Biography
Iro zita reKonstanta ushinsky mumutsara wekutanga weRussia pedagogy, mutungamiri wechikoro chesainzi wekudzidzisa chizvarwa chidiki mumuzadzi wake usatambanudzira. Sezvo airarama hupenyu hupfupi, murume akatanga hurongwa hwakazara pedagegical uye akazova munyori wemabhuku mazhinji, pakati pezvisingori mabasa esainzi chete, asiwo nyaya dzevana. Mudzidzisi akaona chinangwa chehupenyu kushandira vanhu uye akazvipa pasina bhizinesi rake raanoda, achitsvaga kuita dzidzo pachena.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Konstantin dmitrievich muTula mumhuri yemhuri yemudiwa grigorievich uye kuda kwemukadzi wake Stepanovna. Baba vemudzidzisi remangwana vaive nebasa remauto riri mumapfudzi ake, kuve veterani rehondo neNapoleon.
Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vezana ramakore makumi maviri vakatarisa musi wemunyori musi waFebruary 19, 1824, kunze kwenyanzvi yemazuva ano, vachivimba nekutarisa kweTula Archives, vanopokana kuti Ushinsky akaberekerwa gore rakapfuura. Kuvhiringidzika pamwe chete nemamazuva akaitika nekuda kwekunyoreswa kwekunyoreswa kwemametric chitupa, icho chakamiswa zvine chekuita nekugadzwa kwaBaba kune iyo itsva post uye kutama kwemhuri. Nekudaro, kusvikira nhasi, gore rino rigare kugamuchira rekuzvarwa kwemudzidzisi rinoramba riripo muna 1824th, uye zviitiko zvese zvekutanga zvinotora huwandu kubva kune ichi huwandu.
Kuva nokwehudiki nemakore vechidiki vesayenzi kwakaitika muguta rekare reChiredhire guta reLovgirodhi-kusona, uko baba vemhuri vakagadzwa mutongi. Mwana paanga aine makore gumi nematatu, amai vakafa, izvo kubva pazera rekutanga vanoita zvekuumbwa neMwanakomana wake. Kutenda neruzivo rwakawanikwa, mukomana akapinda nyore nyore kuimba yekurovedza muviri, uye akatsanangurwa pakarepo mugiredhi rechitatu.
Pashure pazvo, ushinsky yakadzoreredza director, vadzidzisi vekutanga uye vakacherekedza kuti avo vaifungidzirwa nesainzi, vakaparadzwa uye vaidiwa vana. Izvo zvinokwanisika kuti mwero wedzidzo kuchikoro akasara kuti ave akakwirira kupfuura mumataundi akajairwa emuguta. Jaya racho rakagamuchira chitupa muna 1840 uye panguva iyoyo akatosangana nenhoroondo yevanosangana uye mazano akadai ekuvhenekera European.
Kuenderera mberi Konstantin kudzidziswa kuMoscow University, kunyoresa pagweta. Pano, jaya rinoteerera hurukuro dzevaporofiti akajeka uye anoda uzivi hwehunyanzvi, mabhuku uye kurudyi. Mushure mekupedza kudzidza kubva muna 1844, mukomana anoramba ari kuyunivhesiti kuisa bvunzo dzaTenzi. Panguva ino, iyo UShinsky inotanga kunetsekana nenyaya dzekuvhenekerwa kwevanhu veRussia, avo vanonyanya kuve vakaramba vasingaverengeki.
Kuva mumiriri wechiitiko chepamutemo, akapedza kudzidza anoenda kuYaroslavl, kubvira 1846 anga achishanda mu demidov pamutemo basa. Mudzidzisi weMufundisi anofambira mberi akaitwa nevadzidzi vakangoitawo uye aisada maitiro ari muzvidzidzo zviri muzvishamiso zvisina kugutsikana.
Iyo yepamberi yemanyowa wechidiki nyanzvi yakavhunduka nehutungamiriri, uye kumashure kwemudzidzisi kwakaiswa mukutarisirwa uku. Iyo Charter yekuisa nemafungiro akadaro, KONSTANTIN inosiya nzvimbo yacho uye inoita kuti kurarama nekududzira zvinyorwa zvekunze kwemagazini. Sezvo akatamira kuSt. Petersburg, anoguta nemutungamiriri mudiki muhushumiro hwemberi.
