune yekutanga comrade yeYunivhesiti yeLeipzig, yaive yekufuridzirwa kwepfungwa yeboka ravo remudzidzi. Bhuku rakabudirira, akataura nezve, kucherechedza, zvisinei, njodzi yepfungwa inoratidzwa.
"Famba kubva kuSt. Petersburg kuMoscow" yakanyorwa kwete gore rimwe chete. Maonero emunyori akashandurwa, ruzivo rwacho rwakafumiswa, izvo zvakanyatsopindira rugwaro uye nerunyararo rwayo. Muna 1789, Radishchev anodzora kupa manyoro emanyorerwo. Oddly zvakakwana, Censorship akapotsa basa rine njodzi, ramugamuchira kune yakajairwa nhungamiro uye kwete kushushikana kuyerera mukati.
Nekudaro, hapana hofisi yekuburitsa yakaendeswa kuti ibudiswe, ipapo munyori nerubatsiro rweshamwari akaronga typography kumba. Ikoko muna 1790 yakadhindwa mazana matanhatu emakopi ebhuku uye chikamu chakaiswa kutengeswa. Mavhoriyamu ekutanga akapararira pakarepo, uye "rwendo" rwakatanga kuve mukuda. Ruzha runopera rwakatungamira kuchokwadi kuti bhuku racho raununurwa kuHushress. Ta Verenga bhuku racho, kuratidza kunyanya kutsamwisa makotesheni. Mushure mebhizinesi rakanzwika, kutenderera kwakazara kwakabatwa nekupiswa.
Iri bhuku raizivikanwa neCramolete uye rakakonzera riveronance yeruzhinji, nenguva, yakashoropodzwa kubva pakuona kwekutarisa kwehunyanzvi. "
Mubatanidzwa Radishchev vakaramba vachiita zvekugadzira. Mukuratidzira "pamunhu, kusafa kwake uye kusafa", munyori anofamba achienda kure nenyaya dzemunharaunda uye rinoreva huzivi. Munyori anoongorora duality yehunhu hwevanhu, kubatana kwemweya nemuviri, kusimbisa basa rakakura repfungwa. Mumakore achangopfuura ehupenyu, murume ari kuita nhetembo. Nhetembo nyowani uye iyo Beva's Heroic nhetembo "Beva" yakawedzerwa yakambonyorwa ne "kusunungurwa".
Zviitiko zvemagariro uye link
Pamberi pekushamisika kwakakonzerwa nekuburitswa "famba kubva kuSt. Kwemakore akati wandei, murume aishanda muturuki denda nedhipatimendi rekutengeserana neindasitiri, ndokuzotamira kuetsika, kwakaita semakore gumi akasvika mumusoro wemukuru.
Zvisinei, pana June 30, 1790, zvakapera kuora: nekuraira kweCatherine II Alexander Nikolavich Anosunga, achigumisa munaPeter naPaul nhare.
Radishevo haana kuramba mhosva yake, asi akashamiswa paakaziva kuti akatyisidzirwa nechirango cherufu. Munyori akapomerwa mhosva seyekufunga, mutengesi weHurumende uye Buntingman "zvakashata pugacheva". Iye murume akapiwa hake "kuedza pahutano hweChangamire." Kubva pamutongo weRadishchev, sarudzo yakakosha yeramishi, iyo chete isimbiso yakaponeswa, iyo yakagadziriswa uye yakatsiva chirango ichi neyekurehwa kwemakore gumi kuSiberia. Varevereri vevanhu vakatumirwa munaGunyana 1790 kusvika kuIlimsk Irkutsk Dunhu.
Hupenyu Hwako
Muhupenyu hwomunhu oga hwaAlexander Radishchev ipapo pakanga paine vakadzi vaviri. Nemukadzi wekutanga, akaunza mumwe wake paLeipzig University Andrei Rubanovsky, uyo Anna Rubanovskaya aifanira kunge ari hama. Alexander naAnna vakaroora muna 1775, uye dangwe raVasirily rakawoneka gore gare gare. Zvakare, vaviri vacho vakazvarwa vana vatanhatu, asi vasikana vaviri vakafa vachipinda.
