Biography
Peter Kapitsa is sighet scienceist, mutsvagiri uye anoedza. Kunyora kwake ndekwekushanda pane quantum fizikisi uye nzira dzakaderera dzekupisa, magetsi uye plasma fizamu. Akave akachinjika nzira yekudhonzwa yekugadzirwa kweminda yepamusoro yemagineti. Peter Leonidovich akagadzira uye akagadziridzwa michina yeiyo inotonhora helium uye akagadzira nzira yekudzivirira mweya kuburikidza neTurbo-detector uye kudzvinyirira. Mupiro kune sainzi yakaunzwa nemasayendisiti zvakaoma kuti esimba.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Ramangwana rehupfumi rakazvarwa muKronstadt musi waChikunguru 8, 1894. Baba vake vakashanda seinjiniya wemauto uye vaiita zvekuvakwa kwezvisikwa zvemadhorobha. Amai vakadzidza kubva pamabhuku evana uye mabhuku evana. Peter akaenda kuchikoro aine makore gumi nematanhatu, akava wekurovedza muviri. ChiLatin chaive chemudzidzi chakaoma kunzwisisa. Chirongwa ichi chaive chakaoma, saka mushure megore kubva kuGymnasium ndaifanira kuenda.
Kuwana kuumbwa kweKapitsa yakaenda kuKronstadt Chikoro. Mhosva idzi dzakazviita ivo, uye jaya rakapedza kudzidza nekudzidza nekukudzwa, rakaburitswa muna 1912. Pakutanga, aida kuve mudzidzi wezvemukati mehukama uye masvomhu ehukama hwenyika yunivhesiti muSt. Petersburg, asi kukwikwidza kwemunyori haana kupfuura.
Ipapo akananga kuPolyTechic Institute, kwaaipinda nyore nyore kugadzirwa kwemagetsi e electromechancs. Kubva mwedzi yekutanga, mudzidzi ane tarenda akakwezva kufarira kwaProfesa Abram iifee. Mudzidzisi akafunga kukwezva Kapitsa kuti ashande muurabhoritari yake.
Iyo Mentor yakabatsira mukuvandudzwa kwekuchengetedza uye kubatsira kuenda kuScotland muzhizha ra1914. Ikoko, jaya rakawana hondo yenyika yokutanga, nekuda kwekuti iyo yakazodzokera kumusha kwake.
Kapitsa yaive muRussia munaNovember 1914. Kwapera gore, akazvipira uye akagadzwa mutyairi wekutakura hupfu. Muna 1916, Peter demobililized, uye mudzidzi akadzokera kuPetersburg, kwaakangopinda patsva kubasa pane kuedza uye masisitari. Panguva ino, chinyorwa chekutanga chemuongorori ndech.
Basa Resainzi
Shanda nedhigirii muIOFE yakakurudzira Kapitsa kunyange isati yadzivirirwa nediploma. Iyo novice nyanzvi yakakokwa kuX-ray uye radiological institute. Saka chiitiko che pedagoollical yefizikisi chakatanga. Muzvinafundo wakakonzera kusimuka kweKapitsa kunze kwenyika kuti uwane zivo nyowani. Asi zvaive zvisiri nyore.
Kubva pamuganho, zvakazoitika chete nerubatsiro rwemawere gorky muna 1921. Kapitsa yakatumirwa kuUK. Akava mushandi weiyo cavendish laboratori uye akapinda chirwere cheErnest Rezenford. Mushure memwedzi yakati wandei, Peter Leonidovich anga atove mushandi weCambridge.
Apa akakunda kutendeka uye kuremekedza. Akatanga kudzidza nezve minda yepamusoro-soro uye akaisa pekutanga muedzo munzvimbo ino. Pakati pemabasa ekutanga, Kapitsa akatanga kudzidza naNemolai semensic nguva yemagineti iri mune inhomogenow magnetic munda. Chidzidzo ichi chakaguma nechiitiko cheStern-Gerlacha.
Muna 1922, akadzivirira kusarongeka kwake, uye muna 1925 Akave mutevedzeri wedura webharabheti pakutsvaga kwengoma. Mushure memakore mana, vaongorori vakagadza nhengo yeLondya Royal Society. Dare rake rakatangisa kusikwa kwearabhoritari yakakosha yesainzi. Kuwanikwa kwacho kwakaitika muna 1933.
Iyo nzira huru yebasa panguva ino yeKapitsa yaive kudzidza kwekushandurwa kweNuclei uye radioactive kuora. Iyo inovandudza midziyo yekuronga yakasimba mapoka emagineti uye inowana mhedzisiro isina kumboitika, ichiputsa rekodhi yekuedza kwakawanda kakawanda. Kukodzera kwake uye zvakabudirira zvakaburitsa landau amene.