Pedagogy
Muna 1854, ushinsky akakwanisa kugamuchira chinzvimbo chemudzidzisi wepamusoro kuGatchin nherera Institute - iyo yechipiri-chigaro chakavharwa institution, yaive pakutarisira kwesimbiso. Kugadzwa kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwacho kwakaita dzidzo yevakuru vakuru vemabvi nemashiru uye vakasarudzika nehasha dzemirairo. Sisitimu yekuranga yetanho diki yakawedzera pano uye isina hutano mamiriro ekukanganisa uye kuvengana pakati pevadzidzi kwakatonga.Pakutanga, Konstantin Dmitrievich akadzidzisa mabhuku eRussia uye mutemo, asi mushure mehafu yegore akatora chinzvimbo chemuongorori. Kwemakore ebasa, iyo InhinsSky Institute yakakwanisa kuvaka maitiro ekudzidzisa kuitira kuti kushatirisa, hofisi uye hofisi yakaoma yakabva kumadziro eSangano reSangano. Pano mudzidzisi anowana zvinyorwa zvemutungamiriri, aine raibhurari yePedagenical inoshanda, kujairana neiyo nyika itsva inovhurira neyechidiki mudzidzisi.
Akafuridzirwa nezvinhu zvakadzidzwa, munyori anonyora chinyorwa "pane zvakanakira mabhuku" epagegogi ", izvo zvakaita kuti zviite. Mumwe murume anova munyori asingaperi weMetropolitan Nguva nenguva, pakati pe "magazini yedzidzo", "anodzidziswa" uye "raibhurari yekuverenga". Gare gare, kwegore rimwe nehafu, mudzidzisi akashanda semupepeti e "bhuku renhau yekujekeswa kwechiitiko" uye akashandura bhuku racho mukuunganidzwa kwakakurumbira kwezvinhu zvepamberi.
Nhanho inotevera iri mubasa raive basa racho pabasa reSpolny weMaiden vanokudzwa, uko musayendisiti wepamhepo aikwanisa kuwedzera pfungwa nyowani. Mudzidzisi akatarisana nekuparadzaniswa kwevasikana pane zvakanaka uye zviri nyore, saka chekutanga pane zvese zvaakaita hukama hwakaenzana kune vese vadzidzi. Ushsky akasimbirira kurohwa ikoko kwakaitika mumutauro wake, uye kunyange akapa mukana kuvasikana kuti vawane zvinodiwa zvevadzidzisi.
Iye murume akaunza tsika kugara achironga kuunganidza kweboka repagegical yekukurukurirana kwekutsikirira zviitiko uye zvepamberi mazano emunda wedzidzo. Manheru aya ave enzvimbo yekusangana kweshamwari uye vane hanya pamwe nevamwe vatinoshanda navo, kwavakataura nezve shanduko, mitambo yemitambo, mabhuku. Konstantin Dmitrievich akanakidzwa neruremekedzo uye akakurumbira pakati pevatinoshanda navo uye vadzidzi, asi zviremera zvaiita kunge zviri zve-yemahara-tambo. Naizvozvo, kuitira kuti abvise "isina kugadzikana" mushandi, muna 1862 akatumirwa kune rwendo rwebhizinesi rekunze kwemakore mashanu.
Kugara muEurope, murume anofarira zvakajeka chiitiko chepamberi mumunda wedzidzo uye dzidzo, kushanyira masangano ezvidzidzo kuGermany, Switzerland, France nedzimwe nyika. Anoenderera mberi nekuita zviitiko zvekuverenga, izvo zvakatanga kuGatchina.
Muna 1864, mabhuku evana "izwi rezvekuzvarwa" ne "nyika yevana" vanobuda muminhenga yemunyori, uye yekutanga inopedzwa nemaitiro ekudzidzisa mabhuku, ayo anogadziriswa nevabereki nevadzidzisi. Aya mabasa akapinda muchivigiro chePedagenical mabhuku, mazana emazana emashandisirwo emamwe.