Vasiy, Nikolai, Ekaterina naPaul vakarasikirwa naamai vavo muna 1783. Mukadzi akafa aine makore 31, achipisa mwanakomana mudiki.
Vana vakasara vachichengetwa neanun'una wechidiki Ana vasilyvna - Erizabheti Rubanovskaya. Izvo zvakavatora newe, kana zvichiteverwa neRadishchev muchinongedzo. Maererano neChechi dzeChechi, kuroora nemukadzi wake kwainzi kusingagamuchirwi uye kuenderana neyakaomeserwa. Naizvozvo, uyu unhu uyu hauna kunyoreswa. Mu Ilimsk, Radishchev naErizabheti Vasilevet vakaberekerwa zvinopfuura vatatu vana: Ana, fekla naAthanasius.
Muna 1797, Alexander Nikolevich aive chirikadzi: Vazosvika, mudzimai wake akafa, haana kuzombodzokera kuPetersburg kubva kunzvimbo yekutaura. Chokwadi chinonakidza chinogona kutariswa kuti baba veRadishcheva vakaramba vazukuru vadiki, vachivadaidza kuti muwedzerazve. Chembere ichikudza charter chechechi uye vangasarudza kuti Mwanakomana akaroora nhare, pane kunyarara.
Makore apfuura uye kufa
Reference redishchev yakapera kupfuura nguva yakatarwa. Muna 1796, Paul akakwira muchigaro uye ari munharaunda yevaAmai akasunungurwa munyori anopikisa. Akatamira kuchibvera kwaBaba nezvakasvika, uye azere azere uye kudzoreredzwa mumagariro akagashirwa pasi Alexander I muna 1801. Kubva panguva iyoyo, Radishchev vaigara mu St. Petersburg, uku vachikura mitemo mune yakakosha komisheni.
Alexander Nikolavich akafa munaGunyana 12, 1802, pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana dzakafamba zvakakonzera rufu. Vakataura kuti murume ane makore makumi mashanu nematanhatu akazviuraya, kunwa muchetura. Nekudaro, hazvienderane nenyaya yekuti aive akatambudza uye akavigwa muChechi Fenzi yeiyo volkovsky makuva, izvo zvinozviuraya zvakanyimwa canon yeOrthodox. Gwaro racho riripo rinopa kuti chikonzero cherufu chave char.
Quotes
"Iyo autocraticness ndiyo yakagadzikana kwazvo vanhu ... uye vanhu vakanaka vane moncharch-despot kuti vatonge." "Ipapo chete iwe uchave munhu kana iwe uchidzidza kuona munhu mune imwe." "Hapana chinhu kwatiri Kazhinji, hapana chakangofanana neyedu, asi nenzira chaiyo, hapana chinoshamisa kwazvo, zvinoshamisa sekutaura kwedu. "BHAIBHERI
- 1772 - "Kufamba Excerpt In *** uye *** T ***"
- 1773 - "Exerction Officer"
- 1783 - "Willy"
- 1789 - "Hupenyu hweFyodor VasilEvich UsHakov Nesumo yezvimwe zvezvinyorwa zvake"
- 1790 - "Tsamba kushamwari, mugari muTobolsk, pachikwereti chezita rake"
- 1790 - "Famba kubva St. Petersburg kuMoscow"
- 1790 - "Kukurukurirana Kuti Kune Mwanakomana Wenyika Dzenzvimbo"
- 1792 - "Tsamba Pamusoro peChinese Bargaring"
- 1792 - "NezveMunhu, Kufa Kwake uye Kusafa"
- 1799 - "Beva"
- 1801 - "Nhetembo"