Kuti uenderere mberi nekutsvaga, guta guru racho raidikanwa kudzokera kumusha kwavo, sezvo mamiriro akakodzera anodikanwa kuti adzidze kupisa kwakaderera fizitshi. Hurumende yeSoviet, iyo yaigara ichidzokorora nekugara kwesainzi zvachose, yaive yakagadzirira kutora fizikisi. Asi akaratidzira mamiriro ezvinhu: Kusiya kunze kwenyika nekukumbira kwake uye chero nguva.
Muna 1934, Peter Leonidovich nemukadzi wake vakashanyira nyika yake, asi kana vachisiya akaziva kuti vhiza yake yeBritain yakadzurwa. Gare gare, mumwe wake wefizikisi akabvumidzwa kuenda kune vana vane mamiriro ekumanikidzwa kudzoka. Kunyengetedza kwevanoshanda vechiRungu havana kuita nezvehurumende yeSoviet. Iyo capital yaifanira kugara muUSSR.
Muna 1935, iyo Physicist yakananga kuIntitute yezvinetso zvemuviri paRussia Chikoro cheStagement. Vadzidzi vaida sainzi zvakanyanya zvekuti kuodzwa mwoyo hakuna kumutendera kuti asiyane nyaya yehupenyu. Akakumbira michina yaakashanda muUK. The Rutherford uyo aigamuchirwa nezvakanga zvaitika zvaimanikidzwa kutengesa iyo USSR maitiro.
Kapisa akaramba achidzidza minda yakasimba yemagineti mune conjunction nevamwe vatinoshanda navo kubva kuCambridge. Kuyedza kwakatora makore akati wandei. Kurega kwakabhadharwa: Peter Leonidovich akasimbisa turbination, uye mhepo liquefaction yave kushanda zvakanyanya.
Helium yaitonhorera zvoga mune detarearder. Zvishandiso zvakafanana zvinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwazvino munyika dzese dzepasi. Asi kuwanikwa kukuru kwakava chiitiko chakakosha mune biography yefizikisi uye musainzi ndiyo yaive chiitiko chehukuru hweHelium. Iko kushomeka kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwechinhu pane tembiricha pazasi 2 degrees celsius yakava mhedzisiro isingatarisirwi. Saka iyo fizikisi yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwakaoneka.
Panguva ino, Kapitsa aive munyori wemabhuku akati wandei uye sainzi inozivikanwa. Hurumende yakafunga izvi apo chirongwa chebhomba reatomu rwakatanga uye rwakarongwa kukwezva Peter Leonidovich mukudyidzana. Asi akaramba uye akabviswa pabasa. Chirango chave kusungwa kwegere kwemakore mazhinji masere.
Guta guru rakarambidzwa kuramba vachikurukurirana pamwe nevamwe, asi izvi hazvina kumutadzisa kusika murabhoritari mutsva pane yake Dacha. Paive nemiedzo yaive nemwoyo wekutsvakisisa kwemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi. Kapika akadzidza simba rerembole. Kuedza mumadziro emushandisisi ane hunyanzvi ave kuwanikwa kwaari muna 1955, mushure mekufa kweStalin uye kudzoreredzwa kweMechalia weAcademian.
Mumakore iwayo, kuedza kwekutanga kwakabatana nekutsvaga kweplasma yakakwira. Zviwanikwa zvesayesainzi zvakashanda sehwaro hwekugadzira iyo thermfungucle pretor. Iyo Physicist yakadzidza zvivakwa zvemwenje yebhora uye fluid hydrodynamics. Asi kufarira kwakanyanya kwaive microwave vaBhenji uye plasma.
Muna 1965, zvekuita musainzi, Kapitsa akagamuchira niels bora yemukati menduru kuDenmark. Mushure memakore mana, aive nemukana wekushanyira United States, uye muna 1978 akadzidza kuti akazova Laureate. Niels Bor akapa nhoroondo yaPeter Leonidovich uye yekutanga: muna 1948,1956 na1960. Nekudaro, kukakavara mukati meDare Rekutanga Komiti Yekutanga haina kupa mukana wekugamuchira mubairo wakakodzera.
Chikonzero chekuratidzira kwayo chakashanda sekureba-tembiricha. Chinyorwa chinonakidza: Muyenyenzi akagamuchira mubairo wenyaya uyo waisadarika kwemakore makumi matatu, uye tsvagurudzo yake yeiyo thermonicle yekuita panguva iyoyo yainakidza. Naizvozvo, kuverenga hurukuro, anokunda weMubairo akabvumidzwa kuchinja dingindira.
