Biography
Ernest Rutherford Rutherford muongorori uyo akagadzira nheyo uye anokosha asinganzwisisike enyukireya. Kutsvaga kwesayenzi kwacho kwakamiswa muchimiro chechimiro cheatomu uye hunhu hwezvinhu zvemahara. Akashanda pane zvakasikwa nezve rudzidziso pamusoro pechiro cherudzi rwechikepe cheatomu nemagetsi zvakakomberedza. Mhedzisiro yacho yakabatsirwa kugadzira muenzaniso wezvepasi petaform, iyo yakave yekuvhurwa kwezana ramakore re20. Iyo Phiksicist yakafundawo nuNeances yeradiation radiation.Muna 1908, Rutherford akave nekunyora kweiyo nhepfenyuro yeNobel yebasa pakushandurwa kwezvinhu uye kudzidza kwezvinhu zvopoma. Kubva 1925 kusvika 1930 akashanda chinzvimbo cheMutungamiri weLondya Royal Society.
Hudu uye Vechidiki
Ernest akaberekerwa muNew Zealand, muchirimo Grup, pedyo neguta reNelson muna Nyamavhuvhu 30, 1871 uye aive muBritish nerudzi. Baba, Scotsman nekwaakabva, yakawanikwa negwenzi rekunyika, uye amai vake vakadzidzisa muchikoro chenyika. Mwana akakura mumhuri yakakura nehanzvadzi 6 ne5 hanzvadzi.
Nzvimbo yekutanga kwaari yaive bhizinesi rekugadzira huni, rakavakirwa naBaba. Iyo yemberi musayendisiti yakawana muhudiki uye hunyanzvi hunoshandiswa mune ramangwana kuti ugadzire zvishandiso zvinodiwa mukuedza kwemuviri.
Ernest akadzidza muHavuelok, uye muna 1887 akagamuchira kudzidza, izvo zvaibvumidzwa kuenderera mberi nedzidzo muNelson. Jaya racho rakaratidza kushuvira kukuru kwezivo uye kufarira mune zvese zvinomutenderedza. Akapinda koreji yeCanterbury uye akatanga kuyerera mumakemikari uye fizikisi. Vadzidzisi vakakurumidza kukoshesa kugona kwemudzidzi. Mushure memakore mana, rostford yakapihwa basa rakanakisa mune masvomhu uye fizikisi. Muna 1892, Ernest akazova tenzi wehunyanzvi uye akazvimiririra, achivimbisa.
Basa rake rekutanga rinonzi "Magnetizeni resimbi kumusoro-frequency discharges." Miedzo yaive yakabatana nekudzidza kweakakwirira-frequency radio mafungu. Masayendisiti akagadzira radio, pamberi pehutongi hwake Hushu. Chishandiso cheservoir chakazoitika kuve wekutanga wepasirese magineti.
Nerubatsiro rwake, Ernest akagamuchira masaini kuti vatinoshanda navo vaendeswa vachiri muhafu. Akarondedzera ruzivo rwakagashirwa muchinyorwa chesainzi yepepanhau "nhau dzehunyanzvi hwehurumende yeNew Zealand" muna 1894.
Muna 1895, Rutherford akagamuchira mubairo wepamusoro-soro: Grant ekudzidziswa muUK. Mukana wakadaro wakadonha kusvika pazvirevo zvisingawanzoitika. Ernest akatanga kuve pakati pevamwe vane rombo rakanaka, pakati pekuti sarudzo yaive yekuita, uye aive nerombo rakanaka: mudzvanyiriri haakwanise kuenda parwendo. Iyo Phiksicist yakashandisa mukana wemukana uye ikava mushandi weCavendshevskaya Laboratori muEngland.
Basa Resainzi
Biography yeRutherford yaive nzira yakanaka. Kuva mudyi wenzvimbo yepasi peJohn Thomson, aive nechiremera munharaunda yesainzi, akawana hutachiona. Thomson akabatana naye kuti adzidze ionization yemagasi pasi pesimba reX-ray.