Ushsky akanyora uye artistic prose, uye ngano nenhau dzevana vanogaramo nzvimbo yakakosha ipapo. "Bhiza rekurara", "zvishuwo zvina", "maperembudzi emukadzi wekare - chando" chakava ezvinyorwa zvemabhuku evana.
Basa rekupedzisira rakakosha paPedagogy rakanyorwa kudzokera kumusha kwe "murume senyaya yedzidzo", iyo yakaramba isina kupera. Munguva yehupenyu hweMunyori, mavhoriyamu maviri eAnthropological kutsvaira, mishonga inobva inowanikwa mumapepa emazuva ano yesainzi.
Hupenyu Hwako
Mufaro muHupenyu hweMunhu Konstantin Dmitrievich unowanikwa nemusikana weshamwari yake netariro yesemenavna Dososko, uyo akava mukadzi wake muna 1851. Kwapera gore, vaviri ava vakatanga vakataurwa - ataurwa Pauro, mwanasikana wetari netariro nenhanu dzeKonsrimin naVladimir. Mufananidzo wemifananidzo wakachengetedzwa, uko mhuri inoonekwa mune ino mamiriro. Muna 1867, mwana wechitanhatu anozvarwa - mwanasikana waOlga, uyo akazova muimbi.
Mhuri yakatanga kubva panzvimbo yekuisa musoro wenyaya, asi Ushinsky yakadzoka kona yekupotera kwakanyarara, kwavanopinda mukokwe: iyo bogdanka bogdanka yakatengwa pasi peCherniv, murume akatenga imba.
Icho chokwadi chinonakidza chekuti vatakuri vemudzidzisi vakava vateveri vebhizinesi: vasikana vaiita sangano rezvikoro nezvikoro, vasina nguva yekuregeredza nemari yavo.
Rufu
Mumakore achangopfuura ehupenyu, iyo Heidaya yeiyo sainzi uye yehurumende chiitiko cheUSHINSKY. Anonyora zvinyorwa, anotora chikamu muhunyanzvi hwekumanikidza, ari kuita zvekuumbwa kwehurongwa hwepagegi hwepagegogi. Murume anowana simba saTenzi uye nechido chebhizimusi rake.
Panguva imwecheteyo, muna 1870, mhuri iyi inonzwisisa gomo: Mwanakomana wedangwe anofira pazera ramakore gumi nemasere panguva yekuvhima. Rufu runosangana zvakanyanya nemhuri, uye Konstantin Dmitrievich inosarudza kutamira kuKiev, kuwana imba ikoko.
Mushure meizvozvo, ndichitora vanakomana, mudzidzisi ane makore 47 anoenda kunorapwa muCrimea. Nekudaro, iyo ushinsky inonetswa munzira. Chirwere ichi chinopfuura nematambudziko uye chinova chikonzero cherufu pakupera kwaDecember 1870 muOdessa. Guva remudzidzisi rakakurumbira rinowanikwa muKiev-Vedubitsky Monastery.
Mupiro wevarume kuRussia pedagogy zvakaoma kuomeswa. Chishuvo chake chekugadzira dzidziso iripo kune zvese zvikamu zvehuwandu munguva pfupi yakave nemichero, uye mabasa akakosha emunyori akagadzira hwaro hwezvinyorwa zvakatevera zvedzidzo. Mukukudza kweiyo nhamba, akawanda emisangano yedzidzo, maraibhurari uye migwagwa muRussia zvinotumidzwa.
BHAIBHERI
- 1847 - "hurukuro muYaroslavl Lyceum"
- 1856 - "Pane Dzidzo Yeveruzhinji"
- 1857 - "Zvinhu zvitatu zveChikoro"
- 1858 - "Pane nzira yekuperera nekuverenga"
- 1858 - "Shanduko dzeChikoro kuNorth America"
- 1858 - "Mukati mechishandiso chezvikoro zveNorth America"
- 1859 - "Tsamba dzekurerwa kwe mugari wenhaka wechigaro cheRussia"
- 1864 - "Izwi Rokuzvarwa"
- 1867 - "Munhu Senyaya Yekurerwa"
- 1869 - "Munhu Senyaya Yekurerwa"
- 1870 - Zvishandiso zveChitatu "pedagogal anthropology"