Zita raPeter Kapitsa rakapihwa "pendulum yeKapitsa." Ichi chiitiko chechisimba chinoratidza kusimba kunze kwekunze kwemamiriro ezvinhu. Mhedzisiro yeCirak's Caps inoratidza kuparadzanisa kwealekirini mune electromagnetic wave.
Hupenyu Hwako
Kekutanga, Peter Kapika akaroora wechidiki wake, muna 1916. Baba vemutauro wetariro yerudzi rweCherentalwitite vaive nhengo yedare repakati rekamuri yeCadet Bato uye State Duma mutevedzeri. Muna 1917, mudzimai wake akazvara mwanakomana wemasayesainzi Jerome, uye kuma1920s - mwanasikana anotarisira. Zvaiita sekunge hupenyu hwehunhu hwega hwaive hwekufara kana zvisiri chiitiko chinoshungurudza: Wawakaroora uye vana vakafa kamwe kamwe. Chikonzero cherufu chaive chiSpanish. Kufirwa neKapika kwaishushikana uye kwakakwanisa kukunda kushungurudzika kungotenda nerubatsiro rwaamai.Muna 1926, Alexey Krylov, shamwari uye pamweya, vanoziva Kapitsa nemwanasikana wake Ana kryanlov. Muchato wakaitika gore gare gare. Mumhuri idzva yefizikisi, Sergei naDrei nava Andrei vakaberekerwa. Ivo vaviri vakava masayendisiti. Muchato wechipiri weKapisa akafara. Pamwe chete nemudzimai wake, vakararama makore makumi mashanu nemashanu. Anna akabatsira kushanda mumanyoro, uye mushure mekufa kwesayenzi kwakagadzira museum mumba make.
Peter Leonidovich aida kushandisa nguva yake yemahara yekutamba chess. Iyo inoshamisa kuti, kushanda kuEngland, akakunda mukwikwidzi weCambridgeshire yemutambo uyu wedesektop. Masayendisiti haana kurwadzisa basa nemaoko ake: Aifarira kuita zvinhu zvemidziyo uye midziyo yemitambo, yaifarira iyo maawa akawanda. Peter Kapika akaomerera kune chimiro chakavandira muEngland. Aida fodya, akapfeka madutu emicheka uye aigara mukamuri yakavakwa muchirungu.
Peter Kapitsa ane hukama hwakaoma nehurumende yeSoviet, asi yaive nemafungiro anogara achiitika pamusoro pezvaiitika mundima yezvematongerwo enyika uye yaitendeka pane zvirevo. Kudzivirira maonero uye nerukudzo kwevasungwa vemasayendisiti, muna 1934-1983 vaigara vakanyora tsamba kuhurumende. Kutenda kwavari, dzimwe dzesaenzi dzinosunungurwa.
Rufu
Masayendisiti haana kurarama mwedzi mishoma kusvika pamakumi mapfumbamwe emakore. Akafira musi waApril 8, 1984. Guva iri riri paNovderevichy Cemetery.
Peter Kapitsa akakwezvwa neyekushandisa kwesesainzi veUSSR anotungamira masayendisiti, vakatora chikamu mukusikwa kwenyaya yeNiyesibirsk neyeMoscow Institute of Fizits uye Technology. Kugadzika kwakagadzirwa muindasitiri kunoshandiswa muindasitiri, uye zvidzidzo zvakanangana nekuongororwa kwemweya wemvura zvakanyanyisa kugadzirwa kweUSTR.
Kapitsa aipesana nekuvakwa kwedhorobha uye fekitori yepepa pedyo neLake Baikal. Vesayenzi yaisanganisira komiti yekufamba kweiyo emagnic kufamba kwerunyararo uye kusarongeka, vakatsigira kubatana kwemasayendisiti veUSSR neUnited States.
Zvekukodzera munhengo yesainzi pamusoro peiyo capital firmed zvinyorwa. Muna 2017, mafirimu akauya kune zvimedu pamusoro penyama "ruzivo rwerusununguko rusununguko". Mufananidzo wake nhasi unoiswa muzvinyorwa.
BHAIBHERI
- 1966 - "Mabasa Emhuri"
- 1968 - "Unonzwisisa here Fizikisi?"
- 1981 - "Bvunzo. Dzidziso. Tsika "
- 1989 - "Tsamba Nezve Sayenzi"
Awards uye mubairo
- 1941,1943 - Mubayiro waStalin
- 1943 - Farayday Medal
- 1944 - Menduru yeFranklin
- 1945,1974 - Gamba reSocialist Basa
- 1959 - goridhe menduru. Lomonosov Academy yeSainzi yeUSSR
- 1965 - NILS BRA MELL
- 1966 - Menduru yaRutherford
- 1968 - MELD Yakatumidzwa zita mushure mekutetepa-parunesis
- 1978 - Nobel Mubairo muFizits