Patohwa na 1898, Rutherford akatakurwa nezvirimo zvake, achidzidza "mhenderekedzo ye" becquil ". Saka inonzi Uranium radioctive radiation. Ernest akaziva kuti zvinokwanisika zvakanaka alpha zvikamu uye beta tenga magetsi. Zvakafanana zvidzidzo zvakatungamira Pierre naMaria Curie.
Vakaroorana vakanyora basa, izvo zvakaunzwa muna 1898 neParis dzidziso yesainzi. Akakwezva kutarisa kweRostford zano rekuvapo kwezvinhu zvinoverengeka zvevarwi. Ernest akagumisa nezve hafu-hupenyu, iyo inojekesa hunhu hwezvinhu, uye yakava processor yehafu yehafu.
Muna 1898, vakadzidza kuti chinzvimbo cheProfessor Macuille University chaive chisina basa kuMontreal, Rutherford akatamira kunzvimbo itsva. Saka akazotuka kubva kuThomson's Patranige. Pasina ruzivo rwezviitiko, Ernest yakaratidza simba risina kusimba mukudzidzisa zviitiko. Asi musayendisiti wechiMunisteri atanga vazivikanwe vatsva, uye pakati pehama dzake, vanhu vane pfungwa dzakafanana vakagadzirira kutora chikamu mukutsvagurudza kwesainzi.
Kubatana neFrederick Soddy anobvumidzwa muna 1902-1903 kuti aumbe mutemo wekuchinja radioactive. Inotaura kuti nguva dzekusora hadziitire kuchinjika kwezvinhu uye hazvigone kuderedzwa kana kumiswa. Varooreso vakagadzira uye mitemo yekushandurwa. Pashure pacho, iyi data inowedzera dmitry mendeleev nerubatsiro rweimwe nguva system. Izvo zvakazoitika kuti midziyo yemakemikari yezvinhu zvinoenderana nebasa rekereke yeatomu yayo.
Ernest Rutherford Yakaburitswa 2 Sayenzi Labon: Iyo Phiksicist yakafunga kuti maatomu aya anobva radiation radiation, uye akaramba achidzidza kornel mudziyo. Akaisa kuyedza pakutamisa goridhe foil alpha zvikamu, achishamisika nekuyerera kwezvidimbu uye maitiro avo.
Masayendisiti akatanga isa fungidziro yeiyo chimiro cheatomu. Rutherford akataura kuti tatomu yakafanana nedonzo rakafanana nekupomerwa kwakanaka, uye mukati maro rakapomerwa maelekitori. Masayenzi akapokana kuti, achifamba pasi pesimba re collom mauto, ma elekitori ari kuedza kupinda pakati peatomu, uye kana achisiya chiyero, kuchinjika uye radiation kugadzira oscillation.
Rangerd substantiations yakatsanangura kuvapo kweRadiation Spectra, iyo nyika yatoziva. Kuedza kwakatibvitisa kuti tinzwisise kuti maatomu akasimba akaita sehukuru sekusimudzira pakati pavo. Muongorori akatenda kuti Kernel yaive pakati uye ichitakura huwandu hwese hwechikamu, uye magetsi ari mukugara achigara achitenderedza. Saka akagadzira iyo yepasireti yemhando yeatomu.
Ernest Rutherford kwaive achigutsa, asi kukakavara kwakamuka pamusoro pekusiyana kwekutongwa. Muenzaniso wake hauna kubviswa nemitemo yeMagetsi, inobviswa naJames Maxwell naMichael Faray. Vakaratidza kuti iyo inokurumidza kufambisa muridzo inokonzeresa simba nekuda kweElectromagnetic radiation, saka Rutherford akaramba achiongororwa.
Muna 1907, musayendisiti akatamira kuManchester. Apa akange atozivikanwa nekutenda kune izvo zvikwangwani. Rutherford ane mutsindo munzvimbo dzakawanda dzesangano, asi akasarudza kuyunivhesiti yeVictoria yeVictoria, kwaakatanga basa. Muna 1908, pamwe chete neHans Heiger, akagadzira iyo alpha pakadzika counter.
Kubva 19126th, Rutherford aive achishanda pamwe chete neNiels Borov, uyo akauya nedzidziso yeQuqua, achipupurira kuvapo kwekutora maatomu. Mukuwirirana nehasha dzemasayendisiti, magetsi anofamba akatenderedza kernel mune orbit. Muenzaniso wevanyori weRutherford uye Bora's kunyorwa kwaive kubudirira musainzi uye kumanikidzwa kudzokorora mazano akasimbiswa nezvenyaya yakasimbiswa nezve nyaya uye kufamba kwayo. Muna 1919, Rutherford akava purofesa kuYunivhesiti yeCambridge uye akatungamira macavendyshevskaya laboratory. Runyorwa rwake rwe track rwakadzurwa, nhamba yevadzidzi yakawedzera, pamwe nerondedzero yemakona iyo vaye vanyadzi vakakudza.
Muna 1914, Rutherford akava akanaka, uye muna 1931 akagamuchira musoro weBhaoni ndokuva Ishe. Pakati peino nguva, akashanda pane zvekuedza pakupatsanura kweiyo nuclit yeatomu uye shanduko yemakemikari zvinhu. Muna 1920, pheficist yakazova wekutanga akataura nezve kuvapo kweDuteron uye neutron, uye muna 1933 akatanga kutora chikamu mukudzidza kwekusangana kwehuwandu hwemisa uye simba.
Hupenyu Hwako
Ernest Rutherford aive achifara muupenyu hwomunhu, achiroora Mariya Georgiina Newton, hostess of the boarding imba muChristchurch, uko pheficist yakagara. Hukama hwevakaroorana nevakaroorana nemuedzo wenguva: Makore mashanu apfuura pakati pechibvumirano uye muchato. Mary akaroora Ernest muna 1895, paakanga atozivikanwa munharaunda yesainzi. Muna 1901, mwanasikana chete weEileylin akaratidzika pachiedza.Rufu
Mwanakomana waVhiri Tenzi, Ernest Rutherford akaita mupiro wakakosha kune sainzi. Akaburitswa zvakakwirira, akazova munhu chiratidzo chenguva yake. Naizvozvo, pazvinenge zvakaitika kuti mutirikisi anotambura kubva mumutambo wereniya, zvakasarudzwa kumubata neropafadzo. Chinyorwa chinonakidza: Iko kushanda kunodiwa kwaive kugadzirira kuraira chete chiremba wekuvhiya kwechidimbu, sezvinodiwa nekutyisidzana neruremekedzo kune muridzi wechibvumirano cheBritish "zvekukodzera".
Kusarudzwa kwouchiremba kwaive kusiri nyore, uye nenguva yekuvhiya, kugara zvakanaka kweRutherford kwaive kwakaoma. Chikonzero chekufa kwake chakashanda waya kubva kune varapi. Ernest Rutherford akafa muna Gumiguru 19, 1937, zvichisiya nyika kunzvimbo nenhaka zvesainzi uye mabhuku.
Vaongorori vakaviga muWestminster Abbey. Mifananidzo yake nhasi ino shongedza peji rezvinyorwa uye madziro emunyika ehunyanzvi uye mamuseum epasi.
BHAIBHERI
- 1904 - "Radiocation"
- 1905 - "Shanduko Radioction"
- 1920 - "Bombardment of Atoms uye Kuora kweNitrogen '
- 1923 - "Atomi Mafudzi uye Zvivakwa Zvavo"
- 1923 - "Kuvaka kuAtomu uye Kuzvidza Kwezvinhu Zvekunze kwezvinhu"
- 1924 - "Mukutsvaga Atomu"
- 1924 - "Maatomu. Electrons. Eter "
- 1928 - "Atomic Nuclei uye Shanduko Yavo"